永昌县三七高炮人工增雨分析

1　增雨炮点概况上坝三七高炮人工增雨炮点 ,位于大黄山南麓山前斜坡平原 ,海拔 2 32 7ｍ。大黄山为祁连山与龙首山之间的独立山体 ,是石羊河黑河两水系的分水岭 ,东西长 36ｋｍ ,南北平均宽 2 1ｋｍ ,面积 75 6ｋｍ2 。主峰磨磨山顶拔海 3978ｍ ,山的东端另一高峰白露掌 30 6 0ｍ。炮点西南是祁连山系的冷龙岭和盖掌大坂山 ,拔海高度均 >30 0 0ｍ ,冷龙岭主峰脑儿墩西岔顶拔海高度为 444 2ｍ。经实测资料表明 ,自然降水随拔海高度增高而呈增多趋势。将祁连山北麓同一坡向38°38’～ 38°0 0’Ｎ ,1 0 3°0 5’～ 1 0 1°2 3’Ｅ范围内 ,8个…     

聊城市高炮火箭人工增雨作业分析

利用聊城市2004-2006年春季人工增雨作业的雷达回波资料和实况资料,对13次高炮、火箭人工增雨作业云系、作业时机、部位以及催化剂量的选择进行综合分析。结果表明：聊城市高炮、火箭人工增雨的作业以混合云和层状云为主要目标云系,层状云作业效率最高,可达80．5％;层状云系作业部位应选在0℃层亮带以上,混合云系应选在强回波区附近;选择催化时机,层状云应在云顶高度大于或等于6km,回波强度大于或等于25dBz,混合云云顶高度大于或等于7．5km,回波强度大于或等于35dBz为宜;一次过程,一个作业点每波次炮弹以8～12发效果较好,火箭弹2～4枚为宜。     

9208高炮人工增雨分析

利用1992年8月13日切变线影响过程，实施了高炮人工增雨作业。作业区大部分降雨30-80mm，局部120mm，增雨效果显著。这表明，此次催化的云体一积雨云是最佳的高炮作业云体。由于影响本区的云体0℃层高度在5km以上，作业采取70′度和80度的高射角发射，爆炸点高度在5km以上，碘化银炮弹可直接进入负温层。碘化银微粒随云中上升气流和湍流在云中继续上升和扩散．不仅延长了碘化银微粒在云中的滞留时间，而且也使人工冰核可捕获到更多的过冷水滴．增大降水。此外．还采用分次作业的方式，使云中保持一定的人工冰核浓度，让云中含水量更多地转化为降水。     

高炮人工增雨催化区的探讨

在高炮人工增雨作业中,作业参数的选择和催化区的分布是一个重要问题。根据梯度输送理论,计算了人工增雨作业中单发和多发炮弹AgI最大扩散半径和时间。以不同AgI浓度阈值模拟分析了湍流扩散系数、方位角、仰角和风速对人工增雨炮弹催化区的影响,依据等角度作业思路,提出了高炮人工增雨迎风半圆多轮作业方案。     

商丘地区高炮增雨效果分析

用不同统计单元统计分析了河南省民权县１９９１－１９９２年高炮作业的增雨效果，以日雨量为统计单元，３３个作业日中７６％（２５天）显著地增加了雨量，２年共增雨３２９．１ｍｍ。以月，季为统计单元，作业期间增雨显著的４８％以上，而增雨效果不显著或雨量减少的２１％以下，但总的看，以年雨量统计单元，民权县的人工增雨作业年均增雨１４％两年共增雨的１７２．２ｍｍ。     

渭南市高炮火箭人工增雨作业分析

利用渭南市2001—2004年人工增雨作业的雷达回波资料和实况资料,运用统计和对比的方法,对13次高炮、火箭人工增雨作业云系、作业时机、部位以及催化剂量的选择进行综合分析。总结出渭南市高炮、火箭人工增雨的作业技术要点:以混合云和层状云为主要目标云系,层状云作业效率最高,可达83.3%;层状云系作业部位应选在0oC层亮带以上,混合云系应选在强回波区附近;选择催化时机,层状云应在云顶高度≥6 km,回波强度≥25 dB z,混合云云顶高度≥7.5km,回波强度≥35 dB z为宜;一次过程,一个作业点炮弹以40发左右效果较好,火箭弹2~4枚为宜。     

柳城县高炮人工增雨作业技术方法研究

通过柳城县７ａ高炮增雨作业过程的综合分析,总结了出人工降雨工作的工作程序,得出了作业效果最佳的天气系统,最佳用弹量。     

人工增雨效果检验方法概述

概述了目前国内外人工增雨效果评价和即将投入业务使用的辽宁人工增雨效果检验方法。     

红河州2005年初夏干旱火箭增雨技术研究

对2005年红河州初夏干旱进行4次大规模人工增雨作业过程、影响天气系统、雷达回波和探空资料进行研究分析,得出初夏降雨天气过程的前锋主要为对流云系,然后演变成混合云或深厚层状云,其云系均具有较大催化潜力,是人工增雨的有利作业对象。提出人工增雨机制,指出现行两种增雨火箭播撒催化能力和作业催化的利弊。初步提出适合人工增雨的条件、监测识别方法和催化部位、催化时机和催化剂量理论参数。     

人影高炮常见故障及简便排除方法

根据从事人影高炮装备的维修和检测经验，总结出一些高炮常见故障和排除方法以及高炮保管与保养的简易办法。     

The effect of a regional increase in ocean surface roughness on the tropospheric circulation: a GCM experiment

The sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation to an increase in ocean surface roughness in the Southern Hemisphere storm track is investigated in a paired general circulation model experiment. Such a change in sea roughness could be induced by ocean waves generated by storms. Two extended permanent-July runs are made. One with standard sea surface roughness, the other with ten times as a large surface roughness over open sea poleward of 40° S. The regional increase in ocean surface roughness significantly modifies the tropospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. The strongest effect is the reduction of tropospheric winds (by 2 m/s or 10%) above the area with increased roughness. The poleward eddy momentum flux is reduced in the upper troposphere and the meridional eddy sensible heat flux is reduced in the lower troposphere. Zonal mean and eddy kinetic energy are consistently reduced.     

如何做好二级站地面报表审核

总结地区级报表审核工作中应该注意的几点问题及浅析审核中的多种方法,对地级地面报表审核具有一定的指导意义.     

如何提高探空气球的施放高度

该文总结了施放探空气球过程中对气球施放高度造成影响的多个主要因素,并采取相应的措施,提高气球施放高度,以便获取更多更全的高空大气探测资料。     

提高探空气球探测高度的方法

高空气象要素的收集和整理对研究大气中各种物理过程及天气预报服务是非常重要的。尽可能地获取最大垂直范围内的探测资料,就必须提高气球的飞升高度。在此对影响气球上升高度的因素做了具体分析,并提出相应的处理方法。     

The available energy over a Scots Pine plantation: What's up for partitioning?

Summary Errors influencing the calculation of the available energy above a forest are discussed. The main emphasis is put on the investigation of the problems affecting the measurement of net radiation. This is done by utilizing the data set of a surface energy balance experiment which was conducted in and above a Scots Pine plantation from May 11 to 22, 1992. During that Hartheimer Experiment (HartX) there were redundant measurements of net radiation using five different radiometers of three different designs. The initially fair agreement between the net radiometer readings was considerably improved by introducing different responsivities for the shortand longwave range. The mean deviations to the relative net radiation after correction vary between — 1.4 and 1.2 Wm^–2 with standard deviations between ± 5.4 and 6.6 Wm^–2. The total error referring to the available energy is estimated to be up to ± 36 Wm^–2 (± 6%) around midday decreasing to 10 Wm^–2 during nighttime.With 3 Figures     

How to increase technology transfers to developing countries: a synthesis of the evidence

The existing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has failed to deliver the rate of low-carbon technology transfer (TT) required to curb GHG emissions in developing countries. This failure has exposed the limitations of universalism and renewed interest in bilateral approaches to TT. Gaps are identified in the UNFCCC approach to climate change TT: missing links between international institutions and the national enabling environments that encourage private investment; a non-differentiated approach for (developing) country and technology characteristics; and a lack of clear measurements of the volume and effectiveness of TTs. Evidence from econometric literature and business experience on climate change TT is reviewed, so as to address the identified pitfalls of the UNFCCC process. Strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches are highlighted. International policy recommendations are offered aimed at improving the level of emission reductions achieved through TT.     

Methodology for the estimation of the increase in time loss due to future increase in tropical cyclone intensity in Japan

The present paper develops a methodology for estimating the risks and consequences of possible future increases in tropical cyclone intensities that would allow policy makers to relatively quickly evaluate the cost of different mitigation strategies. The methodology simulates future tropical cyclones by modifying the intensity of historical tropical cyclones between the years 1978 and 2007. It then uses a Monte Carlo Simulation to obtain the expected number of hours that a certain area can expect to be affected by winds of a given strength. The methodology outlined has a range of applications, and the present paper shows as an example the calculation of the expected cost of mitigation of the increased downtime for Japanese ports by 2085 for a variety of economic growth scenarios.     

The effectiveness of measures to reduce the man-made greenhouse effect. The application of a Climate-policy Model

Summary In this paper we briefly describe the characteristics and the performance of our 1-D Muenster Climate Model. The model system consists of coupled models including gas cycle models, an energy balance model and a sea level rise model. The chemical feedback mechanisms among greenhouse gases are not included. This model, which is a scientifically-based parameterized simulation model, is used here primarily to help assess the effectiveness of various plausible policy options in mitigating the additional man-made greenhouse warming and the resulting sea level rise.For setting priorities it is important to assess the effectiveness of the various measures by which the greenhouse effect can be reduced. To this end we take a Scenario Business-as-Usual as a reference case (Leggett et al., 1992) and study the mitigating effects of the following four packages of measures: The Copenhagen Agreements on CFC, HCFC, and halon reduction (GECR, 1992), the Tropical Forest Preservation Plan of the Climate Enquete-Commission of the German Parliament on CO₂ reduction (ECGP, 1990), a detailed reduction scheme for energy-related CO₂ (ECGP, 1990), and a preliminary scheme for CH₄, CO, and N₂O reduction (Bach and Jain, 1992–1993).The required reduction depends, among others, on the desired climate and ecosystem protection. This is defined by the Enquete-Commission and others as a mean global rate of surface temperature change of ca. 0.1 °C per decade — assumed to be critical to many ecosystems — and a mean global warming ceiling of ca. 2 °C in 2100 relative to 1860.Our results show that the Copenhagen Agreements, the Tropical Forest Preservation Plan, the energy-related CO₂ reduction scheme, and the CH₄ and N₂O reduction schemes could mitigate the anthropogenic greenhouse warming by ca. 12%, 6%, 35%, and 9% respectively. Taken together, all four packages of measures could reduce the man-made greenhouse effect by more than 60% until 2100; i.e. over the climate sensitivity range 2.5 °C (1.5 to 4.5) for 2 × CO₂, the warming could be reduced from 3.5 °C (2.4 to 5.0) without specific measures to 1.3 °C (0.9 to 2.0) with the above packages of measures; and likewise, the mean global sea level rise could be reduced from 65 cm (46 to 88) without specific measures to 32 cm (22 to 47) with the above measures.Finally, the model results also emphasize the importance of trace gases other than CO₂ in mitigating additional man-made greenhouse warming. According to our preliminary estimates, CH₄ could in the short term make a sizable contribution to the reduction of the greenhouse effect (because of its relatively short lifetime of 10 yr), as could N₂O in the medium and long term (with a relatively long lifetime of 150 yr).With 7 Figures