岩石电阻率变化各向异性与微裂隙扩展方位实验研究

将不同规格的长方体花岗岩标本,按事先设计的图案布设多个电极,并用抽真空的方法将标本进行水饱和．然后将标本电极面和相邻面的一小部分（包括棱）用防水绝缘胶密封．用多电极组合法,将己布电极组合成不同方向、不同极距的电阻率各向异性测线和电测剖面、电测深测线．使标本在装有水的承压水箱中,沿标本长轴方向受压,观测标本电阻率随压力的变化．在实验中,一些标本被压坏,出现宏观裂隙;一些标本没有被压坏,没有被压坏的标本通常压到电阻率出现明显破裂前兆为止．然后,将未压坏的标本测量面显微照相,从照片上寻找裂隙的优势方向,和被压坏标本的宏观裂隙一起,与电阻率各向异性计算结果进行对比,实验结果表明:① 裂隙和破碎带通过区域的测点,视电阻率变化各向异性结果好,4种组合求得的4个各向异性主轴方向趋于一致,且与破碎带方向基本吻合;裂隙和破碎带不经过区域的测点,或者4个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向不一致,或者根本求不出各向异性解．这后一种情况,在裂隙面平行测量面时,表现最为明显;② 显微照相显示的微观裂隙或破碎带的优势方向与电阻率变化最大的各向异性主轴方向基本一致;③ 电测剖面的结果,能较好地反映裂隙的位置和区域．      

原始电阻率各向异性岩石电阻率变化的方向性

在3种非含岩成分造成的岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本(在采集和加工过程中，标本完整性遭 到破坏的标本)，和一种由含岩成分形成的 岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本上，布设多个电极，并将标本用水饱和. 然后用多电极组合法 ，将己布电极组合成不同方向、不同极距的电阻率各向异性测线. 采用单轴压缩、低围压 三 轴压缩和剪切3种加载方式，对标本进行动态电阻率变化实验. 观测标本电阻率随承载力的 变化. 实验结果表明∶对于岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本，在电阻率变化各向异性方面，与 岩石 原始电阻率各向同性标本相似，即∶裂隙和破碎带通过区域的测点，视电阻率变化各向异性 结果好，４种组合求得的４个各向异性主轴方向趋向一致，且与破碎带方向基本吻合；裂隙 和破碎带不经过区域的测点，４个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向不一致，或者根本求不出 各向异性解. 这后一种情况，在裂隙面平行测量面时，表现最为明显.     

单轴压力下有补给水岩石电阻率变化各向异性研究

将两种规格的长方体水饱和花岗岩标本，以标本一个面的中心点为中心，对称布置成互成４５°角的４条对称四极法电阻率测线。标本电极面和相邻面的一小部分用防水环氧胶密封，使标本在装有水的承压水箱中，沿标本长轴方向受压，观测标本视电阻率随压力的变化。实验结果为：（１）有补给水实验与无补给水实验，电阻率变化整体形态相似，即电阻率随压力的变化先上升，后下降，但有补给水实验的电阻率下降幅度要大一些。（２）电阻率变化出现明显的方向性，可以用电阻率变化最大的各向异性主轴方向表示；实验中，用４条测线、４种组合（每３条测线组合可以确定１个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向）方法确定的４个电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向基本一致。（３）加压期间，电阻率各向异性主轴方向随压力增加发生变化，这种变化不是渐变和乱变，而是有规律的跃变，即整个实验过程，多数标本只跃变１—３次，每次跃变形成一个主方向，在主方向内，角度变化不大。（４）有补给水岩石电阻率变化整体形态与美国Ｂｒａｃｅ等（１９６８）所作的围压和孔隙压的岩石电阻率变化形态相似。     

地电阻率各向异性度前兆特征与地震流体动态响应

以唐山地震为例，研究分析了孕震过程中地电阻率各向异性度Ｓ的变化及其特征，同时用“流体－地电”的观战对Ｓ的变化进行了物理解释。结果表明，地电阻率各赂异性度有可能成为一种新的地震地电前兆因子。     

岩石电阻率图像及各向异性变化的实验研究

在两组人工样品自由表面以中心点为基准对称布设3条辐射状测线,对样品实施单轴应力加载和卸载后,利用电阻率层析成像方法构建了相应的视电阻率相对变化图像,并计算和绘制了表征裂隙产生和发展速率的视电阻率各向异性系数λ*以及表征裂隙产生和发展方位的各向异性主轴方位角α随应力和深度的变化曲线.结果表明:所有测线所对应的RRC图像均随着应力的变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即在加载阶段,随着应力的增加,视电阻率相对变化图像中电阻率降低区域逐渐收缩,而电阻率升高区域逐渐扩张,在卸载阶段,随着应力的减小,电阻率降低区域继续收缩,电阻率升高区域继续扩张;样品中的高阻体对其所在部位及附近区域的电阻率增幅有较大影响,而对横越高阻体测线的视电阻率相对变化图像的趋势性变化无影响;对于原始电性为各向异性的样品,随着应力的增加,其各向异性程度降低;裂隙主要在岩样的浅部产生和发展,而在较深部位的裂隙产生和发展的速率相对较低.上述结果有助于解释和理解地震、火山活动和大型地质构造运动引起的视电阻率及其各向异性的变化特征,电阻率层析成像方法可能成为目前地震电阻率观测方法的有益补充.      

用地电阻率探测和监测滑坡体实验

实验采用高密度电阻率方法探测滑坡体的电性结构, 用电阻率变化各向异性方法监测滑坡体的主破裂扩展方向和速率. 实验结果为: ① 电性结构探测实验, 验证了部分原勘测的滑坡体的蠕变体边界和地下水层的深度和厚度, 以及上层介质的性质. 证明滑动带富含地下水层; ② 用电阻率变化各向异性监测实验确定的测点主破裂扩展方向, 与滑坡体GPS位移推断的破裂带方向吻合, 且电阻率变化各向异性系数的变化速率与钻孔倾斜仪测量的滑坡体深部位移变化的速率相应.      

电阻率各向异性的研究

概述了国内外有关地电阻率各向异性实验方面的研究现状，总结了迄今所提出的地电阻率各向异性产生的机理；提出存在的问题和以后的发展方向等。     

剪切和摩擦滑动大模型的视电阻率变化幅度和各向异性

用石英砂、河砂和水泥模压制成1m×1m×0.3m的均匀和非均匀介质模型，对模型进行剪切和摩擦滑动实验，观测模型不同位置和不同方位的视电阻率变化幅度和各向异性特征. 均匀介质模型实验结果为：电阻率变化与测线的位置有关，距裂隙近的测线，电阻率变化幅度大，从百分之几到百分之几十；距裂隙远的测线，电阻率变化幅度小，从百分之几到不变. 对于非均匀介质模型，电阻率变化幅度要小一些，最大也只有百分之几. 电阻率变化除与测线的位置有关外，还与测线的方位有关，同一测点不同方位的测线，电阻率变化幅度不同，有的差别很大. 剪切与摩擦滑动两种加载方式的电阻率变化幅度数量级相同. 裂隙穿过部位及其附近测点的电阻率变化各向异性主轴方位解与剪切和摩擦滑动的实际裂隙方位吻合较好.     

地震地电阻率各向异性变化数值模拟

将APE模式中差应力与裂隙的演化理论与前期研究中建立的张量形式的各向异性电性模型相结合,推导出了裂隙演化参数(密度、孔压、纵横比、闭合角)与电导率关系的动态方程,用数值模拟方法研究了饱水岩石在水平向应力作用下电阻率的各向异性变化．并结合实验和观钡5结果,讨论了电阻率各向异性变化的可能机理。     

唐山地震地电阻率各向异性变化特征研究

依据唐山大震地电总结组汇编的1976年唐山7.8级地震地电观测资料(地电阻率)，定义了一个无量纲的量S来表征地电阻率的各向异性，计算了孕震过程的S值，分析研究了其变化特征．结果表明，唐山地震在孕育、发展和发生整个过程中存在地电阻率各向异性变化．其形态变化特征较为典型．S作为一新的地震前兆因子，与其它无量纲前兆因子结合使用，对地震综合分析预报研究具有应用价值．文中对孕震过程中S的变化特征给予了物理解释．      

Detecting rupture precursors and determining the main fracture spread direction of rock with dynamic rock resistivity change anisotropy

In the past, domestic and abroad scientific workers have done a large number of experiment researches on a great number of researches of experiment for the relationship between electrical resistivity change and the load stress on rock (Geoelectric Testing Group, Department of Geophysics, Peking University and Research Division, Seismological Brigade of Lanzhou, 1978; Zhang, 1981; Chen, et al, 1983; Zhao, et al, 1983; Zhang, Lu, 1983; Zhang, et al, 1985; Brace, Orange, 1968; Kurite, 1986; Teisseyre, 1989), such as imitating dynamic fracture of rock, frictional sliding course, and observing its resistivity change shape with a lot of experimental workssuch as simulating the dynamic course of crustal rocks fracturing and frictional slipping along the fracture surface, and observing its resistivity change shape with experiment. They found that, in the fracture process of rock under loading, not only its resistivity shape change notably, and its direction changes also very clearly, and therefore many scientific workers have shown strong interest in anisotropy of resistivity change, and have done some researches onfor it.     

Detecting repture precursors and determining the main fracture spread direction of rock with dynamic rock resistivity change anisotropy

In the past, domestic and abroad scientific workers have done a great number of researches of experiment forthe relationship between electrical resistivity change and stress on rock (Geoelectric Testing Group, Department ofGeophysics, Peking University and Research Division, Seismological Brigade of Lanzhou, 1978; Zhang, 1981;Chen, et al, 1983, Zhao, et al, 1983, Zhang, Lu, 1983; Zhang, et al, 1985; Brace, Orange, 1968, Kurite, 1986;Teisseyre, 1989), such as simulating the dynamic cour…     

Research on dependence of resistivity changing anisotropy on microcracks extending in rock with experiment

Intr0ducti0nTheproblemsaboutcrustalrocksfracturingandfricti0nalslippingalongthefracturesurfaCearecloselyrelatedtotheresearchesofearthquakemechanismandgeol0gichazards,andalsoareoneofthosebeinggivenmoreconcernbyscientistsinearthscience-Discussingab0utthegenera-tionanddevelopmentprocess0fintraPlateearthquakes,Wang,etal(l999)proPOsedthatearth-quake'spregnant,mechanicspropertyandgeometricstructureofmatterinearthquake'sgestatingareaaredifferinthousandswaysf0rdifferentplaceinsideslab-Thus,thepregna…     

Modelling frequency-dependent seismic anisotropy in fluid-saturated rock with aligned fractures: implication of fracture size estimation from anisotropic measurements

Measurements of seismic anisotropy in fractured rock are used at present to deduce information about the fracture orientation and the spatial distribution of fracture intensity. Analysis of the data is based upon equivalent-medium theories that describe the elastic response of a rock containing cracks or fractures in the long-wavelength limit. Conventional models assume frequency independence and cannot distinguish between microcracks and macrofractures. The latter, however, control the fluid flow in many subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, the fracture size is essential information for reservoir engineers. In this study we apply a new equivalent-medium theory that models frequency-dependent anisotropy and is sensitive to the length scale of fractures. The model considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to a squirt-flow mechanism at two different scales: the grain scale (microcracks and equant matrix porosity) and formation-scale fractures. The theory is first tested and calibrated against published laboratory data. Then we present the analysis and modelling of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSP data from a tight gas reservoir. We invert for fracture density and fracture size from the frequency dependence of the time delay between split shear waves. The derived fracture length matches independent observations from borehole data.     

各向异性层状介质中视电阻率与磁场响应研究

针对任意各向异性地层,利用极向型和环向型标量位函数,导出相应的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率的磁场响应关系.计算了各向异性地层的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率响应特征,重点分析了电阻率测深方法与磁电阻率探测方法对地下各向异性介质的探测能力.文中采用状态矩阵的分析方法,首先采用极向型和环向型标量位构造了各向异性层状介质电场与磁场的通解,利用各层界面电场、磁场的连续性及地面激励源的耦合条件,推导了不同层之间电磁场的状态矩阵,建立了空间电场与磁场的递归计算关系.其次,针对递归计算中指数项数值计算的不稳定性,借用状态矩阵的性质,导出了将不稳定指数计算项转化为稳定的指数项的转换关系.针对横向各向同性(TI)介质中极向位与环向位解耦的特点,导出了电磁场的直接积分解.最后,采用解析解验证了算法的正确性,给出了多层各向异性地层模型的视电阻率和磁场响应曲线,分析了直流电法探测裂缝性地层、估计裂缝分布性状的可能性.     

Dynamic evolution patterns of the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy and the seismogenic process

Following a new train of thinking, this paper has explored first the potential information in the ground resistivity data observed by the existing geoelectric observation system, investigated and proposed a new dimensionless geoelectric precursor factor, the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy, S, and studied the characteristics of dynamic evolution pattern of S during the seismogenic process. The results show that, during the seismogenic process, the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy (S) displays a process of 'normal' →'abnormal strengthening (amplitude, range)' →abnormal weakening' → 'earthquake occurrence'→ 'normal'. The earthquake would occur at the time when the S value has entered the late stage of strengthening and turns to weaken and in the gradient belt on the margin of S anomaly region. The dynamic evolution pattern of S reflects the changes of the tectonic stress field during the seismogenic process. Therefore, it would be possible to trace the process of earthquake generation and occurrence from the dynamic evolution pattern of S so as to service earthquake prediction.     

地电阻率EW/NS比值变化与地震的关系

主要对河北省4个台站的两个方向(EW、NS)的电阻率比值进行了大量计算,结果发现比值的变化能够很好地对应近年来河北省内发生的较大地震,尤其是作为中长期地震异常有着很好的映震能力,这对于预测和预报未来地震有着十分重要的意义。     

P- and S-wave anisotropy of a synthetic sandstone with controlled crack geometryl1

A method is reported for the production of synthetic porous sandstones containing cracks of known dimensions and geometry with respect to the matrix. A synthetic sandstone was manufactured from Sand cemented with an epoxy glue. The cracks of known geometry were introduced into the material in the manufacturing stage, by emplacing thin metallic discs in the Sand-epoxy matrix. These discs were chemically leached out of the consolidated porous sandstone. Acoustic anisotropy. and shear-wave splitting were observed in the synthetic sandstones. For the dry sample the observed angular dependence of the P- and S- wave velocities (at 100 kHz) compares well, qualitatively, with the theoretical models of Hudson and of Thomsen. Quantitatively, however, the experimental data fits Hudson's model better. For the case of a saturated sample the experimental results are in excellent agreement with Thomsen's model. Hudson's model, on the other hand, predicts a different angular dependence for P-waves. This demonstrates that the concept of fluid transfer between cracks and the ambient porosity can be a significant process. The results reported here are from the first successful experiment in which the theoretical models were tested on a porous material containing a known crack geometry.     

Dynamic evolution patterns of the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy and the sets mogenic process

IntroductionTothefinalanalysis,earthquakepredictionisstillamarginalscienceofextremedifficultyintheworld.Tomakesomebreakthroughorpromoteearthquakeprediction,itisnecessarytostrengthentheresearchonnewtrainofthinking,newtheoryandnewmethods.Theresearchontheanisotropyofcrustalmediaduringtheseismogenicprocesshasbeentakenmoreandmoreseriouslybyseismologists.Inthepast,manyscholarsoftenmadestudiesonthefeaturesofmediainresponsetoseismicwavesandachievedsomeprogress(Teng,etal,1992).Thispaperstudiestheelect…