一种双向测距与时间同步系统的设计与分析

在研究双向单程伪距测量原理的基础上,设计了双向测距与时间同步（DRTS）终端系统总体构架,阐述了在系统中使用的技术,并搭建了基于DSP＋FPGA的双向测距与时间同步系统软硬件平台。实验结果表明,此系统的码速率为5MHz、中心频率为15MI-Iz时,测距和时间同步的分辨率可达0．15cm和5ps（@1S）,采用不同频率源时测距和时间同步的精度分别为1．038m和3．46ns,采用相同频率源时分别为0．28cm和9．43ps（参考频率稳定度1×10^-10／d量级）。与国外同类产品相比具有测量精度优势,但考虑通用性,此系统的硬件仍需进一步优化,软件上需要做到码速率可调。     

用GPS秒信号锁定高频振荡器的方法研究

对用远距离传输的GPS秒信号锁定本地高频晶体振荡器的方法进行了探讨。介绍了高精度的时间数字转换器TDC(Time to Digital Converter)和对滤波的方法进行了探讨。为了降低成本又能够满足设计要求的精度，还考虑了双D／A转换的方法。有关的硬件系统已经通过了调试和一系列的测试和实验，在测量和控制精度方面，能达到设计的要求。此外，提出了这个系统有待解决的问题，如双D／A转换的非线性问题，Kalman滤波抗野值及继续提高精度的问题。     

一种铷原子钟双钟热备相位无扰切换系统的设计

为了满足时间统一系统中主钟与备份钟的时间、频率信号在切换时的连续性要求,提出并实现了一种铷原子钟双钟热备相位无扰切换系统的技术方案,阐述了双钟间频率与相位同步和信号无扰切换的方案原理,给出了系统组成与主要控制程序的框图及测试结果。采用本方案可使主钟与备份钟输出信号的时差小于±0．55ns,并实现了信号的无扰切换,满足了工程应用的要求。     

河外射电源光学对应体的“自行”和岁差常数

本文用有较长观测间隔的射电源光学对应体的光学观测结果，再次讨论了岁差常数值。由于现用岁差值的不精确，需把这些射电源光学对应体在不同历元的观测结果统一归化到共同参考系统Ｊ２０００．０，并对它们各自的参考星表都归化到ＦＫ５系统，即可得到这些源在ＦＫ５系统中的所谓“自行”．由所得“自行”对岁差常数的改正作了估计。本文还分别对４４颗源和２５颗源作了估算，其相应的岁差改正为－２．６７±１．３３ｍａｓ／年和－３．３１±１．６２ｍａｓ／年，将这些值和由新技术观测所得结果作了比较，两者之间符合得相当好。     

温度等因素对CCD数据采集电路性能影响的研究

CCD以其诸多优点，在天文观测中得到广泛应用。为了提高CCD性能，在实验室条件下，对国家天文台已有的CCD控制系统BIRAC，进行了温度对CCD采集电路性能影响的实验，以及板上A／D转换器误差校正，参考电压对噪声影响的研究。根据实验数据，得到上述各因素对CCD最终输出结果的影响程度，并提出与之对应的解决和优化方法。     

数字滤波技术应用于VLBI数据采集的方法

在VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry)数据采集终端中，用数字滤波代替模拟滤波有其显著的优势。本文首先介绍了国外在VLBI数据采集终端中采用数字滤波的进展情况，然后阐述了数字滤波在系统中的实现方案。实现数字滤波的关键是信号处理的速度，降低运算量是实现快速处理的关键，本文给出了实现Fm数字滤波器的3种结构，并在运算量方面进行了分析和比较。在这基础上，还对数字滤波的2种系统实现方案进行了具体分析。高性能的FPGA(Field Programmable gate Array)芯片是实现数字滤波器的较好选择，文章最后给出了基于FPGA芯片、用查表(LUT：Look Up Table)的方式实现的数字滤波系统框图。     

上海天文台激光测距站的时频系统

本叙述了上海天台人卫激光测距站的时频系统。随着测距精度的提高，时频系统也要不断地加以改进，包括频率标准和时间同步技术。     

双混频时差测量技术在搬钟时间同步实验中的应用

本介绍了1985年国际搬钟时间同步实验和1987年国内搬钟时间同步实验中使用双混频时差（DMTD）测量技术的结果。实验结果表明：DMTD测量技术在搬钟时间同步实验中，对于确定钟速和同步精度以及严密监视钟的相位、频率跳变等方面是很有用的。它与秒脉冲（1PPS）时差测量技术可同时使用和相互补充。     

IERS1996规范在参考系方面的改进

对ＩＥＲＳ１９９６规范中有关参考系方面作了简单而系统的介绍，重点叙述了与ＩＥＲＳ１９９２标准相比ＩＥＲＳ１９９６规范在参考系方面的主要改进：天球参考架中的基本源从５７颗增加到２３６颗；动力学参考架采用ＪＰＬ ＤＥ４０３／ＬＥ４０３历表代替ＤＥ２００／ＬＥ２００历表；采用ＮＵＶＥＬ ＮＮＲ－１Ａ板块运动模型代替ＮＵＶＥＬ ＮＮＲ－１模型；变更了９个基本常数值；给出了天极坐标的观测和理论间差的经验模型     

上海天文台GPS掩星技术研究现状

简要地介绍了GPS／LEO卫星无线电掩星技术的基本原理、意义以及国际上的最近动态，列举了几个主要的LEO卫星计划；重点分析了GPS掩星探测地球大气技术中需要注意的若干问题，并推出可能采取的改进方案和相应的技术路线。上海天台在GPS／LEO空基气象学中已经成功地提出：通过通约LEO／GPS轨道方法，实现掩星地面观测点控制的新思路。作为一个应用实例，针对东中国海洋上空大气状况对中国东部经济发达的地区特别是上海地区的天气有着重要影响的背景，提出利用通约LEO／GPS卫星可对该地区大气实施监控。为了充分利用GPS／LEO掩星观测资源，上海天台开展了振幅反演的计算方法研究；提出了在振幅反演中存在着无线电信号几何衰减和物理衰减两种不同的衰减机制，并考虑了它们的数学模型以及对反演结果的影响。简要地叙述了掩星质量因子的定义和计算方法。作为国内天地球动力学研究中心，上海天台将与国内外一些合作单位考虑建立GPS／LEO掩星技术观测处理的软件系统。作为空基GPS气象学的推广，还考虑进行山基和飞机载掩星观测实验，论证用这些方法监测局部大气剖面的可行性以及它们在国民经济和科学研究上的作用。     

卫星电视授时系统及精度估计

我国已建成短波、长波授时台，进行毫秒级、微秒级的时间服务．随着现代科技和经济的发展，上述方法已不能满足国家及国际交流的需要．本文提出卫星电视授时系统，同步卫星定位精度小于１１０ｍ，卫星授时精度为亚微秒。两原子钟利用卫星进行时刻同步，其精度与两原子钟的距离有关，相距３千多公里的两钟同步精度小于３５ｎｓ，相距数百公里的两原子钟同步精度小于２０ｎｓ     

Status of Satellite Orbit Determination and Time Synchronization Technology for Global Navigation Satellite Systems

In the form of satellite ephemerides and clock parameters, the space datum and system time information of one global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is transferred to users. With the continuous updating in the satellite payload such as the high-precision atomic clock, the monitoring and tracking technique such as the inter-satellite link, and in the data processing technique, the accuracy and real-time performance of the satellite ephemeris and clock error products are steadily improved. Starting from December 27th, 2018, the BeiDou Navigation System 3, or BDS-3, has provided the accurate and reliable basic positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) service for the users in the countries within the “one belt and one road”. This paper has summarized the faced challenges of the precise orbit determination and time synchronization from the regional BDS-2 system to the BDS-3 global system, and the specific solutions at the control segment. In addition, this paper has compared the BDS with other GNSS systems in terms of technical characteristics. Finally, aiming at a higher accuracy and more reliable PNT service, the road map of precise orbit determination and time synchronization technique for the next generation navigation systems is discussed, which will provide a reference for developing the global navigation satellite systems with an even higher accuracy.     

Optimal station keeping by electric propulsion with thrust operation constraints

The orbit of a geostationary satellite has to be corrected from time to time in order to compensate for the effects of various perturbations. This is usually done by means of a system of thrusters mounted on the satellite. In this paper a method is developed to find the optimal thrusting strategy for the case of an electric propulsion system under given limitations on thrust magnitude and operation times. Optimization techniques are applied to minimize a cost function which is a weighted combination of fuel consumption and station keeping errors.Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics held at Oberwolfach (West Germany) from 14 to 19 August, 1978.     

Formation Flying Satellites: Control By an Astrodynamicist

Satellites flying in formation is a concept being pursued by the Air Force and NASA. Potential periodic formation orbits have been identified using Hill's (or Clohessy Wiltshire) equations. Unfortunately the gravitational perturbations destroy the periodicity of the orbits and control will be required to maintain the desired orbits. Since fuel will be one of the major factors limiting the system lifetime it is imperative that fuel consumption be minimized. To maximize lifetime we not only need to find those orbits which require minimum fuel we also need for each satellite to have equal fuel consumption and this average amount needs to be minimized. Thus, control of the system has to be addressed, not just control of each satellite. In this paper control of the individual satellites as well as the constellation is addressed from an astrodynamics perspective.     

GNSS系统时间偏差的确定及其对定位结果的影响

由于GNSS各个导航系统都有独立的系统时间,在GNSS多模导航定位中需要对各导航系统之间的系统时差进行处理。以GPS／GLONASS双模导航为例,讨论了系统时差的解决方法以及系统时差对定位结果的影响。实验结果表明,在多模导航定位中考虑系统时差可以有效地提高定位结果的准确性,改善定位结果的精度。     

Status of Satellite Orbit Determination and Time Synchronization Technology for Global Navigation Satellite System

In the form of satellite ephemerides and clock parameters, the information of space datum and system time of one global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is transferred to users. With continuously updating of satellite payload such as high precision atomic clocks, monitoring and tracking techniques such as inter-satellite links, and data processing techniques, the accuracy and real-time performance of satellite ephemerides and clock products are steadily improved. Starting from December 27th, 2018, BeiDou Navigation System 3, or BDS-3 has been providing accurate and reliable basic positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services to users in the countries within the “one belt and one road”. This paper summarizes the challenges of precise orbit determination and time synchronization faced and specific solutions sought from the regional BDS-2 system to BDS-3 global system at the control segment. It is interesting to compare BDS with other GNSS systems in terms of technical characteristics. Finally, aiming at higher accuracy and more reliable PNT services, a road map of precise orbit determination and time synchronization technique for next generation navigation systems is discussed, which will lead to better and better global navigation satellite systems.     

Geoid and Gravity in Earth Sciences – An Overview

Precise global geoid and gravity anomaly information serves essentially three different kinds of applications in Earth sciences: gravity and geoid anomalies reflect density anomalies in oceanic and continental lithosphere and the mantle; dynamic ocean topography as derived from the combination of satellite altimetry and a global geoid model can be directly transformed into a global map of ocean surface circulation; any redistribution or exchange of mass in Earth system results in temporal gravity and geoid changes. After completion of the dedicated gravity satellite missions GRACE and GOCE a high standard of global gravity determination, both of the static and of the time varying field will be attained. Thus, it is the right time to investigate the future needs for improvements in the various fields of Earth sciences and to define the right strategy for future gravity field satellite missions.     

非坐标方法确定卫星时间信号的传递时延

在卫星电视授时系统方案中，为确定标准秒信号从发射站经卫星到用户接收站的传播时延值，需要知道收、发地面站及卫星的坐标，所以，在高精度的卫星电视授时系统中，需要建立高精度的同步卫星定位同。本文提出在没有卫星定位同的条件下，用非坐标方法来确定卫星时间信号到用户的传递时延，其授时精度为几μｓ。     

低轨通信卫星多普勒定位性能分析

为了研究低轨通信卫星多普勒定位性能,首先分析了低轨卫星的对地覆盖特性、信号传输特性以及多普勒频移特性,推导了多普勒定位原理和方法,提出了适用于多普勒定位的精度因子.基于已在轨的铱星和全球星系统,解算了全球范围可见卫星数和定位精度因子,并对相应测站进行了定位仿真实验和误差分析.结果表明:对于铱星和全球星系统,随着纬度降低,卫星可见数减小,多普勒几何精度因子变大;多普勒定位结果精度同时受到频率测量精度、卫星位置误差以及卫星速度误差影响,当卫星位置误差小于10 m、卫星速度误差小于0.1 km·s^-1时,对定位结果影响不大,此时频率测量精度成为影响定位精度的决定性因素,且当频率测量精度为0.01 Hz时,定位精度可达1.18 m.     

利用卫星电视系统建立导航、授时系统的设想

介绍在不需要专门的卫星、不占用通讯信道的情况下,利用现有的卫星电视系统,建立我国卫星导航定位系统的方法。