床面附近泥沙运动的分析

基于水、沙两相的分相测量试验结果,分析了床面附近泥沙颗粒的脉动和力学特性,指出床面附近的泥沙运动有着特殊的力学机制:颗粒相具有较强的非湍流脉动,其产生的脉动应力对颗粒的运动起着重要作用。论述了沙粒在水流中从推移运动到扬起悬浮的物理过程,讨论了过去一些理论中存在的问题和不足,概括了泥沙颗粒在水流中从床面扬起的基本模式,运用两相流理论分析了沙粒在水流中扬起的动力学机理。根据颗粒运动的垂向动量平衡原理,对泥沙颗粒的垂向浓度分布规律作了新的分析解释。证实了除浓度梯度之外,颗粒相的垂向脉动强度梯度也是泥沙扩散的重要扩散势,进一步揭示了悬移质浓度垂线分布存在两种类型的内在机理。     

含离子浓度参数的粘性泥沙沉速公式研究

以长江为例分析了河流中的水化学特性,得出河流中影响粘性泥沙沉速的主要是Ca2+。阳离子影响泥沙沉速的主要原因是粘性沙的絮凝。对泥沙絮凝沉降过程进行理论分析,推导出絮凝沉速与离子浓度之间的关系式。并且根据试验结果确定以Ca2+浓度为参数时经验关系式中的系数值。用实测的沉速对絮凝沉速公式进行了初步的验证。验证结果表明,用张瑞瑾沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相差很大,而絮凝沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相符合。     

泥沙影响流速分布规律的试验研究

挟沙水流中泥沙颗粒的存在将影响水流的紊动结构,并进一步影响水流流速分布。采用超声流速仪MicroADV测量挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂线分布,分析了在不同水力条件、不同泥沙条件(包括泥沙浓度及颗粒粒径)下泥沙与水流相互作用对流速沿垂线分布的影响,在此基础上,考虑到现有流速分布公式在实际河道水流流速沿垂线分布中的应用,提出新的指数型流速分布公式形式;并根据实验资料,初步检验了该公式的精度,同时分析了指数型流速公式中系数k和指数m随泥沙浓度s、粒径d以及水力条件的变化规律。结果表明:系数k随泥沙浓度的增加而增大,同时水力条件以及泥沙颗粒粒径同样也影响着k的变化;而指数m随粒径d的增大而减小,随泥沙浓度s的增加而增大。     

泥沙颗粒表面电荷特性及其对干容重影响试验研究

采用黄河及长江中的沙样在不同Ca2+浓度下分别进行电位滴定试验和干容重试验,得到以下结论:①随Ca2+浓度的增加,泥沙颗粒表面负电荷先不断减少然后趋于不变。②Ca2+对泥沙淤积干容重的影响可分为三个阶段:第一阶段干容重减小;第二阶段增加并达到最大值;第三阶段减小最后趋于不变。③在Ca2+浓度相同条件下,泥沙浓度对淤积干容重的影响根据所加Ca2+浓度不同也呈现不同的变化。④Ca2+浓度、泥沙浓度相同时,中值粒径越大干容重越大,且中值粒径大的泥沙干容重达到最大值所需Ca2+少。⑤在不同Ca2+浓度下泥沙颗粒由于表面电荷不同造成静电斥力不同,同时表面水膜作用力也不同,二者共同作用使得干容重体现不同的变化。     

阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究

应用了静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了水中常见阳离子对河流中细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响,这些阳离子包括Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Al3+等。实验结果表明,阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响可以分为两个阶段:①随着阳离子浓度的增加泥沙沉速也增大;②当离子浓度大于某值时,离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响不大。在同样离子浓度条件下,离子价态高者影响较大。同时分析了长江和黄河干流中下游河段的水化学特性;分析结果表明,在一般的河水水质的情况下,有必要考虑水中阳离子(主要是Ca2+、Mg2+)对细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响。     

河北省曹妃甸近岸海域悬浮泥沙含量分布特征研究

本文通过实地调查及取样测试,获得了该区域四条剖面上共49站位不同深度的悬浮泥沙含量,分析了该区域内悬浮泥沙含量在空间上的分布特征,初步建立了悬浮泥沙浓度在空间上的相关性经验模型,并对模型进行了验证,验证结果较为满意.此研究可为悬浮泥沙含量在空间上尤其是中层与底层的遥感定量动态监测提供基本依据.     

泥沙输移与坡面降雨和径流能量的关系

从导致土壤侵蚀的降雨和径流能量出发,提出了基于物理学原理的降雨能和径流能的概念,并采用人工模拟降雨实验,分析了泥沙输移与降雨和径流能的关系,结果显示:坡面薄层径流泥沙剥蚀量随着地表坡度、降雨能和径流能的增加而增加,雨滴击溅作用下泥沙剥蚀量远远大于无雨滴击溅作用时泥沙剥蚀量;薄层水流泥沙浓度随着坡度和降雨能的增加而增加,当坡度和降雨能一定时,泥沙浓度随着径流能的增加而减小;降雨扰动系数与降雨和径流能的比值按照对数关系增长,在相同坡度下,当降雨能一定时,降雨扰动系数随着径流能的增加而减小,当径流能一定时,降雨扰动系数随着降雨能的增加而增加。降雨能是导致泥沙剥离的本质,径流能是泥沙搬运的动力。     

泥沙颗粒间黏结力作用及其对泥沙起动影响研究进展

黏性沙起动是泥沙起动研究的难点,黏结力作用是影响黏性沙起动的关键。从形成机理出发,归纳出泥沙起动中主要涉及2大类、共6种黏结力作用,探寻了其中典型的双电层力及EPS（Extracellular Polymeric Substances）黏结力的形成机理及影响因素,从泥沙稳定性及起动模式两方面剖析了黏结力作用对泥沙起动的影响,比较分析了黏结力作用的量化研究。现有研究往往对某种黏结力进行研究,较少考虑多种黏结力之间的相互作用和综合效应,系统性不足;已有的成果多是基于实测资料得到的经验关系,缺乏从机理层面得出定量关系,理论性不强。未来应根据泥沙所处环境,综合考虑泥沙颗粒间存在的多种黏结力作用,从黏结力作用形成机理出发,深入研究黏结力作用的量化表达。     

粘性泥沙分层运动特征的试验研究

应用水槽试验研究了粘性泥沙的运动特性及水流条件和泥沙浓度对粘性泥沙运动的影响。实验结果表明,在一定的水流和泥沙浓度条件下,粘性泥沙运动存在着特殊运动形式——"分层运动","分层运动"形成时水槽中泥沙浓度沿垂线分布成"阶梯"形状,水流流速沿垂线分布为中部最大,向水面和水槽底部方向流速减小。分层运动的形成及其特征与水流条件泥沙浓度等因素密切相关,不同的泥沙浓度下形成分层运动的水动力条件不同,泥沙浓度增加,形成分层运动的水流强度也相应增加。     

洞庭湖和鄱阳湖泥沙冲淤特征及三峡水库对其影响

长江中游江湖关系复杂,分布有中国第一、二大淡水湖泊,江湖关系演变对防洪、生态等影响重大。通过分析反应长江中游洞庭湖和鄱阳湖泥沙冲淤的实测水沙和地形资料,初步掌握了湖区泥沙冲淤特征及主要影响因素,并着重探讨了三峡水库蓄水对两湖泥沙冲淤的影响。结果表明,近10年洞庭湖和鄱阳湖湖区泥沙淤积速度明显减缓,部分年份出现冲刷,其中洞庭湖湖区泥沙沉积率下降主要由来沙减少引起,三峡水库拦沙作用的影响明显;鄱阳湖区冲刷主要集中在入江水道,采砂活动影响显著,三峡水库蓄水影响尚不明显。     

Response of Aeolian Flux to Soil Particle Properties and Airflow Turbulence Fluctuation

The process of aeolian flux in wild areas is usually unstable due to turbulent fluctuation of airflow. The physical parameters of wind and aeolian flux have strong pulsation characteristics and are even intermittent. Since the classical aeolian flux equations derived from steady sediment transport processes do not take into account the physical parameters such as soil particle properties and airflow turbulence characteristics, they cannot accurately predict the process of sediment transport driven by turbulent wind. Based on the analysis of the variables contained in the classical aeolian flux equations and their effects on the aeolian flux, the soil particle properties and the airflow turbulent fluctuation which influence unsteady sediment transport process, and the delayed response of the unsteady sediment transport process to airflow turbulent fluctuation, then the steady and unsteady sediment transports were defined. Strictly, there is no steady sediment transport process in nature, but the sediment transport process in a short period of time can be roughly considered to be a steady sediment transport process as the fluctuation of sediment transport is very little. Thus, the unsteady sediment transport process in a long-term series can be regarded as series of steady sediment transport processes on an "appropriate time scale" (Δt). The construction principles, variables in unsteady aeolian flux equation, and establishing unsteady aeolian flux equation of the way which is the method of determining each variable by controlling the conditional experiments were put forward. Finally, the foreseeable key issues in the process of establishing the unsteady aeolian flux equation were discussed.     

土壤温室气体昼夜变化及其环境影响因素研究

通过对北京东灵山草地和桦树林土壤气体CO₂,N₂O和CH₄浓度及其排放通量的昼夜连续观测,探讨了生长季节草地和森林土壤温室气体昼夜变化及其环境影响因素。研究表明:1)土壤CO₂排放通量昼高夜低,N₂O排放通量有明显小时尺度波动,但昼夜变化不突出;土壤CO₂和N₂O浓度昼夜变化不明显,且与排放通量波动不一致;土壤是大气CH₄的一个汇,相对厌氧的环境可能有利于土壤吸收CH₄。2)无雨时气温昼夜变化通过影响土壤表层的气体扩散和CO₂产生过程,来影响土壤CO₂和N₂O的地表排放通量,而对土壤10cm以下CO₂和N₂O的产生影响不大。小时尺度的土壤CO₂和N₂O浓度波动则可能还有其他影响因素或机制。3)降雨时土壤渗水引起的土壤空气对流取代气体浓度扩散成为土壤与大气空气交换的主要方式,导致土壤CO₂和N₂O排放通量的同步波动。降雨渗水较多时,较多的溶解氧随着雨水进入土壤内,会促进土壤CO₂的生成和抑制N₂O的产生。4)土壤CO₂与N₂O浓度存在显著的正相关关系,反映出土壤CO₂和N₂O有相对稳定的产率比。土壤有效碳可能是造成土壤CO₂与N₂O浓度正相关的主要原因,土壤空气的氧分压则可能是造成土壤CO₂和N₂O浓度波动不一致的重要因素。     

Nitrogen concentration of rainfall in Dalian, China

Wet atmospheric deposition samples were collected in rainy days from 2004 to 2008 in Dalian of Liaoning Province, Northeast of China, which were measured by rain gauge and analyzed for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration. The mean annual volume of rainfall was from 438.25 to 850.94 mm, and the concentration of TIN was 3.47 mg/L, which showed negative correlation with the volume of rainfall. The order of TIN concentration among seasons was: winter > spring > autumn > summer. Increased use of fertilizers in agricultural areas or widespread use of private transportation led to the increase of TIN fluxes. Variations of TIN concentration among years were significantly different; the annual precipitation TIN inputs were positively related to the volume of rainfall and were surprisingly high with the deposition flux ranging from 10.24 to 25.17 kg N/(hm²·a). The maximum mean annual flux was 25.17 kg N/(hm²·a) which is equal to 53.94 kg N/(hm²·a) usage of CO(NH)₂ (an amount that could have caused changes in terrestrial life). The fluxes of TIN also showed a different seasonal fluctuation during the course of our study, and we found that majority of TIN deposition occurred in summer (from June to August), which accounted for 56.44% of total annual precipitation and 40.06% of total annual deposition flux. Annual TIN fluxes decreased considerably after the rainy season and reached the lowest level (1.39 kg N/(hm²·a)) in winter.     

末次间冰期以来渭南黄土地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变

冰期-间冰期的陆地碳库变化成为最近十几年来碳循环研究的热点之一,以深海氧同位素、模型模拟和古环境证据等手段展开对不同时间尺度上不同碳库之间碳通量变化研究.土壤碳库的巨大储量导致了土壤碳库的任何微小波动都比陆地生态系统其他碳库更容易影响陆地生态系统碳循环以及大气CO₂浓度,并最终影响到全球气候变化.通过对过去4万年来黄土高原地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变研究发现,深海氧同位素第3阶段期间,土壤有机碳碳密度相对于磁化率在细节上更能够表现出气候的小波动,这一期间的土壤有机碳碳密度快速上升,在较高的水平上多次波动,可能是因为这一时期的气候环境整体上更适宜碳在黄土古土壤中的累积和保存.在末次盛冰期(LGM)时,土壤有机碳碳密度急剧下降,伴随气候的快速波动,其间有一次较大规模的反弹,持续约2 ka,最低值出现在14 ka BP和19 ka BP.对比深海氧同位素曲线,土壤有机碳碳库与其在末次盛冰期和全新世都表现出良好的一致性.而磁化率在大约15 ka BP以后就开始增加,似乎超前于土壤有机碳碳密度和深海氧同位素的增加.并且,在全新世早期到晚期土壤有机碳碳密度经历了逐渐上升继而下降的变化过程,该时段的最高值出现在大约7~5 ka BP.      

Characteristics of low frequency oscillations of the atmosphere-ocean coupling

The low frequency oscillation of latent heat flux over the tropical oceans has been studied. The NCEP reanalyzed fields of wind and humidity alongwith Reynolds SST are used to compute the instantaneous as well as monthly mean surface latent heat fluxes (LHF) for the year 1999. The procedure of LHF computation is based on bulk method. Spectral analysis shows that significant energy is contained in Madden Julian Oscillation band in the winds, SST, moisture and in the latent heat flux. The global distribution of wind, humidity, SST and LHF oscillation on the time scale of 30–50 days are analyzed. Maximum amplitude of oscillation on this time scale in all the above mentioned parameters were found over the Indian Ocean. The fluctuation of surface wind speed and moisture controls the latent heat flux on this time scale. The fluctuation of SST on this time scale does not seem to be important over most of the oceans.     

黄土粉尘搬运过程的动力学物理模型

通过对黄土粉尘重力沉降过程的动力学分析,给出了黄土粉尘粒度分布的数学表达,讨论了粉尘沉积通量随搬运距离、粒径变化的物理过程,首次确定了估算粉尘搬运距离和风力强度的计算方法,为区分粉尘搬运距离和风力强度对粒度的影响及其它们在冰期间冰期中的差异提供了物理学的判别依据。分析结果表明： 1)在重力沉降作用下,粉尘沉降通量随搬运距离的变化服从几何分布,具有沉降通量随搬运距离的增加迅速减小,越粗的粉尘颗粒其沉降通量初值越大,同时下降速度也越迅速的特点; 2)如果用携粉尘气流的水平通量作代表风力强度,则粉尘搬运距离与粒度分布曲线上重力沉降部分最高点的粉尘沉降通量成反比,风力强度与该点对应粒径的平方和粉尘搬运距离成正比。因此,根据该点的粉尘沉降通量和对应粒径,可以估算粉尘的搬运距离和风力强度。根据上述理论对渭南阳郭中学S0～L1黄土－古土壤剖面进行了粉尘搬运距离和风力强度的估算： 首先,从粒度分布中提取出3个对数正态分布的独立组份; 然后利用粗粒组份的参数计算粉尘搬运距离和风力强度。分析结果表明粉尘搬运距离具有冰期近、间冰期远的特点,风力强度的变化则具有冰期弱、间冰期强的特点,LGM时段的风力强度比MIS 3阶段大,但小于全新世适宜期,而LGM时期粉尘搬运距离并未明显减小,因此,可能黄土粒度的变化并非反映了冬季风的变化,而是反映了夏季风的变化,夏季风是通过影响粉尘源区来影响粉尘粒度的变化。     

内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠400年来大气沉降 Hg的湖泊沉积记录

Hg污染具有全球性,人类活动较少地区的湖泊沉积物对长距离输入的大气沉降Hg变化敏感。巴丹吉林沙漠中发育了约142个沙漠丘间湖泊,是研究大气沉降Hg记 录的理想材料。选择巴丹吉林沙漠东南部的宝日陶勒盖湖泊进行湖泊钻探,结合²¹⁰Pb_uns和¹³⁷Cs核素测年及THg沉积通量计算,重建了400年来巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊的THg沉积记录,并探讨了影响沙漠湖泊THg沉积的影响因素,评估了自然背景和人类活动的影响。结果表明：(1)沉积物中THg含量分布范围为1.5~17.5 ng/g,富集系数和沉积通量的分布范围分别为0.3~4.5和2.9~38.9 μg/(cm²·a)。 THg含量、富集系数和沉积通量均表现为在岩心上部近几十年富集。(2)近400年来,湖泊沉积物中背景THg(THg_岩石风化)通量变化相对稳定,主要受控于附近物源供给和区域风沙活动。大气沉降THg(THg _大气)通量自20世纪30年代以来呈逐渐增加的趋势,很大程度上反映了近几十年来人为源大气沉降THg的增加。但20世纪30年代以来岩心局部的大气沉降THg通量的峰值可能还受全球变暖和湖泊生产力增加 的影响,而20世纪30年代之前出现的峰值可能与“小冰期”冷期强烈的区域风沙活动有关。巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊400年来的THg_大气沉积通量变化与全球Hg产量和冰心中的大气Hg含量变化记录一致,是沙漠 地区大气沉降THg的可信纪录。     

Modeling of PCB concentrations in water and biota (Mytilus edulis) in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts

The water column concentration and bioaccumulation of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener CB052 was modeled in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, using site-specific hydrodynamics and loading information. Equilibrium partitioning theory was used to estimate interstitial water CB052 concentrations from sediment concentrations in New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The rate of CB052 vertical flux from the interstitial water to the overlying water column was calculated by multiplying the vertical concentration gradient at the sedimentwater interface by a flux coefficient. The vertical flux coefficient and the flux rate from model-generated water-column concentrations were calculated using an interative procedure. Movement of CB052 within New Bedford Harbor was simulated using calibrated two-dimensional, vertically-integrated, finite element hydrodynamic and transport models. Quasi-steady-state water column concentrations and a field-derived bioconcentration factor were used to predict the expected concentration of CB052 in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) at two stations in New Bedford Harbor. The model was used to predict the effects of two remedial scenarios (i.e., reducing average sediment total PCB concentrations to 50 ppm or 10 ppm) on concentrations of CB052 in water and blue mussel tissue. Based on the model results, the CB052 concentration in blue mussels would be reduced by 33–53% for the 50 ppm option and by 67–84% for the 10 ppm option.     

Variability and prediction of freshwater and nitrate fluxes for the Louisiana-Texas shelf: Mississippi and Atchafalaya River source functions

Time histories of riverine water discharge, nitrate concentration, and nitrate, flux have been analyzed for the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. Results indicate that water discharge variability is dominated by the annual cycle and shorter-time-scale episodic events presumably associated with snowmelt runoff and spring or summer rains. Interannual variability in water discharge is relatively small compared to the above. In contrast, nitrate concentration exhibits strongest variability at decadal time scales. The interannual variability is not monotonic but more complicated in structure. Weak covariability between water discharge and nitrate concentration leads to a relatively “noisy” nitrate flux signal. Nitrate flux variations exhibit a low-amplitude, long-term modulation of a dominant annual cycle. Predictor-hindcastor analyses indicate that skilled forecasts of nitrate concentration and nitrate flux fields are feasible. Water discharge was the most reliably hindcast (on seasonal to interannual time scales) due to the fundamental strength of the annual hydrologic cycle. However, the forecasting effort for this variable was less successful than the hindcasting effort, mostly due to a phase shift in the annual cycle during our relatively short test period (18 mo). Nitrate concentration was more skillfully predicted (seasonal to interannual time scales) due to the relative dominance of the decadal-scale portion of the signal. Nitrate flux was also skillfully forecast even though historical analyses seemed to indicate that it should be more difficult to predict than either water discharge or nitrate concentration.     

采空区水平钻孔瓦斯抽放工艺与原理

针对采空区瓦斯抽放问题,讨论抽放钻孔布置、工艺特点及抽放原理。水平钻孔抽放的优点是可选择高的钻孔位置,能获得更大的瓦斯抽放浓度,可提高抽放效率。钻孔应选择在较坚固的岩层中,避免塌孔或遇到断层等构造破碎带。提出采空区水平钻孔瓦斯抽放模拟计算方案,计算了瓦斯抽放时流场风流规律。抽放时,工作面向采空区的漏风流,在下游回风段形成了上、下分流。模拟试验中,在扩大抽放流量时,能加大工作面向采空区的总体漏风量,而降低了采空区向工作面的漏回风量;随着抽放流量的增大,工作面与采空区风流交换平衡点向回风侧移动。由此给出抽放流量等于总漏回风量的绝对安全抽放关系准则,为确定瓦斯抽放流量及抽放浓度提供依据。