透水与隔水夹层对粉质土液化影响试验研究

黄河三角洲沉积物以粉质土为主,循环荷载作用下隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对粉质土孔压累积、消散及液化的影响如何,目前尚不清楚。本文针对4种隔水夹层与透水夹层的组合情况,利用现场原位振动和室内土样振动试验,研究隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对循环荷载作用下黄河口粉质海床土液化过程影响,发现循环荷载导致黄河三角洲粉质土孔隙水压力、粒度成分、密度、含水量及孔隙比等物性指标发生的变化,因夹层的不同有明显的差异,并且其液化性能因夹层结构的不同而不同,有透水夹层时,相对提高了粉土的抗液化性能,隔水夹层则相反。     

Observation of shear zone development in ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box

Using a new ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box and video image analysis system, drained and undrained speed-controlled tests were conducted on coarse-grained silica sands to study the shear-zone formation process in granular materials. Velocity distribution profiles of grains under shear at various stages in the ring shear tests were observed through processing the video image by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) program. Shear-zone thickness and type of shear mode (slide-like or flow-like) during shear were observed. Before reaching peak strength in low-speed and drained condition test, a comparatively major part of the sample in the upper shear box showed a velocity distribution profile of structural deformation and dilatancy behavior. After peak strength, the velocity profile changed into a slide-like mode and thereafter showed almost no change. In higher speed tests with drained and undrained conditions, an almost slide-like mode was observed, compared to low-speed test. Apparent shear-zone thicknesses of high-speed tests are thinner than low-speed tests. Unexpectedly, almost no difference was observed in the shear-zone thickness and mode of shear (slide or flow-like) between drained and undrained tests. This study was conducted as part of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) M101 “Areal prediction of earthquake and rain induced rapid and long-traveling flow phenomena (APERITIF)” of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). These results will contribute to understanding the mechanism of shear-zone development in granular materials as a basic knowledge for disaster risk mitigation of rapid long run-out landslides.     

Undrained cyclic behavior of bentonite–sand mixtures and factors affecting it

In this work, the cyclic behavior of bentonite–sand mixtures and factors affecting it were studied by means of a ring-shear apparatus and a scanning electron microscope. It was found that bentonite content had a significant influence on the liquefaction potential of the studied soils. A small amount of bentonite in the mixtures would cause the formation of “loose” microstructures, resulting in the occurrence of rapid liquefaction under cyclic loading, while a high bentonite content would cause the formation of clay matrixes, thus raising the soil resistance to liquefaction. In addition, the effect of pore water chemistry on the cyclic behavior of a high plasticity bentonite–sand mixture was carefully examined. It was also found that the presence of ions in pore water would change the clay microfabric, making it more open and thus more vulnerable to liquefaction. Finally, the effects of loading frequency on the cyclic behavior of mixtures with different amounts of bentonite were investigated. It was found that as the bentonite content increased, the influence became more pronounced.     

A numerical model for the transient analysis of offshore foundations under cyclic loading

A comprehensive numerical model for the analysis of offshore foundations under a general transient loading is presented here. The theoretical basis of the model lies on the Swansea formulation of Biot’s equations of dynamic poroelasticity combined with a constitutive model that reproduces key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of the theory of generalised plasticity. On the practical side, the adoption of appropriate finite element formulations may prevent the appearance of spurious numerical instabilities of the pore pressure field. In this respect, the use of a coupled enhanced-strain element is here proposed. On the other hand, the practicality of the presented model depends ultimately on its computational efficiency. Some practical recommendations concerning the solution strategies, the matrix storage/handling procedures and the parallel multi-processor computation are here provided. Finally, the performance of the model with a benchmark study case and its practical application to analyse the soil–structure interaction of an offshore monopile under a realistic transient storm loading are discussed.     

非饱和粉土的液化特性研究

使用非饱和土动三轴试验仪,对非饱和粉土进行动力强度试验,探讨了饱和度、动应力比及固结围压对非饱和粉土动力强度特性、液化特性及孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）非饱和粉土的动强度随饱和度的增加而下降,在相同动剪应力比下饱和度与液化振次在半对数坐标上成线性关系;（2）非饱和粉土的液化与不液化的临界曲线近似成S型,非饱和粉土的抗液化能力随饱和度增大而降低,当饱和度小于60%时,土样不会液化;（3）非饱和粉土的动孔压随振次增大而增长,孔压的增长呈现出三段式的模式。     

饱和粉土孔隙水压力性状试验研究

采用多功能静动液压剪切仪进行了室内动力循环试验,研究了饱和重塑粉质土孔压变化规律。其特殊之处在于试验是在达到液化标准后继续施加动荷载直至孔压平稳为止。这个过程模拟了液化后严重破坏情况以及孔压发展的完整过程。研究发现,粉质土孔压可以用一个改进的指数形式来描述。该表达式能拟合较多的前人研究孔压成果,而且弥补了前人研究成果中可能出现的极限孔压比围压大的缺陷。理论分析和数据验证都表明该表达式具有较好的适用性。     

循环加载方向角对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响

利用GDS空心圆柱仪进行了一系列主应力方向角?d变化的轴向、扭转、内压和外压四向耦合不排水循环剪切试验。在均等固结条件下,着重研究了循环加载方向角?d0对饱和粉土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明：饱和粉土的双规准化孔压发展模式与?d0无关,但受循环应力比CSR的影响;广义剪应变的发展模式不受?d0的影响。在循环剪切过程中,循环加载方向的变化对粉土的不排水动强度有显著影响,饱和粉土的动强度CRR随着?d0的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,且当?d0=45°时CRR最小。同时,建立了反映?d0与CSR影响的孔压、变形的模型,并给出了相应的动强度表达式。     

A geohazard reconnaissance study based on geoscientific information for development needs of the western region of Istanbul (Turkey)

The role of geoenvironmental information is becoming increasingly important as legislative changes have forced developers and planning authorities to consider more implications and impact on the environment of large-scale development initiatives. Therefore, integration of surface and subsurface geoscientific information for development needs has prime importance and provides a means of identifying potential problems and opportunities at an early stage in any planned development. However, from the experience of recent natural disasters, it is evident that this was not case the taken into consideration in many countries. In addition to thousands of casualties, many urbanized areas, industrial districts and large-scale engineering structures suffered severe damages from the natural hazards due to many reasons including the lack of preliminary engineering geological maps and zoning maps of the settlement areas. Turkey is one of the countries which is exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides and floods. In particular, the devastating 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, which affected the Marmara Region of Turkey, focused the attention on densely urbanized and industrialized metropolitan areas such as Istanbul. The rapid growth of Istanbul, particularly towards west with minimal geoscientific information resulted in an overwhelming pressure on the natural environment. In addition, a large earthquake, which is expected to occur in the Marmara Sea within the next 30 years, also pose a threat to the city and its surroundings. In this study, on the basis of the geological, geomorphological and geophysical reconnaissance study, an integrated geoscientific data were collected from the western region of Istanbul and evaluated for geohazards. The paper focuses on the geological and geomorphological aspects that control the occurrence of some geohazards such as earthquake-induced liquefaction, landslides and flooding. In this context, the geological map of the region was revised and Quaternary deposits were classified into 11 units, in detail. Liquefaction-prone areas were evaluated by using geomorphological criteria based on field investigation, by the examination of the available records from 88 boreholes drilled on recent deposits and by the data from resistivity profiles. The landslides within the region were classified according to their type, relative depth and activity. In addition, fluvial and marine flood-prone areas were also delimited within the region. Finally, a series of maps such as landslide inventory maps, and maps showing liquefaction- and flood-prone areas were produced with the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assist in designing further detailed site investigations and to reduce costs by ensuring a more focused approach to strategic planning and site selection.     

波浪荷载下饱和粉土不排水动力特性试验研究

确保海床场地的动力稳定性是近海工程安全运行的前提。目前针对复杂应力路径对海域环境饱和粉土动力学行为特性的影响研究尚属少见。利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展了轴向-扭转耦合循环加载的重塑饱和粉土不排水试验,模拟波浪的波幅大小和海床深度变化,以广义剪应变γg=5%为液化标准,研究了均等固结条件下循环应力路径(循环应力比CSR和循环加载幅值比δ)对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响。结果表明:CSR与δ值的大小对饱和粉土的超静孔压与变形发展特性影响显著,圆形应力路径(δ=1)循环加载时饱和粉土最易液化;当CSR≤0.050时,饱和粉土不会发生液化;当CSR≥0.065且δ=1时,饱和粉土会发生液化;CSR> 0.150时,粉土易发生液化。γg与孔压比ru的相关性受CSR与δ值大小的影响较小,且γg可表示以r_u为变量的正切函数。以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和粉土达到γg=5%所需的液化振次NL与施加的ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,ESR随NL的增大而减小。     

地铁行车荷载作用下淤泥质黏土累积特性的试验研究

中国上海地区地铁隧道一般位于第④层淤泥质黏土层中,在地铁行车荷载作用下隧道周围土体变形引起隧道轴线沉降,有些区段隧道轴线沉降量已超过20cm,引起了一系列环境地质问题.本文以上海第④层原状淤泥质黏土为研究对象,通过室内循环三轴试验,模拟地铁运营过程中产生的振动荷载,研究荷载作用下上海淤泥质黏土的累积应变、孔隙水压力及再...     

Characterization of the contractive and pore pressure behavior of saturated sand deposits under seismic loading

This paper presents an identification technique to characterize the contractive and pore pressure behavior of loose sandy soils under seismic excitation. The technique relies on acceleration and pore pressure records provided during excitation by vertical arrays of accelerometers and pore pressure sensors. The technique employs non-parametric estimates of shear stresses and strains. A multi-surface plasticity approach is used to model the soil response. A reduced scale centrifuge model and a large scale experiment are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed technique. The technique allows for a more complete interpretation of the coupled shear–volume behavior of a soil deposit.     

青藏冻结粉土与混凝土基础接触面本构关系研究

土冻结过程中,冰胶结作用使周围土体颗粒与建（构）筑物基础联成一体,这种胶结力称为土与基础间的冻结强度,通常采用冻土沿物体（例如基础材料）表面的剪切强度来度量。因而,冻土与基础接触面的应力-应变关系及其强度特征是确定冻土区基础工程承载力、抗拔性能和分析构筑物与冻土相互作用的基础和关键。为了更好地服务于工程实际,通过大量的冻结粉土与混凝土基础接触面剪切试验,总结了冻土接触面的基本力学特征和受力变形规律。根据获取的剪应力-位移曲线和冻结粉土接触面强度变化规律,利用标准本构模型建模方法,建立了冻结粉土接触面应力-位移-温度本构方程。该模型可以较好地描述不同温度冻结粉土接触面应力-位移变化规律,并为冻土区构筑物受力和变形数值计算提供基础。     

土与混凝土接触面反向剪切单剪试验

土与混凝土接触面的力学行为是土与结构共同作用研究中的一个主要课题。进行了17 %、20 %、24 %共3组含水率的土与混凝土接触面正反向单剪试验,每组试验分别考虑5个法向应力和4个正向剪切比。试验结果表明,在正向剪切比和含水率一定时,接触面反向剪切破坏仍遵循摩尔-库仑破坏准则。当正向剪切比为0.50、0.75、1.00时,对应反向剪切强度分别为各自正向初始强度的90 %、75 %、55 %,对应的反向剪切黏聚力约为初始正向剪切黏聚力的95 %、80 %、54 %,反向剪切摩擦角约为初始正向剪切摩擦角的90 %、76 %、57 %。试验结果可供相关工程数值分析参考。     

混黏土的粉土、粉砂室内试验液化判别标准的研究

目前对于在循环荷载作用下的混黏土的粉土、粉砂的液化判别还存在着很多问题。根据动三轴试验的结果,对天津地区的混黏土的粉土、粉砂在循环荷载作用下的孔压累积及动变形特性进行了分析研究,对混黏土粉土、粉砂室内试验液化判别的孔压及应变标准进行了探讨。并将现场波速试验与室内试验判别液化的结果相比较。发现对于天津地区的混黏土粉土、粉砂,在循环荷载作用下,孔压达到围压的60 %～80 %,即趋于稳定,相应的全幅应变约为5 %。因此,这两项指标可作为液化的判别标准。     

A seismic landslide susceptibility rating of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics of landslides triggered by the 17 January, 1994 Northridge, California earthquake

One of the most significant effects of the 17 January, 1994 Northridge, California earthquake (M=6.7) was the triggering of thousands of landslides over a broad area. Some of these landslides damaged and destroyed homes and other structures, blocked roads, disrupted pipelines, and caused other serious damage. Analysis of the distribution and characteristics of these landslides is important in understanding what areas may be susceptible to landsliding in future earthquakes. We analyzed the frequency, distribution, and geometries of triggered landslides in the Santa Susana 7.5′ quadrangle, an area of intense seismic landslide activity near the earthquake epicenter. Landslides occurred primarily in young (Late Miocene through Pleistocene) uncemented or very weakly cemented sediment that has been repeatedly folded, faulted, and uplifted in the past 1.5 million years. The most common types of landslide triggered by the earthquake were highly disrupted, shallow falls and slides of rock and debris. Far less numerous were deeper, more coherent slumps and block slides, primarily occurring in more cohesive or competent materials. The landslides in the Santa Susana quadrangle were divided into two samples: single landslides (1502) and landslide complexes (60), which involved multiple coalescing failures of surficial material. We described landslide morphologies by computing simple morphometric parameters (area, length, width, aspect ratio, slope angle). To quantify and rank the relative susceptibility of each geologic unit to seismic landsliding, we calculated two indices: (1) the susceptibility index, which is the ratio (given as a percentage) of the area covered by landslide sources within a geologic unit to the total outcrop area of that unit; and (2) the frequency index [given in landslides per square kilometer (ls/km²)], which is the total number of landslides within each geologic unit divided by the outcrop area of that unit. Susceptibility categories include very high (>2.5% landslide area or >30 ls/km²), high (1.0–2.5% landslide area or 10–30 ls/km²), moderate (0.5–1.0% landslide area or 3–10 ls/km²), and low (<0.5% landslide area and <3 ls/km²).     

厦门软粘土的振陷特性研究

应用动三轴仪对厦门软粘土做了一系列的振陷试验,建立了淤泥质软粘土的振陷经验公式。试验结果表明,该类软粘土动孔压的发展规律性差,具有较强的结构性,其残余应变受动应力的影响较大,当残余应变达到5 % 左右时,软粘土的结构发生破坏。     

饱和粉土液化后变形特性试验研究

利用多功能静动液压剪切三轴仪,进行了一系列饱和粉土液化后变形特性试验,研究了干密度和液化程度对粉土液化后变形特性的影响,并考虑试验动加载前小幅预振和不规则动加载对粉土液化后变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,液化后变形可由两段应变 和 组成。干密度越小, 越大, 段剪切模量越低;液化越严重 越大,不同液化程度对 段剪切模量影响很小;动加载前小幅预振和不规则动加载对液化后变形影响较小。提出了饱和粉土液化后变形模型,给出了模型参数的推导。验证结果表明,该模型的计算值与试验值吻合较好,说明该模型能很好地描述这种变形行为。     

Excess pore pressure and grain crushing of sands by means of undrained and naturally drained ring-shear tests

An investigation of excess pore-pressure generation of a weathered granitic sand, taken from the source area of a typical landslide caused as a result of liquefaction, and a fine silica sand was conducted, in which grain crushing within the shear zone of ring-shear test specimens was examined as the key phenomenon of rapid long-runout motion of landslides. In order to investigate and explain the low average apparent-friction angle, mobilized in a liquidized landslide, speed-controlled ring-shear tests were conducted under undrained conditions on weathered granitic-sand specimens, formed under a wide range of initial void ratios. It was revealed that very small steady-state shear resistances were obtained irrespective of the initial void ratios, which can explain the low average apparent-friction angle. In addition, two series of ring-shear tests on weathered-granitic and fine-silica sands were conducted under naturally drained conditions by keeping the upper drain valve of the shear box open during the tests. The first series of tests was performed under differing total normal stresses, but at the same shear speed, and the second series was conducted at differing shear speeds, but under the same total normal stress. In order to investigate and analyze excess pore-pressure generation and dissipation within the shear zone that is associated with grain crushing, permeability analyses were conducted by passing water through the sample box of the ring-shear test apparatus before and after shearing. In addition, grain-size distribution analyses of samples taken from the shear zone after shearing were carried out. For the weathered granitic-sand samples, a significant change in bulk permeability and large amount of grain crushing were observed. In these tests on the above soil, a considerable reduction of shear resistance, which increased proportionally to the total normal stress and shear speed, were obtained. It was observed that due to grain crushing, finer grains that lowered the permeability of the soil in the shear zone, were formed. It is likely that the decrease in permeability facilitated the generation of high excess pore pressures by reducing the pore-pressure dissipation rate from the shear zone; thus, flow behaviour was exhibited even under naturally drained conditions.     

Insight into the effects of clay mineralogy on the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures

Results of a systematic testing program showed that the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures is greatly influenced by the dominant clay minerals in the mixture. In particular, it was demonstrated that given the same amount of clay/clay mineral and/or same value of plasticity index, the montmorillonitic soils have the highest cyclic strength, followed by the illitic soils, and then by the kaolinitic soils. Moreover, the rate of increase in cyclic strength with increasing % clay mineral and PI is again the highest in the montmorillonitic soil, lowest in the kaolinitic soil and intermediate in the illitic soil. Therefore, without considering clay mineralogy, the % clay fraction, % clay mineral and plasticity index are unreliable indicators of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. The differing adhesive bond strength each clay mineral develops with the silt particles is deemed to largely explain the observed differences in the response of the three different soil mixtures to cyclic loading.     

细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展模式影响的试验研究

采用多功能静动液压剪切仪进行了粉土动荷载下的孔压试验,探讨了黏粒含量和粉粒含量对重塑粉土动孔压发展的影响。试验模拟大震时细粒含量影响的孔压发展规律,对已有的指数形式孔压模式进行修正,以便模拟初始液化发生后达到一定液化程度的实际情况,该模式包含2个参数a和b。研究结果表明,细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展影响较大,其影响主要体现在孔压发展模式参数b上。粉土中粉粒含量与孔压参数b的关系呈单调的线性关系,而黏粒含量与孔压参数b的关系则不是单调的线性关系,是在黏粒含量为8 %时孔压参数b达到的最大值,试验数据验证该修正的动孔压模式有更广泛的应用性。