太阳p模振动的激发机制

本文估计了激发单个太阳ｐ模振动需要的能量输入率Ｅ≡ＥΓ,其中谱线宽度Γ假设是振动模能量衰减率的观测值．在改进后的对流湍流三维时空分离描述的基础上,利用太阳对流区的混合长模型计算了振动模的激发率．认为太阳ｐ模振动主要是由雷诺应力扰动激发的,即ｐ模激发对应着对流湍流运动引起的声波发射．对于频率ν＜３ｍＨｚ,振动模的激发率为Ｅ∝ν７;频率ν＞３ｍＨｚ,振动模的激发率为Ｅ∝ν－５．理论计算的振动能谱与观测结果基本符合．     

On the Power in the Legendre Modes of the Solar Radial Magnetic Field

The power in the different modes of an expansion of the solar radial magnetic field at the surface in terms of Legendre polynomials,P , is calculated with the help of a solar dynamo model studied earlier. The model is of the Babcock–Leighton type, i.e., the surface eruptions of the toroidal magnetic field – through the tilt angle, , formed by the magnetic axis of a bipolar magnetic region with the east-west line – are the sources for the poloidal field. In this paper it is assumed that the tilt angle is subject to fluctuations of the form, = ()+ <> where <> is the average value and () is a random normal fluctuation with standard deviation which is taken from Howard's observations of the distribution of tilt angles. For numerical considerations, negative values of were not allowed. If this occurred, was recalculated. The numerical integrations were started with a toroidal magnetic field antisymmetric across the equator, large enough to generate eruptions, and a negligible poloidal field. The fluctuations in the tilt angle destroy the antisymmetry as time increases. The power of the antisymmetric modes across the equator (i.e., odd values of ) is concentrated in frequencies, _p, corresponding to the cycle period. The maximum power lies in the =3 mode with considerable power in the =5 mode, in broad agreement with Stenflo's results who finds a maximum power at =5. For the symmetric modes, there is considerable power in frequencies larger than _p, again in broad agreement with Stenflo's power spectrum.     

Distribution of Matter in the Solar System

A new formula for the distribution of matter in the solar system is derived by assuming that the planets were formed from trapped particles of a cosmic dust disk attached to the Sun. Contrary to Boltzmann's distribution which predicts thermal collapse of this cloud on the Sun, it is found that if the primeval particles move on circular orbits according to Kepler's law, then their velocities obey a 2-D global Maxwellian and their distribution in space is given by p ₀ (r)=(α r ²)\exp(-α r) (Km^-1); α = 888.73 × 10⁶ Km. The form ofp ₀ (r) agrees with the observed mass distribution of the planets and explains their present large angular momentum. PACS numbers: 96.35.Cp, 96.35.Fs This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Low-Degree Low-Order Solar p Modes As Seen By GOLF On board SOHO

Data recovered from the GOLF experiment on board the ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft have been used to analyze the low-order low-degree solar velocity acoustic-mode spectrum below =1.5 mHz (i.e., 1n9,l2). Various techniques (periodogram, RLAvCS, homomorphic-deconvolution and RLSCSA) have been used and compared to avoid possible biases due to a given analysis method. In this work, the acoustic resonance modes sensitive to the solar central region are studied. Comparing results from the different analysis techniques, 10 modes below 1.5 mHz have been identified.     

Flare-Induced Excitation of Solar p modes

Solar flares release large amounts of energy at different layers of the solar atmosphere, including at the photosphere in the case of exceptionally major events. Therefore, it is expected that large flares would be able to excite acoustic waves on the solar surface, thereby affecting the p-mode oscillation characteristics. We have applied the ring-diagram analysis technique to 3-D power spectra obtained for different flare regions in order to study how flares affect the amplitude, frequency and width of the acoustic modes. Data from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) has been used. We have used data obtained for several active regions of the current solar cycle that have produced flares. In most cases, during the period of high flare activity, power in p modes appears to be larger when compared to that in non-flaring regions of similar magnetic field strength.     

非绝热过程对太阳p模振动的影响

本文讨论了与非绝热性有关的辐射损失和对流转移对太阳ｐ模振动的影响．在非绝热情况下，ｐ模的本征频率增加了虚部σ（１）ｉ和σ（２）ｉ．本文试图探讨一种渐进方法研究非绝热效应对太阳ｐ模振动的影响．在渐进近似失效的太阳外大气层，利用表面相移的相关关系给出了非绝热振动方程的严格解．对低、中间频率的振动模，通过渐进解和表面解在外大气层的拟合，得到表面相移只是频率的函数．与绝热振动相比，考虑非绝热效应有可能改善太阳５分钟振动的理论频率和观测频率之间存在的偏差．     

On Rotation of the Solar Corona

We have studied the rotation of the solar corona using the images taken at a 9.4?nm wavelength by the AIA 094 instrument on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite. Our analysis implies that the solar corona rotates differentially. It appears that ??, the angular rotation velocity of the solar corona, does not only depend on heliographic latitude but is also a function of time, while the nature of the latter dependence remains unclear. Besides measurement errors, deviations ???? from the mean rotational speed are also caused by proper motion of the observed point source (the tracer) with respect to its surroundings. The spread in ?? values at a particular heliographic latitude is a real effect, not caused by measurement errors. Most of the observations carry relative error less than 1?% in???.     

Intensity Distribution and Contrast of the Solar EUV Network

Intensity distributions of the EUV network and the cell interior in the solar atmosphere have been obtained in fourteen emission lines from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) observations. The formation temperature of the observed lines is in the range log T=4.90 – 6.06 (T in Kelvin), and hence they represent increasing heights in the solar atmosphere from the upper chromosphere and the transition region to the low corona. Intensity distributions of the cell interior have been found to be different in the quiet Sun and the coronal hole even at the lower transition region, which is at variance with some earlier results. The intensity contrast of the network with respect to the cell interior has been obtained for each line, and differences in the quiet Sun and the coronal hole have been examined. The network contrast, in general, is lower for the coronal hole as compared to the quiet Sun, but becomes equal to it in the upper transition region. The maximum contrast for both the regions is at about log T=5.3. Also obtained are the relative contributions of the network and the cell interior to the total intensity. The implications of the results for models of the transition region are briefly mentioned.     

Momentum Distribution in Solar Flare Processes

We discuss the consequences of momentum conservation in processes related to solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), in particular describing the relative importance of vertical impulses that could contribute to the excitation of seismic waves (“sunquakes”). The initial impulse associated with the primary flare energy transport in the impulsive phase contains sufficient momentum, as do the impulses associated with the acceleration of the evaporation flow (the chromospheric shock) or the CME itself. We note that the deceleration of the evaporative flow, as coronal closed fields arrest it, will tend to produce an opposite impulse, reducing the energy coupling into the interior. The actual mechanism of the coupling remains unclear at present.     

太阳活动的不对称性研究

从三方面概述了太阳活动不对称的进展;不对称性的特征及其演化行为、周期性和可能的解释。太阳活动的南北半球及东西半球人发布是不均匀的,且在南北半球上分布不对称;但目前仍无法确定东西半球分布不对称。在众多的解释太阳活动不对称的理论中,没有一种理论被广泛接受。对将来开展太阳活动不对称性研究工作提出了一些看法。     

Study of Distribution and Asymmetry of Solar Active Prominences during Solar Cycle 23

In this article we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution and asymmetry of solar active prominences (SAP) for the period 1996 through 2007 (solar cycle 23). For more meaningful statistical analysis we analyzed the distribution and asymmetry of SAP in two subdivisions viz. Group1 (ADF, APR, DSF, CRN, CAP) and Group2 (AFS, ASR, BSD, BSL, DSD, SPY, LPS). The North – South (N – S) latitudinal distribution shows that the SAP events are most prolific in the 21° to 30° slice in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; the East – West (E – W) longitudinal distribution study shows that the SAP events are most prolific (best observable) in the 81° to 90° slice in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. It was found that the SAP activity during this cycle is low compared to previous solar cycles. The present study indicates that during the rising phase of the cycle the number of SAP events are roughly equal in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. However, activity in the Southern Hemisphere has been dominant since 1999. Our statistical study shows that the N – S asymmetry is more significant then the E – W asymmetry.     

On the Performance of Multi-Instrument Solar Flare Observations During Solar Cycle 24

The current fleet of space-based solar observatories offers us a wealth of opportunities to study solar flares over a range of wavelengths. Significant advances in our understanding of flare physics often come from coordinated observations between multiple instruments. Consequently, considerable efforts have been, and continue to be, made to coordinate observations among instruments (e.g. through the Max Millennium Program of Solar Flare Research). However, there has been no study to date that quantifies how many flares have been observed by combinations of various instruments. Here we describe a technique that retrospectively searches archival databases for flares jointly observed by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/EUV Variability Experiment (EVE – Multiple EUV Grating Spectrograph (MEGS)-A and -B, Hinode/(EUV Imaging Spectrometer, Solar Optical Telescope, and X-Ray Telescope), and Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Out of the 6953 flares of GOES magnitude C1 or greater that we consider over the 6.5 years after the launch of SDO, 40 have been observed by 6 or more instruments simultaneously. Using each instrument’s individual rate of success in observing flares, we show that the numbers of flares co-observed by 3 or more instruments are higher than the number expected under the assumption that the instruments operated independently of one another. In particular, the number of flares observed by larger numbers of instruments is much higher than expected. Our study illustrates that these missions often acted in cooperation, or at least had aligned goals. We also provide details on an interactive widget (Solar Flare Finder), now available in SSWIDL, which allows a user to search for flaring events that have been observed by a chosen set of instruments. This provides access to a broader range of events in order to answer specific science questions. The difficulty in scheduling coordinated observations for solar-flare research is discussed with respect to instruments projected to begin operations during Solar Cycle 25, such as the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope, Solar Orbiter, and Parker Solar Probe.     

Spatial Distribution of Solar Energetic Particles in the Inner Heliosphere

We study the spatial distribution of solar energetic particles (SEPs) throughout the inner heliosphere during six large SEP events from the period 1977 through 1979, as deduced from observations on the Helios 1 and 2, IMP 7 and 8, ISEE 3, and Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. Evidence of intensity maxima associated with the expanding shock wave is commonly seen along its central and western flanks, although the region of peak acceleration or “nose” of the shock is sometimes highly localized in longitude. In one event (1 January 1978) a sharp peak in 20?–?30 MeV proton intensities is seen more strongly by Voyager at ～?2 AU than it is by spacecraft at nearby longitudes at ～?1 AU. Large spatial regions, or “reservoirs,” often exist behind the shocks with spatially uniform SEP intensities and invariant spectra that decrease adiabatically with time as their containment volume expands. Reservoirs are seen to sweep past 0.3 AU and can extend out many AU. Boundaries of the reservoirs can vary with time and with particle velocity, rather than rigidity. In one case, a second shock wave from the Sun reaccelerates protons that retain the same hard spectrum as protons in the reservoir from the preceding SEP event. Thus reservoirs can provide not only seed particles but also a “seed spectrum” with a spectral shape that is unchanged by a weaker second shock.     

On the Fractal Structure of Solar Supergranulation

We employ fractal analysis to study the complexity of supergranulation structure using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) dopplergrams. Our data consists of 200 visually selected supergranular cells, for which we find a broad, slightly asymmetric dispersion in the size distribution, with the most probable size around 31.9 Mm. From the area–perimeter relation, we deduce a fractal dimension D of about 1.25. This is consistent with that for isobars, and suggests a possible turbulent origin of supergranulation. By relating this to the variances of kinetic energy, temperature and pressure, it is concluded that the supergranular network is close to being isobaric and that it has a possible turbulent origin.     

Fourier Power Spectra of Solar Noise Storms

We analyzed three noise storms recorded on 200?–?400 MHz Trieste Callisto radio spectra on 2 July 2012, 8 July 2012, and 16 July 2012 by the Fourier method. We divided intervals of the noise storms into five-minute intervals, and in these intervals we computed the mean Fourier spectra as a function of the wave numbers in the frequency and height-scale spaces. We found that these Fourier spectra, where the spectrum from the quiet-activity interval was subtracted, are power-law spectra. The mean power-law index of these spectra in the range \(\ln(k_{z}) = [1.8, 2.9]\) (where \(k_{z}\) is the wave number in the height-scale space) is \(-1.7\pm0.14\), \(-1.6\pm0.14\), and \(-1.5 \pm0.12\) for the 2 July 2012, the 8 July 2012, and the 16 July 2012 noise storms, respectively. It appears that as the number of Type-I bursts in the studied interval increases, the power-law index becomes closer to \(-5/3\); this is known as the Kolmogorov spectral index. The power-law index of the noise storms is very similar to that of the narrowband dm-spikes found in our previous studies. Furthermore, we found a break in the power spectra at \(\ln(k_{z}) \approx2.9\), and the mean power-law index values above this break are \(-2.9\pm0.46\), \(-3.1\pm0.65\), and \(-3.4\pm0.98\), respectively.     

Distribution of Helical Properties of Solar Magnetic Fields

We summarize studies of helical properties of solar magnetic fields such as current helicity and twist of magnetic fields in solar active regions (ARs), that are observational tracers of the alpha-effect in the solar convective zone (SCZ). Information on their spatial distribution is obtained by analysis of systematic mag-netographic observations of active regions taken at Huairou Solar Observing Station of National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main property is that the tracers of the alpha-effect are antisymmetric about the solar equator. Identifying longitudinal migration of active regions with their individual rotation rates and taking into account the internal differential rotation law within the SCZ known from helioseismology, we deduce the distribution of the effect over depth. We have found evidence that the alpha-effect changes its value and sign near the bottom of the SCZ, and this is in accord with the theoretical studies and numerical simulations. We discuss     

On the Power Law for Describing the Mass Distribution of Fragments of a Disrupted Cosmic Body

Solar System Research - An important characteristic of the disruption of cosmic bodies (asteroids at their collision in outer space, meteoroids and asteroids entering the Earth’s atmosphere)...     

On Re-sampling of Solar Images

Digital image data are now commonly used throughout the field of solar physics. Many steps of image data analysis, including image co-alignment, perspective reprojection of the solar surface, and compensation for solar rotation, require re-sampling original telescope image data under a distorting coordinate transformation. The most common image re-sampling methods introduce significant, unnecessary flaws into the data. More correct techniques have been known in the computer graphics community for some time but remain little known within the solar community and hence deserve further presentation. Furthermore, image distortion under specialized coordinate transformations is a powerful analysis technique with applications well beyond image resizing and perspective compensation. Here I give a brief overview of the mathematics of data re-sampling under arbitrary distortions, present a simple algorithm for optimized re-sampling, give some examples of distortion as an analysis tool, and introduce scientific image distortion software that is freely available over the Internet. ``First get your facts straight. Then you can distort them as you please.' – Mark Twain     

On the Excitation Mechanism of Solar Five-minute Oscillations

The excitation mechanism of solar five-minute oscillations is studied in the present paper. We calculated the non-adiabatic oscillations of low- and intermediate-degree (l = 1 − 25) g4-p39 modes for the Sun. Both the thermodynamic and dynamic couplings are taken into account by using our non-local and time-dependent theory of convection. The results show that all the lowfrequencyf- and p-modes with periods P > 5.4 min are pulsationally unstable, while the coupling between convection and oscillations is neglected. However, when the convection coupling is taken into account, all the g- and low-frequency f- and p-modes with periods longer than 16 minutes (except the low-degree p1-modes) and the high frequency p-modes with periods shorter than 3 minutes become stable, and the intermediate-frequency p-modes with period from 3 to 16 minutes are pulsationally unstable. The pulsation amplitude growth rates depend only on the frequency and almost do not depend on l. They achieve the maximum at ν 3700 μHz (or P 270 sec). The coupling between convection and oscillations plays a key role for stabilization of low-frequency f- and p-modes and excitation of intermediate-frequency p-modes. We propose that the solar 5-minute oscillations are not caused by any single excitation mechanism, but they are resulted from the combined effect of “regular” coupling between convection and oscillations and turbulent stochastic excitation. For low- and intermediatefrequency p-modes, the coupling between convection and oscillations dominates; while for high-frequency modes, stochastic excitation dominates.