鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性探讨

有关鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世的构造属性问题,前人的观点大多认为该时期为(类)前陆盆地,笔者对此提出置疑,主要有3个方面的依据:首先,对西缘汝箕沟、石沟驿和崆峒山地区晚三叠世延长组的3套粗碎屑沉积进行了重新认识。汝箕沟延长组确实为边缘相沉积,但其附近层位板内玄武岩的出现,表明该区晚三叠世为拉张环境下的沉积。最新研究表明,石沟驿地区延长组沉积厚度并不大,不超过1500m。崆峒山砾岩沉积可能受西南部的秦祁造山带影响所致,不能作为盆地西部沉积的代表。其次,通过编制晚三叠世延长组地层等厚图及一系列东西向地层剖面对比,发现该时期以往认为的盆地西部从南至北的巨厚沉降带并不存在。最后,通过地震剖面、平衡剖面和裂变径迹测试数据分析,指出西部现今存在的横山堡后冲构造带和马家滩大型逆冲推覆构造带并未形成于晚三叠世,其最早形成于晚侏罗世。故鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性并非为前陆盆地,而是残延克拉通内叠合盆地的组成部分。该认识对盆地西部的油气勘探具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘南北差异及其形成机制

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚三叠世南北两段存在着明显差异,北段发育由伸展正断层控制的裂陷盆地,南段发育由逆冲断层控制的前陆盆地。它们分别与阿拉善挤压构造带及东祁连褶皱逆冲带相邻。盆地沉积充填前者主要为扇三角洲体系、冲积扇-辫状河平原体系,后者主要为陡坡三角洲体系、冲积扇体系。两类盆地和盆缘构造带一起组合成非限制性侧向挤出构造,该类构造控制了研究区晚三叠世构造作用和成盆作用过程。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚三叠世构造—沉积环境分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘长期以来是地质学家所关注的热点,特别是晚三叠世的物源和形成构造—沉积环境颇具争议。砂岩碎屑组成、碎屑重矿物、地球化学成分、砾岩组成、古水流以及构造变形研究表明,晚三叠世西缘不同地区的物源和构造—沉积环境具有一定的差异性。北部贺兰山地区晚三叠世沉积主要形成于克拉通边缘,巴彦浩特地区为其主要物源区,阿拉善地块为次一级物源区,古流向以由西向东为主,沉积环境由扇三角洲向湖泊环境过渡,该时期为区域挤压背景下的裂谷盆地发育阶段;中部石沟驿地区上三叠统延长组沉积厚度达3 000 m左右,砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩为主,物源区以阿拉善地块为主,古流向由北西向南东,沉积环境为辫状河三角洲沉积环境,构造背景较为复杂,为整体挤压背景下的断陷盆地;南部平凉地区物源主要来自下伏地层和秦祁造山带,古水流主体由南西向北东方向,主体为冲积扇沉积环境,为前陆盆地发育阶段。可见,盆地西缘晚三叠世不同地区具有不同物源属性与构造—沉积环境,并非统一的“类”前陆盆地发育阶段。     

Prototypes of Late Triassic Sedimentary Bsins of North China Craton (NCC) and Deformation Pattern of Its Early Destruction

华北克拉通破坏的过程在地壳浅层沉积和构造变形中留有相应的建造和改造形迹.本文在前人研究基础上,据钻井、地震剖面和露头资料揭示的地层分布、沉积面貌以及构造变形特征,综合论述了印支期华北克拉通的沉积盆地原型及与克拉通破坏早期构造变形之间的响应关系.晚三叠世,华北克拉通残留地层具有分区分布特点:克拉通腹地的鄂尔多斯地区上三叠统延长组发育较全,向东延展至晋中、豫西一带;克拉通北缘的上三叠统杏石口组(及同期老虎沟组、黑山窑组等)沿辽西—京西—冀北一线零星分布;克拉通南缘上三叠统沿豫南—陕南一线发育在北秦岭一带.南、北两缘晚三叠世地层均已卷入同期和后期构造变形,多被逆冲断层夹持并呈断片状产出.从构造变形角度,晚三叠世华北克拉通两侧均已发现大规模的南北向挤压构造,大致形成“对冲”格局,与内克拉通先存的东西向构造线一致.同生沉积记录了区域构造变形过程和/或由变形等因素控制的抬升剥蚀信息.在内克拉通,西部鄂尔多斯地区构造稳定,变形轻微,残留地层较全;东部地区抬升强烈,上三叠统大多数缺失;在东、西部之间存在一个沉积—构造的“缓冲”过渡区.从盆地原型恢复角度,晚三叠世华北克拉通表现为南北两缘陆内前陆盆地镶边的内克拉通盆地格局.华北克拉通腹地的盆地原型是叠覆在早—中三叠世盆地之上的继承性内克拉通盆地.华北克拉通北缘的陆内前陆盆地系统由阴山—燕山楔顶带、张家口—承德前渊带、清水河—山海关前隆带和京西—柳江隆后坳陷带构成;南缘的陆内前陆盆地系统则为北秦岭楔顶带、平凉—南召前渊带、环县—霍邱前隆带和铜川—济源隆后坳陷带.其中的铜川—济源和京西—柳江两个隆后坳陷带则可归属于华北内克拉通盆地.     

川西龙门山前陆盆地构造沉降初步分析

研究表明，龙门山冲断带是川西前陆盆地的主要物源区，它的逆冲推覆活动直接控制着川西前陆盆地的沉积类型和沉积物供给量，晚三叠世诺利期，瑞替期和晚侏罗世早中期是川西前陆盆地构造沉降速率较高时期，反映龙门山冲断带在这些时期的逆冲推覆速率较大，是逆冲推覆作用构造抬升的强烈时期；而早侏罗世是该地区构造沉降时，估算龙门山逆冲推覆体在各个不同时期的抬升高度和抬升速率。     

华北克拉通晚三叠世沉积盆地原型与破坏早期构造变形格局

华北克拉通破坏的过程在地壳浅层沉积和构造变形中留有相应的建造和改造形迹。本文在前人研究基础上,据钻井、地震剖面和露头资料揭示的地层分布、沉积面貌以及构造变形特征,综合论述了印支期华北克拉通的沉积盆地原型及与克拉通破坏早期构造变形之间的响应关系。晚三叠世,华北克拉通残留地层具有分区分布特点： 克拉通腹地的鄂尔多斯地区上三叠统延长组发育较全,向东延展至晋中、豫西一带; 克拉通北缘的上三叠统杏石口组（及同期老虎沟组、黑山窑组等）沿辽西—京西—冀北一线零星分布; 克拉通南缘上三叠统沿豫南—陕南一线发育在北秦岭一带。南、北两缘晚三叠世地层均已卷入同期和后期构造变形,多被逆冲断层夹持并呈断片状产出。从构造变形角度,晚三叠世华北克拉通两侧均已发现大规模的南北向挤压构造,大致形成“对冲”格局,与内克拉通先存的东西向构造线一致。同生沉积记录了区域构造变形过程和/或由变形等因素控制的抬升剥蚀信息。在内克拉通,西部鄂尔多斯地区构造稳定,变形轻微,残留地层较全;东部地区抬升强烈,上三叠统大多数缺失;在东、西部之间存在一个沉积—构造的“缓冲”过渡区。从盆地原型恢复角度,晚三叠世华北克拉通表现为南北两缘陆内前陆盆地镶边的内克拉通盆地格局。华北克拉通腹地的盆地原型是叠覆在早—中三叠世盆地之上的继承性内克拉通盆地。华北克拉通北缘的陆内前陆盆地系统由阴山—燕山楔顶带、张家口—承德前渊带、清水河—山海关前隆带和京西—柳江隆后坳陷带构成;南缘的陆内前陆盆地系统则为北秦岭楔顶带、平凉—南召前渊带、环县—霍邱前隆带和铜川—济源隆后坳陷带。其中的铜川—济源和京西—柳江两个隆后坳陷带则可归属于华北内克拉通盆地。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段中生代构造演化

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造带处于独特的大地构造位置,具有复杂的构造特征。长期以来,不同学者对北段构造特征和属性、构造演化和形成机制等开展了大量的研究工作,观点不尽相同。本文在系统研究西缘北段构造带几何学的基础上,通过沉降史分析与岩石类型分析等方法,对其运动学进行解释。研究认为西缘构造带的冲断活动以及盆地的沉降与青藏高原地体增生事件以及伊泽奈琦板块的俯冲关系非常密切。盆地西缘南北向逆冲推覆带在晚三叠世——白垩纪时期内构造基本定型,相应的西缘发育陆内前陆盆地,并发育多套同构造的粗碎屑的沉积。     

鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆盆地沉积物物源分析及其构造意义

前陆盆地充填沉积物中岩屑的分散形式和砂岩成分研究对确定物源区的逆冲事件、构造背景和与沉积物对应的物源层十分有效。通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积剖面系统采样测定发现，沉积物物源为一套变质碎屑岩和变质火山岩，为东祁连褶皱逆冲带中的陈家河组（Ｏ３ｃｈ）和葫芦河组（Ｚ－Ｏ２ｈｌ）。而西南缘千阳县上侏罗统砾岩物源为陇山群（Ｐｔ２ｌｎ）。上三叠统地层的物源分散形式为混合型，而上三叠统和上侏罗统两套地层统一的分散型式为倒序型，它是两期逆冲活动的沉积响应。根据鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积物的ＱｍＦＬｔ端元成分作砂岩三角投影图，确定晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西南缘盆地性质为发育于碰撞造山带之前陆的前陆盆地。其物源为再旋回活动的褶皱逆冲断块     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘前陆盆地构造-沉积响应

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘前陆地区在晚三叠世-中侏罗世经历了印支运动和燕山运动早期的影响,西缘整体抬升,西南和西北两个造山带开始显现,古地理为继承性的南湖北河格局,此时秦岭造山带的形成使西南地区由滨海相向湖沼相过渡。晚侏罗世-早白垩世是西缘地区前陆盆地形成时期,燕山中期逆冲推覆作用强烈,该区地层角度不整合发育,沉积记录的响应表现为南北向隆坳相间的前陆盆地格局,有别于前陆盆地形成始于晚三叠世的认识。晚白垩世-新生代是喜山运动的后期改造时期,地层角度不整合发育,沉积响应为平原沼泽相沉积。     

中国西天山南缘盆山构造转换解析

在西天山南缘,天山造山带向塔里木盆地北缘的盆山过渡,是以前陆褶皱冲断构造形式向库车一拜城前陆盆地渐变,表现为一系列褶皱冲断组合的构造样式。根据独库公路南段构造变形分析,可组合成６个部分：库尔干一铁力买提达坂根带褶皱系、南天山南缘逆冲断裂带、前陆逆冲推覆构造带、前陆双冲褶皱构造带、前陆隐伏逆冲前缘构造带、沙雅一轮台前缘叠加变形构造带。前陆盆地的发展可以划分为晚二叠一早三叠世、中三叠世一侏罗纪、白垩一     

Simulation of the Subsidence and Deposition Processes of the Foreland Basin in the Southwestern Margin of Ordos

Characteristics of deformation in the thrust belt and sequence stratigraphic framework in the foreland basin, structural features of the basin margin, and the episodic thrusting are studied in this paper by combining the eastern Qilian thrust belt and the Late Triassic foreland basin on the southwestern margin of Ordos. On this basis, a geological model and a mechanical model of coupling mechanism were established for the pair of thrust belt and foreland basin, and the subsidence and deposition process of the foreland basin were simulated on given parameters.     

150 Million year history of North China Craton disruption preserved in Mesozoic sediments of the Ordos basin

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin, situated in the western part of the North China Craton, preserves the 150-million-year history of North China Craton disruption. Those sedimentary sources from Late Triassic to early Middle Jurassic are controlled by the southern Qinling orogenic belt and northern Yinshan orogenic belt. The Middle and Late Jurassic deposits are received from south, north, east, and west of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous deposits are composed of aeolian deposits, probably derived from the plateau to the east. The Ordos Basin records four stages of volcanism in the Mesozoic–Late Triassic (230–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (176 Ma), Middle Jurassic (161 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (132 Ma). Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tuff develop in the southern part of the Ordos Basin, Middle Jurassic in the northeastern part, while Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks have a banding distribution along the eastern part. Mesozoic tectonic evolution can be divided into five stages according to sedimentary and volcanic records: Late Triassic extension in a N–S direction (230–220 Ma), Late Triassic compression in a N–S direction (220–210 Ma), Late Triassic–Early Jurassic–Middle Jurassic extension in a N–S direction (210–168 Ma), Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous compression in both N–S and E–W directions (168–136 Ma), and Early Cretaceous extension in a NE–SW direction (136–132 Ma).     

华北盆地三叠纪物源特征及其沉积—构造演化

华北盆地三叠纪沉积厚度大,分布广泛,其地层沉积特征很好地记录了周缘造山带或隆起区在该时期的构造演化过程。目前,前人已经对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源进行了大量研究,而对于物源区的认识仍存在分歧,对于盆缘地区沉积—构造演化过程的研究也相对较少。通过整理前人对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源研究的锆石年龄数据,并结合造山带构造演化过程和地层沉积特征,对华北盆地三叠纪碎屑物源及沉积—构造演化过程进行了整体研究。结果表明:华北北部三叠纪沉积物源均来自北缘的内蒙古隆起,锆石年龄和地层沉积特征记录了源区逐渐增强的岩浆活动和隆升过程。华北南部地区在该时期主要接受来自华北南缘二叠纪沉积盖层和北秦岭造山带的碎屑物质供给,华北南缘伴随着秦岭造山过程可能在中三叠世就已经逆冲隆升并遭受剥蚀,两者的协同演变共同控制着盆地南部沉积演化过程。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部碎屑物源主要来自阿拉善地块和北祁连造山带,西南部地区物源则主要来自盆地西南缘再旋回沉积盖层和北祁连造山带,分别为伸展和挤压状态下的内陆盆地沉积。早—中三叠世,华北盆地为统一的大型内陆沉积盆地,晚三叠世,盆地南、北缘发育沿褶皱逆冲带分布的陆内前陆盆地系统。     

鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆盆地沉降和沉积过程模拟

本文将东祁东逆冲带与鄂尔多斯西南缘晚三叠世前陆盆地相结合，研究了逆冲带内部变形特征，前陆盆地中层序地层格架特征及其反映的盆缘构造性质和幕式逆作作用。     

Middle–Late Triassic sedimentation in the Helanshan tectonic belt: Constrain on the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Ordos Basin,North China

The Helanshan tectonic belt is located to the west of the Ordos Basin, and separates the Alxa (or Yinshan) Massif to the west from the Ordos block to the east. Triassic sedimentation in the Helanshan tectonic belt records important information about tectono-sedimentary process between the Alxa Massif and the Ordos block. Detailed geological mapping and investigation on the lithological package, sedimentary facies and paleocurrent orientation have been conducted on the Middle to Upper Triassic clastic rocks in the Helanshan tectonic belt. The succession is characterized by upward-fining sequence and comprises coarse grained alluvial-fluvial facies in the lower part as well as deltaic-lacustrine facies in the upper part. Based on detailed study and comparisons on the sedimentary sequence along various sections, the Middle to Upper Triassic strata have been revealed that show clear southeastward-deepening sedimentary differentiation and transgression from southwest to northeast, which are consistent with the southeastward flowing paleocurrent. These features indicate a southeastward-dipping paleogeography in the Helanshan tectonic belt, which was original western part of southeastward orientated fluvial-lacustrine system in the northwestern proto-Ordos Basin. Further to the east, the Triassic succession in the Ordos Basin displays gradually thickening and alluvial-fluvial system flowed from southeast to northwest, showing a huge thick sedimentary wedge in the western basin margin. Together with the Late Permian–Early Triassic closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean to the north, the Late Triassic extensional structures and diabase dykes in the Helanshan tectonic belt, all the above sedimentary features could be mostly interpreted as records of an extensional basin correlated to post-collisional collapse of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.     

Detrital zircon U–Pb ages of Late Triassic–Late Jurassic deposits in the western and northern Sichuan Basin margin: constraints on the foreland basin provenance and tectonic implications

Upper Triassic to Upper Jurassic strata in the western and northern Sichuan Basin were deposited in a synorogenic foreland basin. Ion–microprobe U–Pb analysis of 364 detrital zircon grains from five Late Triassic to Late Jurassic sandstone samples in the northern Sichuan Basin and several published Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic samples in the eastern Songpan–Ganzi Complex and western and inner Sichuan Basin provide an initial framework for understanding the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic provenance of western and northern Sichuan Basin. For further understanding, the paleogeographic setting of these areas and neighboring hinterlands was constructed. Combined with analysis of depocenter migration, thermochronology and detrital zircon provenance, the western and northern Sichuan Basin is displayed as a transferred foreland basin from Late Triassic to Late Jurassic. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe depocenter was located at the front of the Longmen Shan belt, and sediments in the western Sichuan Basin shared the same provenances with the Middle–Upper Triassic in the Songpan–Ganzi Complex, whereas the South Qinling fed the northern Sichuan Basin. The synorogenic depocenter transferred to the front of Micang Shan during the early Middle Jurassic and at the front of the Daba Shan during the middle–late Middle Jurassic. Zircons of the Middle Jurassic were sourced from the North Qinling, South Qinling and northern Yangtze Craton. The depocenter returned to the front of the Micang Shan again during the Late Jurassic, and the South Qinling and northern Yangtze Craton was the main provenance. The detrital zircon U–Pb ages imply that the South and North China collision was probably not finished at the Late Jurassic.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部下白垩统宜君组砾岩砾组分析及其意义

运用砾组分析方法,结合邻区基岩地层,对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部下白垩统宜君组砾岩的砾性、砾度、砾态及砾向进行了研究,阐述了研究区不同区域砾岩的成分来源、成因、形成的水动力条件及古水流方向.表明宜君组砾岩为早白垩世初期干旱环境下山麓洪积扇-河流相沉积产物,具多物源和快速沉积的特点,砾石分选普遍较差,磨圆呈次棱角-次圆状,风化程...     

Tectonic evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic time as constrained by detrital zircon ages

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin has experienced a complicated tectonic evolution since the Palaeozoic. Its multi-stage evolution was closely related to the tectonic events that occurred along plate boundaries. The detrital zircon ages and crystallization age (CA)-deposition age (DA)/cumulative proportion curves obtained from Palaeozoic-Mesozoic strata from different tectonic units in and around the western Ordos Basin demonstrate that during the early Palaeozoic, the so-called Helan Aulacogen did not develop along the western Ordos Basin, the Alxa Block was an independent unit from the North China Craton, and the southern Ordos Basin was a foreland basin of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. During the early Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinity belonged to three different tectonic units (i.e. the North China Craton, the Alxa Block, and the North Qilian Orogenic Belt). At the end of the early Palaeozoic, the Alxa Block amalgamated with the Ordos Basin. From the Silurian to the Middle Devonian, the southern Alxa Block was a foreland basin of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt and underwent regional extension during the Late Devonian. During the late Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinities were located in a back-arc extensional setting of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. The southern part of the western Ordos Basin may have been a retro-arc foreland basin of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Late Triassic, and the northern part of the western Ordos Basin experienced large-scale left-lateral strike-slip at the same time. The CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves can adequately explain the evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic; however, the settings indicated by the CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves in intraplate evolutions are different from those proposed in other studies, which may be due to the number and distribution of samples and rapid lateral changes in sedimentary facies.