The distribution of 137Cs in surface intertidal sediments from the Solway Firth

The distribution of ¹³⁷Cs from the Sellafield (Windscale) nuclear fuel reprocessing plant has been examined in detail in the surface intertidal sediments of the inner Solway Firth by means of a hovercraft-borne radiometric survey. With the exception of a belt of relatively active sands to the south of Silloth, caesium distribution is generally consistent with that of fine-grained sediment such that the highest concentrations occur in mud flat and salt marsh sediments which are most extensive in sheltered coastal embayments. ¹³⁷Cs activities in July 1980 were typically 2–30 pCi g^?1 but locally exceeded 50 pCi g^?1. These levels are considerably lower than those recorded in locations, such as the outer Solway and Ravenglass estuary, which are closer to the Sellafield outfall.     

Evolution of salt-marsh cliffs in muddy and sandy systems: A qualitative comparison of British West-Coast estuaries

Salt-marsh cliffs in the muddy Severn Estuary are mostly strong and tall. They are retreating in response to the erosive attack of wave and tidal currents chiefly through toppling failures and rotational slips. In the sandy Solway Firth and Morecambe Bay systems, marsh cliffs are strong only in their upper parts, where a dense root-mat of marsh grasses binds the sediments. Here cantilever and toppling failures are the main response of the cliffs to tidal and wave erosion The differences between the three estuarine systems in the mechanisms of marsh-cliff erosion are partly reflected in the mode of preservation of the cliffs on the restoration of the conditions leading to renewal of marsh growth.     

On the sensitivity of computed higher tidal harmonics to mesh size in a finite element model

A finite element model of the Irish and Celtic Sea regions with a range of grid resolutions is used to examine the influence of resolution upon the higher harmonics of the tide in the region. Comparisons are also made with published results from finite difference models of the area, and observations. Calculations using fine near-shore elements with non-zero water depths in coastal regions were found to be more accurate and less time consuming than those using a zero coastal water depth. A detailed examination of the spatial variability of the higher harmonics in near-shore regions of the eastern Irish Sea particularly the Solway and Morecambe Bay showed significant small-scale variability. This together with the variation in higher harmonics in the eastern Irish Sea and adjacent estuaries, clearly shows the need for an unstructured grid model of the region that can include the estuaries. To match the high resolution of the model in near-shore regions accurate high-resolution topography is required.     

Application of a finite element model to the computation of tides in the Mersey Estuary and Eastern Irish Sea

A variable mesh finite element model of the Irish and Celtic Sea regions with/without the inclusion of the Mersey estuary is used to examine the influence of grid resolution and the Mersey upon the higher harmonics of the tide in the region. Comparisons are made with observations and published results from finite difference models of the area. Although including a high resolution representation of the Mersey had little effect upon computed tides in the western Irish Sea it had a significant effect upon tidal currents in the eastern Irish Sea. In addition the higher harmonics of the M₂ tide in near-shore regions of the eastern Irish Sea particularly the Solway and Mersey estuary together with Morecambe Bay showed significant small scale variability. The Mersey was used to test the sensitivity to including estuaries because high resolution accurate topography was available. The results presented here suggest that comparable detailed topographic data sets are required in all estuaries and near-shore regions. In addition comparisons clearly show the need for an unstructured grid model of the region that can include all the estuaries. Such an unstructured grid solution was developed here within a finite element approach, although other methods in particular the finite volume, or coordinate transformations/curvilinear grids and nesting could be applied.     

Space-time variations in British Caledonian Granites: some geophysical correlations

The characteristics of 30 “granites” from the postulated Caledonian (Iapetus Ocean) suture zone of mainland Britain are discussed. Geophysical (gravity, aeromagnetic), geochemical (U/Pb and initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and isotopic age data indicate that these British Caledonian intrusions (390–600 Ma) can be divided into two distinct groups temporally, each of which is further subdivided spatially.The temporal division applies throughout the British province and separates a pre-Silurian (group 1) suite of low-volume, low-mobility magmas, which were intruded under compressive conditions, from a Siluro-Devonian (group 2) suite of large volume, mobile magmas intruded under tensional conditions.The spatial subdivisions of groups 1 and 2 are made between intrusions emplaced to either side of the postulated ENE-WSW Iapetus Ocean suture which runs through the Solway Firth. First, the group 1 granites northwest of the suture probably were produced by partial fusion involving Proterozoic continental crust (group 1N) whereas those to the southeast have isotopic characteristics simply indicating a mantle or ocean crustal source (group 1S). Second, the Siluro-Devonian granites, which were all derived largely at the expense of Caledonian mantle, have different aeromagnetic expressions depending on their position in the northwest (2N) or southeast (2S) Caledonides. These aeromagnetic characteristics are probably related to the differences in basement structure recently identified by seismic surveys and they provide further evidence for the former existence and Siluro-Devonian closure of Iapetus. Another significant implication may be that Proterozoic basement is lacking from beneath the region immediately adjacent to and southeast of the suture — southern Scotland and most of England.     

离石北部北川河阶地特征及其新构造指示

详细研究了离石北部一带阶地的地层地貌特征,并尝试对吕梁山山体的隆升进行分析探讨。结果表明,晚更新世以来该区有过三次间歇性隆升,并且三级阶地形成以来即晚更新世早期山体隆升相对快速强烈,二级阶地形成以来即晚更新世晚期至全新世时期山体隆升处于相对缓慢的过程。     

中国大陆东南缘主要构造带基底结构

利用中国大陆东南缘四条北西向人工地震测深剖面的初至Pg波走时,使用有限差分层析成像方法反演剖面基底速度结构,并通过初始模型选取、射线数分布、走时拟合等手段分析结果的可靠度.研究结果表明,剖面表层速度比华北克拉通的地表速度高,闽东火山断拗带地表速度普遍高于西侧的闽西南坳陷带.相邻构造带的分界线两侧均有明显的速度横向变化,剖面东段的闽东火山断拗带内的东南沿海一带,速度变化较大,地层的褶皱变形要强于西段.基底埋深自西向东呈逐渐变浅的趋势,剖面东段的闽东火山断拗带基底起伏剧烈,基底深度与闽西南坳陷带相比较浅,与闽西北隆起带相比较深.西段的闽西北隆起带基底变化较为平缓,基底深度相对较浅;闽西南坳陷带基底深度明显加深,在龙岩新泉盆地内最深接近4 km.基底形态的起伏变化揭示出东南缘基底是坳陷与隆起并存的构造特征,与研究区近代的地质构造特征相吻合.邵武—河源、政和—大埔和长乐—诏安断裂带都切割基底,其中,政和—大埔断裂4 km深度下方有比较明显的低速异常带,结合本文以及现有的研究结果,进一步确认政和—大埔断裂是不同断块构造单元的分界.     

Magnetic properties of the boundary layer at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the Gams section,Eastern Alps,Austria

The paper is concerned with the detailed sectional petromagnetic study of boundary clay in four 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B Gams sections (in Austria). The composition of basic magnetic minerals in the boundary clay of all sections is similar. They are composed of iron hydroxides, hemoilmenite, titanomagnetite, magnetite, hematite, and iron. The difference is the presence in the Gams-1 section of metallic nickel, which is absent in the Gams-2 section, and the presence in the latter of iron sulfides of the pyrite type. Grains of titanomagnetite and ilmenite, connected with volcanic activity, are nonuniformly distributed in the boundary layer, which indicates their irregular precipitation in time. The ensemble of magnetic grains is characterized by high coercitivity. The boundary layer is characterized by an increased content of iron hydroxides. This effect is a global phenomenon and is irrelevant to the local physicogeographical conditions. Such a characteristic of impact events as the particles of metallic iron is almost absent in the boundary layer.     

福建地区地震活动空间分布及活动断裂特点研究

分析了1604年发生在泉州海外的8级大地震, 将所获结果结合其后400年间发生在该地区的地震活动作进一步的探讨。 在获取对该大地震的认识的基础上, 结合现代地震观测数据资料, 对福建地区的地震活动性进行再研究。 结果表明, 由于菲律宾板块向西挤压, 导致大陆东南沿海的应力积累, 从而诱发了当年泉州海外8级特大地震; 重要的是, 在震源区附近有一条近NE向活动断裂贯穿而过, 它在这400年间释放出的地震活动能量占福建地区(含近邻)所释放地震活动能量的绝大部分。 分析结果认为: 牛山岛-兄弟屿断裂这条基本平行于长乐-诏安主干断裂东约50 km海中的断裂才是福建地区近几百年来地震活动主要区域, 也是福建地区现今和今后一段时间易发生地震的构造部位, 是控制东南沿海近海地震带的主要活动断裂。     

西昆仑东段震源机制和构造应力场特征

本文利用新疆测震台网记录的宽频带波形数据，采用CAP方法反演西昆仑东段2010年1月—2018年12月M_S≥3.0地震震源机制，并结合研究区早期的震源机制数据分区反演构造应力场。结果表明:研究区地震破裂类型以逆断型和走滑型为主，其次为正断型，过渡型最少；震源机制节面在NWW向存在明显优势分布且倾角较陡，压应力P轴在NNE向有优势分布且倾角较小，张应力T轴在NW-SE向有优势分布且倾角较小，说明研究区总体上主要以NNE向的水平挤压和NW-SE向水平拉张作用为主；西南区域应力结构为走滑型，东北区域应力结构为逆断型，最大主应力轴σ₁方位的最优解都呈NNE向，但西南区域更偏东，东北区域水平作用更明显。东北区域的应力形因子R值较小，体现该区域的物质隆升相对于西南区域物质隆升分量大。     

青海共和盆地地应力状态与断层稳定性分析

青海共和盆地地质构造条件复杂,断层十分发育,区域内既有地热、太阳能、矿产等资源丰富,存在龙羊峡水库诱发地震环境背景.因此,分析青海共和盆地地应力特征与地质结构易滑性对于青海东部地区防震减灾具有重要意义.对盆地及附近区域内19个钻孔、65条水压致裂数据和44条应力解除实测数据进行统计分析,并基于断层摩擦强度理论、Byer...     

晋冀蒙交界地区地壳三维P波速度结构及地震活动性研究

2014年9月晋冀蒙临时地震台网正式运行,为晋冀蒙交界地区的地震研究提供了丰富的资料。结合临时台与固定台记录的P波走时资料,采用双差层析成像方法对该区进行地震重定位和三维P波速度结构联合反演,分析该区3个典型盆地的速度扰动结果,结果表明,地震重定位残差显著降低,震源深度分布更加合理;P波速度浅层基本符合平原地区低速、山区高速的特点,深层则有相反表现,典型盆地P波速度在浅层较为复杂,高低速相间,深层表现为低速;研究时段内忻定盆地和延怀盆地地震活动密集,大同盆地地震活动较弱,低速体及边缘地震活动强度高于高速体及边缘。     

南亚高压区Rossby波能量向上穿越对流层顶传播的特征与机制

夏季平流层盛行强东风,Rossby波能量难以从对流层向上传播至平流层,而冬季平流层盛行西风,Rossby波能量容易上传,因此以往对Rossby波能量向平流层传播的研究多考虑冬季的情况.而事实上,因为夏季高原上空南亚高压反气旋环流,并非只有强东风存在,所以Rossby波能量也可能在南亚高压区向上传播,从而影响平流层的温度、风场及大气成分等.因此,本文利用ERA-interim逐日再分析资料,分析了1979—2015年夏季南亚高压区Rossby波能量穿越对流层顶传播的特征与机制.结果表明:Rossby波能量可以从南亚高压西北部的窗口区上传至平流层,最高可到达平流层顶,而在南亚高压的其他部分,Rossby波能量均不能穿越对流层顶上传或穿越对流层顶后无法继续上传.南亚高压西北区Rossby波能量可以穿越对流层顶传播的原因是盛行西风,且西风急流出现的频率很小,同时涡动热量通量异常引起的垂直分量的第一项对其上传有很大贡献.南亚高压东北区也盛行西风,然而Rossby波能量不能向上穿越对流层顶的原因是强西风出现频率较高,且温度脊与高度脊位相相近,不利于上传.南亚高压南部均盛行东风,在平流层中下层均为稳定层结,因此Rossby波能量很难上传.南亚高压西南区在对流层位于青藏高原环流的伊朗高原下沉区附近,层结稳定,并且温度脊超前于高度脊,所以Rossby波能量很难上传.而南亚高压东南区在对流层位于南海-西太平洋热带幅合带,层结不稳定,存在Rossby波能量较弱的上传,达到对流层顶后无法继续上传,该区域温度脊落后于高度脊的温压场配置也为Rossby波能量在对流层内的传播提供了条件.     

多维分形奇异功率谱分析与应用

地球物理信号中普遍含有噪声，消除噪声是地球物理信号处理中的关键技术之一.奇异功率谱分析（SSA）是在状态空间（又称相空间）中研究（系统）动力学、非线性科学与混沌现象的方法.本文在状态空间中通过SSA分解，研究、应用地球物理序列的尺度不变性进行多维分形滤波：通过在状态空间的SSA分解，构造了经验正交函数系（EOF）；在EOF子空间中定义了两种尺度与测度后，发现了两种测度与尺度皆在多个尺度范围内存在尺度不变性；利用这种尺度~测度的尺度不变性，设计、实现了多维分形奇异功率谱(MSSA)滤波模型；处理解释了大洋钻探（ODP）1143A孔岩芯自然反射性（NGR）资料；Fourier功率谱分析结果证明，MSSA能有效地压制噪声，提取有用信号.研究得出，嵌入维数对MSSA基本无影响（小于1/1000），多维分形滤波器（MSSA）能有效压制噪声或提取有用信号.     

北太平洋副热带向东逆流区Rossby波斜压稳定性

根据对卫星观测的海平面高度资料的分析,进一步证实了在北太平洋副热带两支向东的流（副热带逆流和夏威夷背风逆流）所在的区域内,海平面高度的70～210天周期振荡是主要的低频变化.发现在这两支向东的逆流区Rossby波的特性不同：副热带逆流区70～210天周期振荡对应的Rossby波西传过程中增幅,在台湾以东振幅达到最大;而在夏威夷背风逆流区,70～210天周期Rossby波在西传过程中不出现增幅现象.依据25层海洋模式得到的关于Rossby波振幅、频率与海洋层结之间的关系,揭示了周期为70～210天的Rossby波为不稳定波,这是由于副热带逆流海域模态水存在使得密度的垂直梯度变小的缘故;而在夏威夷背风逆流区位于表层逆流下的北赤道流西深东浅,70～210天周期Rossby长波在逆流的东部有可能不稳定,但其在逆流的西部是稳定的,因此不出现在西传过程中增幅现象;发现在北太平洋副热带两个向东流的海域,年周期Rossby波是稳定的,因此,在该海域海平面周期为70～210天的振荡的振幅要比年周期振荡的振幅大.     

利用接收函数方法研究四川地区地壳结构

采用接收函数反演和共转换点(CCP)偏移叠加成像方法, 利用四川数字地震台网宽频带的52个区域固定地震台站和布设的两条52个宽频带流动地震观测台站的远震地震波形数据资料, 对四川地区地壳结构进行研究。 结果表明, 四川地区的Moho面深度在青藏高原和四川盆地差异明显, 在川西高原地区地壳厚度为52~68 km, 在川滇地块地壳厚度为50~60 km, 在中地壳内存在不连续的低速层分布; 而在四川盆地地壳厚度为38~45 km, 地壳内没有低速层存在。 Moho面深度从川西高原的60多公里至四川盆地的约40 km, 在二者的交界处龙门山断裂带下面, 存在厚度约30 km左右宽的下降过渡带, 说明其下的Moho面可能受断层影响, 结构比较复杂; 在高原地区的上地壳界面和下地壳上界面比四川盆地的相应界面深; 高原地区在中地壳的上部有不连续的低速层分布, 在松潘—甘孜地块的上地壳下部存在向南东运动的脆性推覆体, 在羌塘—理塘地块的上地壳下部存在向南东和南运动的脆性物质流动。     

不同环境对水泥土动应力影响的试验研究

为研究腐蚀性介质和动荷载对水泥土力学特性的影响,通过水泥土的动三轴压缩试验,获取水泥土动应力试验参数,分析各种环境对水泥土动强度的影响。试验结果表明,当硫酸钠溶液浓度小于0.03mol/L时水泥土的动强度逐步增大,当硫酸钠溶液浓度大于0.03mol/L时水泥土的动强度又逐步降低;随着氯化钠溶液浓度的增大,其动强度逐步降低;随着腐蚀时间的增加,0.03mol/L硫酸钠溶液的水泥土动强度逐步增大,而0.1 mol/L和0.3 mol/L硫酸钠溶液的水泥土动强度均逐步降低;水泥掺入比和围压越大,水泥土动强度越大;当溶液浓度小于0.03mol/L时硫酸钠环境对水泥土的动强度有增强效应,且浓度大于0.03mol/L时硫酸钠环境对水泥土具有腐蚀破坏效应,且硫酸钠溶液腐蚀效应大于氯化钠溶液腐蚀效应。     

海南岛北西部新构造特征及其演化研究

利用DGPS系统测量海南岛西部阶地, 绘制地质地貌综合剖面, 将西部阶地分为海成阶地和河流阶地两种。 其中海成地貌包括一条砂堤和四级阶地: 砂堤宽2～10 m, 高程约10 m, 形成于5 ka以来; 海成一级阶地发育较好, 阶地面高程21～22 m, 形成于晚更新世至全新世之间; 海成二级阶地顶面高程约32 m左右, 形成于晚更新世晚期; 海成三级阶地较为发育, 阶地面高程40～42 m, 形成于121.8 ka; 海成四级阶地零星分布, 阶地面高程约57 m, 形成于中更新世晚期。 河流阶地也可分出四级: 一级阶地高程约20 m, 局部发育, 形成于11.4 ka; 二级阶地高程约34 m, 形成于47.2 ka; 三级阶地高约50 m, 其基座顶面标高约41 m, 形成于晚更新世早期; 四级阶地高程约71 m, 基座面标高约60 m, 形成于中更新世晚期。 这些阶地中均以二级最为发育。 晚更新世以来全区处于整体加速抬升的状态。 依据阶地面的综合剖面特征, 认为王五-文教断裂晚更新世以来的活动性较弱。     

强震前震源区附近地震学参数中期震兆标志研究

以1975年以来中国大陆6．0级以上地震震例作为研究对象，在一定的扫描时段和扫描半径等条件的约束下，选择了10种物理意义明确、独立性较强的测震学指标，对大陆西南、华北、西北3个研究区进行了强震前震源区附近地震学参数中期震兆标志研究，结果发现，西南研究区15个震例异常的平均对应率为0．8，华北研究区10个震例的异常的平均对应率为0．7，西北研究区18个震例异常的平均对应率为0．7。提取了中国大陆强震测震学指标分区预测标志，西南研究区为0．8，华北研究区为0．7，西北研究区为0．7。     

中国大陆及邻区海域地壳上地幔各向异性研究

利用分别由Love波和Rayleigh波得到的S波速度结构的差值（VSH-VSV）对中国大陆及邻区海域（70°E～145°E，15°N～55°N）地壳上地幔中的偏振各向异性进行研究.初步研究结果表明，各向异性在空间分布上存在不均匀性：（1）在小于150 km的深度范围内，VSH>VSV的各向异性体占主导地位，反映出在地球的浅部岩石圈内的水平应力作用及软流圈顶部物质的水平向流动对各向异性的形成起主导作用.在大陆地区，各向异性的强度随深度有显著变化.上地壳和上地幔盖层中的各向异性普遍较弱，而在流变性较强的下地壳和软流圈存在较大范围的各向异性.这一现象说明下地壳在岩石圈变形中可能有解耦作用.（2）在大于200 km深度的软流圈下部主要表现为VSH<VSV的各向异性，说明地幔物质垂直运动相对占优势地位.（3）在中国大陆东部可以看出一个大致趋势：在构造比较稳定的地区，岩石圈中VSH>VSV的各向异性比较显著，而软流圈中VSH<VSV的各向异性较弱；在构造活动比较强烈的地区，软流圈中VSH<VSV的各向异性占主导地位.（4）印度板块低角度向青藏高原下俯冲影响了中国大陆西部地区各向异性的特征.印度板块向北运动水平挤压中国西部大陆，使得物质定向重结晶，从而在岩石圈下部产生显著的VSH>VSV各向异性.