Sudden stratospheric warmings and tropospheric blockings in a multi-century simulation of the IPSL-CM5A coupled climate model

The relation between sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and blocking events is analyzed in a multi-centennial pre-industrial simulation of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace coupled model (IPSL-CM5A), prepared for the fifth phase of the coupled model intercomparison project. The IPSL model captures a fairly realistic distribution of both SSWs and tropospheric blocking events, albeit with a tendency to overestimate the frequency of blocking in the western Pacific and underestimate it in the Euro-Atlantic sector. The 1000-year long simulation reveals statistically significant differences in blocking frequency and duration over the 40-day periods preceding and following the onset of SSWs. More specifically, there is an enhanced blocking frequency over Eurasia before SSWs, followed by an westward displacement of blocking anomalies over the Atlantic region as SSWs evolve and then decline. The frequency of blocking is reduced over the western Pacific sector during the life-cycle of SSWs, while the model simulates no significant relationship with eastern Pacific blocks. Finally, these changes in blocking frequency tend to be associated with a shift in the distribution of blocking lifetime toward longer-lasting blocking events before the onset of SSWs and shorter-lived blocks after the warmings. This study systematically verifies that the results are consistent with the two pictures that (1) blockings produce planetary scale anomalies that can force vertically propagating Rossby waves and then SSWs when the waves break and (2) SSWs affect blockings in return, for instance via the effect they have on the North Atlantic Oscillation.     

Atmospheric Blockings in Western Siberia. Part 2. Long-term Variations in Blocking Frequency and Their Relation with Climatic Variability over Asia

This paper studies the long-term variability of frequency of atmospheric blockings over Western Siberia in 1948–2015 based on the data of three reanalysis projects. We revealed a decreasing blocking frequency for eight of twelve months. However, since the estimated trends of blocking frequency are small comparing to the significant amplitude of interannual variations, we proposed to divide the entire studied period into several quasi-decadal intervals that differ both in the amplitude of interannual fluctuations of blocking frequency and in trends. The effect of Western Siberian blockings imposed on synoptic and climatic variability of meteorological parameters in Asia was studied. The study demonstrated that in summer teleconnection patterns in temperature and precipitation fields are of the close sign-alternating structure; this indirectly indicates that in Western Siberia the blocking is a part of a large-scale wave mechanism. Like the Ural blockings, the blockings occurring over Western Siberia affect meteorological characteristics within the East Asian monsoon area. In winter time they contribute to lower surface temperature and decreased precipitation in Southeast Asia. In summer during blocking events over Western Siberia, precipitation increases in the East Asian monsoon area.     

海陆地形对阻塞活动的影响

利用法国动力学气象实验室开发的格点大气环流模式(LMDZ)考察了海陆地形高度对阻塞事件的影响。结果表明,数值模式中地形高度的存在与否可以直接影响到阻塞事件的发生位置,使气候态的阻塞发生区域产生调整。可以看出海陆地形在阻塞形成中起固定阻塞位置的作用,也可以加强阻塞的强度,增加阻塞发生的频率。     

用自由模对1998年夏季阻塞形势的诊断分析

签于大气自由模和阻塞高压的重要性 ,首先简要介绍阻塞高压与中国夏季降水的关系及 1998年夏季 5 0 0hPa异常环流场 ;然后利用 2 1波菱形截断的谱方法求出无粘性、无强迫正压涡度方程的自由解 ,即和实际大气流场十分接近的大气自由模 ,并讨论其特征 ;最后利用大气自由模的特征诊断分析了实际大气的环流特征 ,并重点用其分析了 1998年夏季的大气环流异常形势。结果表明大气自由模能很好地反映大气环流大尺度特征 ,而略去了中、小尺度涡旋 ;大气自由模的流场和绝对涡度场之间的散点图反映了 (q ,Ψ )的函数关系是分段线性或非线性的 ,尽管实际流场与绝对涡度场之间的点阵图反映两者之间成不同斜率的线性函数关系 ,但点阵比较发散 ,不能突出某些重要系统 ;1998年夏季实际大气自由模态突出了大气环流的重要特征 ,例如 ,越赤道气流、西风急流、副热带高压、阻塞高压及两极的边界效应等 ;通过自由模态的特征可以识别出纬向流及阻塞高压的持续异常 ,利用自由模的稳定性判断阻塞高压的稳定性 ,不稳定模态可以维持一段较长的时间 ,且由于这些不稳定的模存在 ,才使 1998年 6月中旬到下旬的中高纬阻塞高压稳定维持。     

近40年5—6月东北亚和北半球其他区域阻塞高压活动特征及其联系

基于美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR-Ⅰ）再分析资料,按照国际通行的阻塞高压（阻高）定义,采用计算机自动识别和天气图人工主、客观相结合的检测方法,获得了1979—2018年5月和6月逐日北半球中高纬度阻高活动的无缝隙分布;并利用线性相关和信息流因果关系等统计方法,研究了东北亚（鄂霍次克海）阻高与北半球其他阻高活动区特征及其联系。根据阻高活动集中程度与占北半球活动总天数的百分比,选定8个5月阻高主要活动区和10个6月阻高主要活动区。从统计结果来看,5月北太平洋、北美和乌拉尔山阻高活动占前3位,6月东北亚阻高活动天数跃升第1位。值得注意的是,初夏在贝加尔湖以南、青藏高原以北地区出现了明显的阻塞形势,称为青藏高原北阻高。5月和6月北半球各阻高活动中心集中的纬度分布,自西向东具有“正弦波”特征,其主要活动区引起的同期北半球500 hPa高度场的异常虽不尽相同,但均具有一定的遥相关特征;5月和6月东北亚阻高活动天数的年际变化分量具有明显的相对独立性。5月东北亚阻高是6月贝加尔湖阻高活动年际变化的稳定影响源,是6月青藏高原北阻高活动年际变化的不稳定影响源;唯有5月北太平洋阻高是6月东北亚阻高年际变化的稳定影响源。2019年6月北半球阻高活动异常的区域位于欧洲,达19 d,为气候平均值（7 d）的2.7倍,也是导致欧洲大陆初夏高温的主要影响系统。      

中高纬大气ISO对夏季鄂海阻高形成和维持的调节作用

运用1979—2015年的逐日NCEP-DOE再分析资料,探讨了夏季鄂霍次克海阻塞高压(简称“鄂海阻高”)与中高纬大气季节内振荡(简称“ISO”)之间的可能联系。研究发现,ISO扰动与夏季鄂海阻高在关键区(130°~160°E,60°~75°N)有最好的耦合关系,且关键区位势高度表现出显著的10~30 d的振荡周期。超前滞后合成分析表明,与鄂海阻高相联系的ISO扰动具有明显的向西传播的特征。波活动通量分析结果显示,波能量在中高纬140°W附近累积,因此西传的ISO扰动可能源自中高纬140°W附近。对位势倾向方程的诊断结果显示,动力作用对关键区位势高度的时间变化起主要作用。进一步运用尺度分析表明,在夏季鄂海阻高发生和维持的过程中,ISO经向风引导的平均涡度平流对位势高度的时间变化起主导作用。     

Medium-range oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies at 200 hPa

By the use of space-time spectral analysis and band-pass filter, some of the features of the medium-range Oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies (10oS-20o) at 200 hPa are investigated based on a two-year (1980 and 1982) wind (u, v) data set for the period from May to September. Space-time power spectral analysis shows that the total energy of the westward moving waves was the largest and that of the standing waves and eastward moving waves was relatively small in the 200 hPa easterlies; the total energy of the eastward moving waves was at minimum at 10oN. Three kind of the medium-range oscillations with about 50 day, 25 day and quasi-biweekly periods were found in the easterlies, which all show a remarkable interannual variation and latitudinal differences in these two years. The wave energy of zonal wind is mainly associated with the planetary waves (1-3), which all may make important contributions to the 50 day and 25 day oscillations in different years or different latitudes. The quasi-biweekly oscillation is mainly related to the synoptic waves (4-6). In equatorial region, the 50 day oscillation was dominant with a eastward phase propagation in 1982 while the dominant oscillation in 1980 was of 25day period with a westward phase propagations in 1980. Both of them are of the mode of zonal wavenumber 1. Strong westward 50 day oscillation was found in 10oN-20oN in these two years. Regular propagations of the meridional wind 50 day oscillation were also found in the easterlies.The 50 day and 25 day oscillation of zonal wind all demonstrate southward phase propagation over the region of the South Asia monsoon and northward phase propagation near interational date line, where are the climatic mean position of the tropical upper-tropospheric easterly jet and the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT), respectively.     

2015年初北极极端气旋对中国寒潮的影响

从北大西洋中高纬度进入北极的极端气旋会引起北极异常增暖,与中高纬度极端天气事件关系密切,危害极大。利用ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国地面气象站观测资料,探讨了2015年1—2月两个极端气旋（C1,C2）影响中国天气的物理过程和机制。结果表明:当极端气旋生成并北移,附近大气低层和高层均出现异常增暖,中高纬度大气环流表现为乌拉尔阻塞形势形成,极涡断裂,低压槽加深南压,我国发生寒潮天气;且极端气旋伴随的异常增暖加强Rossby波能量频散,使中高纬度的槽和脊发展。对比发现,C1和C2的生成地和路径均存在差异,相比于C2,C1生成纬度较高且路径偏东,对应低温寒潮天气范围更大,但强度比C2略弱。这些结果均表明,极端气旋的生成和移动是中国寒潮天气发生的重要原因之一。     

北半球冬季各阻塞系统对大范围极端温度异常的单独和协同影响

本文利用1979～2015年ERA-interim逐日再分析资料,对比分析了格陵兰阻高（GB）、大西洋—欧洲阻高（AEB）、乌拉尔山阻高（UB）和北太平洋阻高（NPB）四个阻高系统对年际尺度和天气尺度地面温度及极端冷日的单独和协同影响。结果表明,各阻高与地面温度之间的统计关系十分复杂,同一阻高系统可影响多个地区的温度异常,同一个地区的地面温度一般可受到多个阻高系统的不同影响。通过分离单阻高和多阻高（双阻高、三阻高和四阻高）组合的情形,本文的结果进一步表明,UB对欧亚大陆地面温度的影响最为重要,其次对于欧洲地面温度而言,依次为AEB、GB和NPB;对于亚洲地面温度而言,依次则为GB、NPB和AEB。而NPB对北美大陆温度的影响最为重要,其次为GB和AEB,UB的影响最弱。此外,多阻高协同影响地面温度时,并非线性叠加,而是表现为显著的非线性特征。     

夏季贝加尔湖阻塞高压的年际变化及其与我国降水的关系

采用1952—2008年NCEP/NCAR逐日500 hPa高度场再分析资料及中国国家气象中心整编的全国160站降水资料,对夏季贝加尔湖地区阻塞活动的年际变化特征及其同期与我国降水的可能联系,进行了分析。结果表明: 夏季贝加尔湖阻塞区域的阻塞活动具有明显的年际变化;在年际尺度上,夏季贝加尔湖地区阻塞活动偏多(少)对我国内蒙古东北部,华北部分地区,四川盆地与云南地区附近及广东南部的涝(旱)有一定的影响;同时对我国内蒙古中部,秦岭东北部,华北东部及川西高原的旱(涝) 也有一定的影响。     

异常东亚冬季风对夏季南海地区风场及热力场的影响

用合成及SVD方法,对冬季风异常在南海地区的风场和热力场中所产生的影响进行了研究,并探讨了这种相互联系的可能机制。结果表明,冬季风异常对流场的影响可以从冬季持续至春、夏季。在强冬季风年,南海夏季风爆发偏早、偏强且突发性显著;而在弱冬季风年则相反。长江流域的情况则与此相反,强冬季风时,该地区夏季对流偏弱,降水减少;弱冬季风时相反。南海地区风场的变化与该地区大气及下垫面热状态的改变有关。强、弱冬季风所对应的同期及后期的海温截然不同。在强冬季风年,热带海温场上呈现LaNi*S～/n@a型的异常分布,而在亚洲大陆近海及南海地区,则维持较强的负距平,海水温度明显偏低,强度以春季为最强。它所形成的南海及邻近地区海陆之间的温度梯度有利于夏季风的早爆发和加强;而在弱季风年,则完全相反。与异常冬季风相关联的大气的热状态同样具有季节的持续性。春、夏季季风区中大气热状态的改变,影响了夏季风特别是南海夏季风爆发的早晚及其强度的变化。由冬季风异常引起的热源变化可能也是环流隔季相关的重要纽带之一。     

广东省前汛期连续暴雨的气候背景及中期环流特征

为了解中期连续暴雨的成因, 进一步做好4—6月广东省致洪连续暴雨的中期预报, 用统计和合成分析方法, 对1961—2001年广东省前汛期连续暴雨过程的气候背景及中期环流特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:广东省6月出现连续暴雨的几率最大; 小波分析和最大熵谱分析表明, 广东省的连续暴雨存在准2~5年和10年左右的周期振荡, 未来几年发生连续暴雨的次数将增多; 用500 hPa候平均高度场资料, 对出现在广东省的前汛期连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征及高、低纬地区的环流演变特点进行了分析归纳, 总结出两类造成连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征的2条指标, 它们的共同特点为:中高纬度具有十分稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”, 中高纬的“东阻”和低纬120°E以东的正距平区相叠加, 使得低纬维持稳定的东高西低形势, 有利于出现连续暴雨过程。在此基础上利用欧洲中心500 hPa高度场未来1~5 d的格点逐日预报资料得到候平均图, 用动力-相似诊断方法作出2003—2005年广东省有无连续暴雨过程的中期趋势预报。     

Climate characteristics of abnormal double-blocking activities over the Ural Mountains and Sea of Okhotsk

By using NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data for June–August of 1948–2009, the synoptic situation of the doubleblocking high pressure process over the Ural Mountains–Sea of Okhotsk region was identified objectively, and the climatic characteristics and dynamic mechanism during the double blockings were also investigated. The results suggest that the Urals–Okhotsk double-blocking high experienced obviously an abrupt change around 1977. After the change, the occurrence frequency and number of sustained days of the blocking high reduced significantly. Moreover, the zonal spacing between the Urals blocking and the Okhotsk blocking also decreased, while their meridional locations did not change much. The double blockings became strengthened in general, and the blocking high over the Sea of Okhotsk extended northward evidently. However, during the process without double-blocking activities, the intensity and location of the double-blocking high showed no noticeable variation before and after the abrupt change. In addition, dynamic diagnosis shows that after the abrupt change, the energy of the double-blocking high mainly propagated vertically from low to high levels, and transferred horizontally from low to high latitudes; whereas, previously, before the abrupt change, this occurred from high to low latitudes. Meanwhile, the development of a low pressure system was fueled between the double blockings, which meant that the double-blocking activity was beneficial to the maintenance and development of the Northeast China cold vortex. In short, diagnosis of the wave energy has provided us with a better explanation of the life cycle characteristics of this double-blocking phenomenon before and after 1977.     

用典型相关分析作副高的统计动力预报模式可预报性研究

本文提出一个关于西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）的统计动力预报模式，利用它和典型相关分析方法对冬、春和夏季逐月副高预报的可行性进行研究。结果表明，模式的可预报性依赖于预报量场和因子场所提取的分量数，模式的差分形式及预报落后步长。对逐月和不同步长所作的可预报性分析发现步长为1个月有较高的可预报性，不同月份可预报性有所不同，一般夏季较冬季和春季要差。虽然如此，用该模式作夏季副高预报还是具有一定的可能性。在独立样本中所作的预报试验表明，月际预报符号相关系数一般均接近或超过0.60。     

集合预报产品释用方法的研究

提出一种动力与统计相结合的集合预报产品的动力统计释用方法，该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发，考虑中期旬尺度的大气环流特征，采用简单的斜压模式，推导出旬降水距平百分率与旬环流形势场的关系，从而建立了旬降水距平百分率预报方程，与相当正压的月降水距平百分率预报方程相比，更符合常规天气预报业务中对实际大气的动力学和天气学意义的考虑，试报结果表明，动力与统计相结合的方法对旬尺度动力延伸集合预报产品的释用具有明显的效果。     

常州雷灾分布特征及风险区划

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果.结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低.环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段.对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间.另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号.     

2008年1月欧亚阻塞形势的ECMWF集合预报效果评估检验

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果。结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低。环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6 d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段。对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间。另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号。     

Investigation of the relationship between Euro-Atlantic and West Asia blockings and major stratospheric sudden warmings in the period of 1959–2018

The main aim of this paper is to investigate and compare the possible connection between tropospheric blocking events and major stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in the two periods of 1959−1988 and 1989−2018 to present a dynamical insight into the blocking formation and behaviors. After identifying and characterizing two types of SSWs including wavenumber-1 (W₁) and wavenumber-2 (W₂) in both the periods, the behaviors of blocking events coincided with major SSWs are examined and compared in the two periods. Then, the relationship between blockings and major SSWs is discussed applying the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method.In general, 18 and 16 major SSW events were identified in the first and second periods, respectively. The investigation of planetary wave activities indicates that the maximum anomalies of geopotential height amplitude and meridional eddy heat flux in the PRE-SSW phase of both types of SSWs, particularly major W₂ warmings, in the second period occurred earlier than those in the first period. The peaks of blocking activities in the second period have also been moved eastward compared with the first period in both prior to and after the onset of SSWs. Moreover, the frequency of blocking event during the PRE-SSW phase of major W₁ warmings in Euro-Atlantic and a large part of West Asia in the second period is less than that of the first period, while the occurrence of blocking during the PRE-SSW phase of major W₂ warmings in Eastern Europe and West Asia has been increased in the second period. In the POST-SSW phase, blocking activity associated with major W₂ warmings is enhanced in West Asia during the second period. In addition, the maximum blocking activities preceding major SSWs in the second period was occurred 5-days prior to the first period. The results of cross-correlation coefficients between blockings and SSWs show significant relationship between them with time lag of about 10-days prior to the onset of warmings in both the periods, especially in the recent years.