径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响

应用改进的ECOM模式,耦合泥沙输运方程,研究径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响.河口最大浑浊带位于滞流点处,底层上下游余流均向该处输运泥沙,造成该处泥沙汇合,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处的泥沙不易落淤.由于盐水入侵带来的高盐水位于北岸的底层,其斜压效应使底层的横向环流由北向南流动,把底层高浓度的泥沙向南岸平流,使得最大浑浊带位于南岸.研究河口最大浑浊带现象必须使用三维泥沙输运模式.在径流量增大的情况下,与控制试验相比底层向陆的密度流减弱,滞流点下移,导致最大浑浊带也下移;因上游来沙量增加,在最大浑浊带中心和河口拦门沙处悬浮泥沙浓度趋于增加.在径流量减少的情况下,最大浑浊带的变化趋势与径流量增大情况的结果相反.在海平面上升的情况下,拦门沙区域底层向陆的密度流趋于增强,滞流点上移,最大浑浊带也相应向上游移动;最大浑浊带中心处泥沙浓度趋于增大,但口门拦门沙处泥沙浓度趋于减小.径流量和海平面变化对最大浑浊带影响明显.     

冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的时空差异及其控制因素

收集和分析了冲绳海槽内不同区域的33个站位柱状样的测年资料,计算了不同时段的沉积速率。结果表明,冲绳海槽内晚更新世以来的沉积速率有较大的时空差异,在空间上,由北向南有沉积速率增加的趋势,而靠近海槽西坡的站位沉积速率要大于东坡;在时间上,晚更新世期间的沉积速率要明显大于全新世。冲绳海槽内不同区域和不同时段沉积速率的差异反映了海槽内沉积环境和物质来源的复杂性,这种差异性主要是由不同区域沉积作用和物源供应变化的结果引起,末次冰消期以来的古海洋环境的变化、黑潮的摆动等因素也起到一定的作用,而事件沉积(如火山-热液作用和浊流沉积)的影响也不容忽视。     

冲绳海槽中段近4万年来沉积物属性和来源

对冲绳海槽中段DGKS9603孔134个样品(孔深0~481cm),测试了18种常、微量元素,对该柱样的29个样品(孔深0~488cm)进行了REE测试。对采自长江三角洲的CYm柱样和黄河三角洲的S3柱样中的晚更新统的5个样品进行了常、微量元素和REE测试。分析表明,冲绳海槽中段在全新世、末次盛冰期和末次间冰期的沉积物均以陆源物质为主,生物沉积为次。末次盛冰期以陆源硅质碎屑沉积的大量增加为特征;全新世生物沉积量有较大的增加;末次间冰期介于上述两者之间,但较全新世更富陆源物质。冲绳海槽的物源演化受末次冰期的影响,具有阶段性。对比冲绳海槽与长江和黄河物源的地球化学参数,包括REE、稀有元素、惰性常、微量元素,判识出末次盛冰期冲绳海槽的陆源物质,具有长江源的物质属性,沉积物可能主要来自古长江。     

The abyssal bounty fan and lower Bounty Channel: evolution of a rifted-margin sedimentary system

The Bounty Channel and Fan system provides the basis for a model for deep-sea channel and fan development in a rifted continental margin setting. The sedimentary system results from an interplay between tectonics (fan location; sediment source), turbidity currents (sediment supply), geostrophic currents (sediment reworking and distribution) and climate (sea level, and hence sediment supply and type). Today, sediment is shed from the collisional Southern Alps, part of the Pacific/Indo-Australian plate margin, and passes east across the adjacent shelf and into the Otago Fan complex at the head of the Bounty Trough. Paths of sediment supply, and locations of sediment deposition, are controlled by the bathymetry of the Bounty Trough, with axial slopes as high as 37 m/km (2°) towards the trough head, diminishing to around 3.5 m/km (0.2°) along the trough axis. The Bounty Fan is located 800 km further east, where the Bounty Channel debouches onto abyssal oceanic crust at the mouth of the Bounty Trough. The Bounty Fan comprises a basement controlled fan-channel complex with high leveed banks exhibiting fields of mud waves, and a northward-elongated middle fan. Channel-axis gradients diminish from 6 m/km (0.35°) or more on the upper fan to less than 1 m/km (<0.06°) on the lower fan. Parts of the left bank levee and almost the entire middle fan are being eroded and re-entrained within a Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), which passes along the eastern New Zealand margin at depths below 2000 m. The DWBC is the prime source of deep, cold water flow into the Pacific Ocean, with a volume of ca. 20 Sv and velocities up to 4 cm/s or greater. The mouth of the Bounty Channel, at a depth of 4950 m at the south end of the middle fan, acts as a point source for an abyssal sediment drift entrained northward under the DWBC at depths below 4300 m. The Bounty Fan probably originated in the early to middle Neogene, but has mostly been built during the last 3 Myr (Plio-Pleistocene), predominantly as climate-controlled sedimentary couplets of terrigenous, micaceous mud (acoustically reflective; glacial) and biopelagic ooze (acoustically transparent; interglacial), deposited under the pervasive influence of the DWBC.     

Sonographs of submarine sediment failure caused by the 1980 earthquake off northern California

In 1980, a large earthquake caused extensive sediment failure on the shallow continental shelf off the Klamath River in northern California. Side-scan sonography was used to complement detailed geophysical profiling in identifying specific features and resolving modes of failure. The features include a nearly flat failure terrace mantled with sand boils, collapse craters and sediment flows, and bounded on the seaward side by a meandering continuous toe ridge. Seaward of the terrace lies a compression zone delineated by small pressure ridges. Our findings indicate a temporal progression of failure from lique-faction of shallow subsurface sand to lateral spread of intact blocks to sediment collapse and flow.     

Quantitative links between fluvial sediment discharge,trapped terrigenous flux and sediment accumulation,and implications for temporal and spatial distributions of sediment fluxes

The southwestern-most Okinawa Trough (SOT), characterized by high sedimentation rates (>0.1 cm/yr), has the potential for recording high-resolution episodic events, such as storm floods and seismic activities, at least on a regional scale. To retrieve data on past climate change from nearby sediment cores and quantitatively reconstruct it, particularly with respect to precipitation (or typhoon-induced flood events), a linkage between fluvial sediment discharge and terrigenous sediment flux is warranted. Apparent sediment fluxes, observed with four arrays of sediment traps deployed in the SOT, were found to vary with fluvial sediment discharges. Empirical equations for individual arrays of sediment traps are site-dependent and related to the scenario of initial supply, transport and final deposition of terrigenous sediments (i.e. land–sea interaction). Using these equations and hydrological data from 1950 to 2000, the long-term temporal and spatial variations of settling sediment fluxes were simulated. Simulation results agree well with sediment mass accumulation rates derived from literature data on ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs chronology. The simulated spatial patterns of sediment fluxes along a slope–trough section illustrate that sediment plumes can disperse concurrently in two manners, namely near-bottom and mid-depth plumes, and the flood-driven plumes can travel very long distances, approaching 125°E or beyond. The sediment burial budget in the SOT was estimated to be approximately 5.2 Mt/yr, representing about 80% of riverine exports from the Lanyang Hsi, Taiwan. This is the first study dealing qualitatively and quantitatively with two parameters, namely terrigenous sediment flux and fluvial sediment discharge.     

南黄海海底地势分区

本文对南黄海海底地势分区进行了研究,结果表明,南黄海是半封闭的内陆浅海,为新生代沉积盆地,深受外力作用的塑造。海底由西部缓倾斜地势区、西南部辐射状地势区、东部朝鲜半岛西岸水下冲刷槽沟地势区和中部浅海平原及黄海海槽地势区组成,形成由东西两侧向中部缓倾斜的基本面貌。     

黄河下游泥沙输移特征对入海泥沙通量的影响

黄河下游河道是黄河流域系统中的一个重要的泥沙沉积汇，泥沙在这一沉积汇中的沉积对于入海泥沙通量有重要影响。作者引进河道排沙比来表示入海泥沙通量比率，并以黄河下游实测资料为基础，运用经验统计方法对人海泥沙通量比率与影响因子的关系进行了研究。入海泥沙通量比率与悬移质中大于0．05mm粗泥沙和小于0．025mm细泥沙的百分比有密切关系，粗泥沙部分所占比例越高，则入海泥沙通量比率越低，而细泥沙所占比例越高，则入海泥沙通量比率越高。洪水事件中最大含沙量和来沙系数越大，则入海泥沙通量比率越小。在黄河上、中游的4个水沙来源区中，两个清水区来水为河道提供了输沙动力，有助于减小淤积，有时甚至会发生冲刷，从而有利于输沙入海，增加入海泥沙通量比率。两个多沙区的来沙增大了下游河道的输沙负载，使泥沙容易淤积在河道中，从而降低入海泥沙通量比率。以年系列和洪水系列资料，建立了一系列表达上述影响的经验统计关系，运用这些关系可以解释和预测流域来水来沙及泥沙粒度因子的变化对入海泥沙通量比率变化的影响。研究发现，近30年来黄河入海泥沙通量比率呈减小趋势。由于黄河下游来水量不断减小，导致了河床的萎缩和输沙功能的衰退，使得输送入海的泥沙占下游来沙的比率减小。     

Holocene sedimentation history of the major fan valleys of Monterey fan

There are three major fan valleys on upper Monterey fan. Deep-tow geophysical profiles and 40 sediment cores provide the basis for evaluation of the sedimentation histories of these valleys. Monterey fan valley leads from Monterey canyon to a major suprafan and is bounded by levees that crest more than 400 m above the valley floor. The valley passes through a large z-bend or meander. Monterey East fan valley joins Monterey fan valley at the meander at about 150 m above the valley floor, and marks an earlier position of the lower Monterey fan valley. Ascension valley, a hanging contributary to the Monterey fan valley, appears to have once been the shoreward head of the lower part of the present Monterey fan valley. The relief of Monterey fan valley appears from deep-tow profiles to be erosional. The valley is floored with sand. Holocene turbidity currents do not overtop the levees 400 m above the valley floor, but do at times overflow and transport sand into Monterey East valley, producing a sandy floor. An 1100 m by 300 m dune field was observed on side scan sonar in Monterey East valley.Ascension fan valley was floored with sand during glacial intervals of lowered sea level, then was cut off from its sand source as sea level rose. A narrow (500 m), erosional, meandering channel was incised into the flat valley floor; the relief features otherwise appear depositional, with a hummocky topography perhaps produced in the manner of a braided riverbed. The sand is mantled by about 6 m of probable Holocene mud. Hummocky relief on the back side of the northwestern levees of both Ascension and Monterey valleys is characteristic of many turbidite valleys in the northeast Pacific. The hummocky topography is produced by dune-like features that migrate toward levee crests during growth.     

冲绳海槽沉积物物源示踪研究进展

冲绳海槽作为浅水陆架与深海大洋之间联系的过渡地带,其海底的厚层沉积物记录了晚第四纪海平面波动、构造活动、气候变化,以及冲绳海槽古环境演化信息,因此,对于冲绳海槽沉积物的研究一直是边缘海研究中的热点问题之一,而识别沉积物物源成为解决这一系列问题的关键。众多学者已对冲绳海槽沉积物的来源进行了诸多探讨,并取得了丰硕的成果。在综合前人研究成果的基础上,系统地总结了冲绳海槽沉积物的来源及示踪方法,包括矿物学、地球化学以及环境磁学,评述了目前研究存在的问题,并对未来沉积物物源的识别工作提出了展望。     

Current titles in marine geology

The asymmetrical Astoria Fan (110 × 180 km) developed off the Columbia River and Astoria submarine canyon during the Pleistocene. Morphology, stratigraphy, and lithology have been outlined for a Pleistocene turbidite, and a Holocene hemipelagic sedimentary regime to generate geologically significant criteria for comparison with ancient equivalent deposits. Both gray silty clay of the Late Pleistocene and olive-gray clay of the Early Holocene are interrupted by turbidites. The few deeply incised fan valleys of the more steeply sloping upper fan contain thick, muddy and very poorly sorted sand and gravel beds that usually have poorly developed internal sedimentary structures. The numerous shallower fan valleys and distributaries of the flatter middle and lower fan contain thick, clean, and moderately sorted medium to fine sands that are vertically graded in texture, composition and well-developed internal sedimentary structures. Tuffaceous turbidites (containing Mazama ash, 6600 B.P.) can be traced as thick deposits (ca. 30–40 cm) throughout the Astoria Channel system and as thin correlative interbeds (ca. 1–2 cm) in interchannel areas. Similarly, sand/shale ratios are high throughout the fan valleys and the middle and lower fan areas of distributaries, but are low in the upper-fan interchannel areas.These depositional trends indicate that high-density turbidity currents carry coarse traction loads that remain confined in upper but not lower fan valleys. Fine debris selectively sorts out from channelized flows into overbank suspension flows that spread over the fan and deposit clayey silt. A high content of mica, plant fragments, and glass shards (if present) characterizes deposits of the overbank flows, a major process in the building of upper fan levees and interchannel areas.In the Late Pleistocene, turbidity currents funneled most coarse-grained debris through upper channels to depositional sites in middle and lower fan distributaries that periodically shifted, anastomosed and braided to spread sand layers throughout the area. At this time, depositional rates were many times greater (>50 cm/1000 years) than in the Holocene (8 cm/1000 years).During the Holocene rise of sea level, the shoreline shifted, the Columbia River sediment was trapped, and turbidity-current activity slackened from one major event per 6 years in the Late Pleistocene, to one per 1000 years in the Early Holocene, to none since the Mt. Mazama eruption (ca. 6600 B.P.). Turbidites became muddier and deposited as thick beds within main channels, in part explaining Holocene deposition rates three times greater there (25 cm/1000 years) than in interchannel regions. Turbid-layer debris, funneled through channel systems and trapped from flows off the continental terrace, also contributed to rapid sedimentation in valleys; however, less than 2% of the suspended sediment load of the Columbia River has been trapped in fan valleys during the Holocene.By the Late Holocene, continuous particle-by-particle deposition of hemipelagic clay with a biogenous coarse fraction was the predominant process on the fan. These hemipelagites contain progressively more clay size and less terrigenous debris offshore, and are finer grained, richer in planktonic tests and dominated by radiolarians compared to the foraminiferal-rich Pleistocene clays. The hemipelagic sedimentation of interglacial times, however, is insignificant compared to turbidite deposition of glacial times.     

南海北部台湾峡谷“蛟龙号”第140潜次沉积物特征及其沉积过程指示意义

海底峡谷沉积物来源、输运机制和沉积过程的研究一直是深水沉积体系研究的关键,也是近年来深海浊流沉积研究中的热点问题。对“蛟龙号”第140潜次在南海北部台湾峡谷中段3个站位获取的沉积物短柱的粒度、有孔虫和黏土矿物进行综合分析,结果表明3个短柱上部均以粒度较细、变化较小并含半深海—深海环境的底栖有孔虫为特征的半深海沉积,下部以粒度明显变粗、含有较多浅水种底栖有孔虫的浊流沉积为主。AMS14C测年结果显示该浊流沉积形成于约150aBP,表明台湾峡谷中段有典型的近现代浊流活动。此外,黏土矿物组成表明研究区正常半深海沉积与浊流沉积物源主要来自台湾,其次为珠江和吕宋岛的碎屑沉积物。     

88ka以来冲绳海槽北部古环境演化:来自元素地球化学的证据

对CSH1岩心全样沉积物样品进行元素地球化学分析,揭示了过去88ka冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分、水动力条件及陆源碎屑物质源区风化历史。冲绳海槽北部碎屑沉积物母岩主要以长英质为主,在MIS 1期沉积物存在大量火山源物质。过去88ka,沉积物源区风化程度较弱,但是自冰消期以来有逐渐增强的趋势。沉积物Zr/Nb比值表明在MIS 1期和MIS 5.1期水动力较为强烈,这与黑潮增强的时间一致,可能是指示黑潮强度的一个指标。冲绳海槽北部陆坡沉积物陆源碎屑贡献在低海平面时期显著增加,而在MIS 1和MIS 5.1期生源贡献显著增加。冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分变化明显受到黑潮和入海径流的调节,实际上受海平面和东亚季风的制约。     

百年来黄河三角洲东北部毗邻海域沉积记录演化及其影响因素

通过对黄河三角洲东北部毗邻海域采集的多个沉积物岩心,开展系统的沉积物粒度、有机碳氮及其同位素特征的分析,结合210Pb年代测定,探讨研究区近百年来高分辨率的沉积记录及其变化的主要因素。研究表明:岩心O3、M2和B63处于相对稳定的沉积环境中,沉积物的粒度分布都呈阶段性变化但表现出差异性,O3和M2自1976年以来沉积物粒度出现粗化,而距离现行河口较近的B63则变细之后粒度粗化,在沉积物的上段C/N和δ13C的变化都反映了陆源有机质输入的增加。黄河1976年改道使三角洲北部和东部海域的沉积环境发生改变,O3和M2受再悬浮泥沙的影响粒度变粗,废弃三角洲叶瓣再悬浮泥沙对研究区的供给量增加,导致O3和M2接受更多陆源有机质的供给。而B63受到更多较细粒黄河入海泥沙影响,粒度变细,陆源有机质输入也增加。黄河入海水沙的阶段性递减和调水调沙工程导致输运至研究区的细粒物质减少,使岩心B63沉积物上段层位的粒度变粗。     

渤海湾泥质区南部悬浮体夏季输运过程与机制

为了解渤海湾泥质区南部近岸及毗邻海域夏季悬浮体输运格局,分别在湾内、湾口、湾口外和黄河口外NE向剖面处设置站位,进行25 h海流、温盐连续观测及悬浮体浓度（SSC）测定。结果显示,高温淡水以羽状流的方式自近岸向渤海中部传输,高浊度悬浮体多出现在涨急和落急的流速较高时期,较高的SSC值多出现在距底5 m水深范围,其中湾内和湾口两站的底层SSC值最高,分别可达约130 和80 mg/L,黄河口外NE向剖面20 m以深海域SSC值最小,均低于40 mg/L。单宽输沙率具有潮周期性特点：湾内A1站涨潮和涨平期以向湾内近岸输沙为主,落潮和落平期以向湾外输沙为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为7.8 g·m−1·s−1,方向为280°;湾口A2站涨落潮流输沙方向相反,整体以SE向朝湾外近岸输沙为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为7.2 g·m−1·s−1,方向为328°。湾外A3站涨潮和涨平时期输沙方向基本相反,大小相当,落潮和落平时期输沙方向以偏E和偏NE向为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为4.7 g·m−1·s−1,方向为77°。黄河口SE向的两个站位涨潮时输沙偏SE向,涨平时输沙偏NW向,落潮时输沙偏NW向,落平时输沙偏N向和偏NE向,两站的潮平均单宽输沙率方向以偏N向为主,A4站的潮平均单宽输沙率为5.2 g·m−1·s−1,方向为94°,A5站潮平均单宽输沙率为7.7 g·m−1·s−1,方向为102°。潮平均单宽输沙率以拉格朗日输沙贡献最显著,在湾口泥质区南部和东南部水深15～25 m的海域,垂向净环流的影响较大,有抵消一部分拉格朗日输沙率的作用,且对潮平均单宽输沙率的影响比湾内和25 m以深海域的大,其他分量数量级较小,对潮平均单宽输沙率贡献较小。水体以混合为主,水体层化程度加强对各站位悬浮体输运均有一定的抑制作用。     

Deep water clastic reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico: A depositional model

A conceptional model has been developed relating the deposition of thick sand sequences in deep water regions of the Gulf of Mexico to episodes of high volume Mississippi River discharge. In accordance with the model, coarse sand units are deposited by turbidity currents as submarine fans on the lower slope and in the deep basin during periods of rapid glacial melting. These sands are predicted to be more extensive and cleaner than those deposited under glacial and interglacial conditions. Evidence supporting this interpretation is provided from projections of the high rates of river discharge and sediment transportation at the end of the Wisconsin glacial epoch.     

鸭绿江河口地区沉积物的粒度变化及影响因素

通过对比鸭绿江河口不同地区柱状样的粒度参数及敏感组分变化规律,分析了河口不同地区沉积动力环境和沉积特征的差异;结合代表性柱状样的210Pb测年,分析了柱状样在不同时期自然和人类活动影响下的沉积特征变化。结果表明,西水道主要受潮流作用而含有泥沙互层,粒度参数变化小;西岸潮滩受潮流和波浪作用含有贝壳碎屑,并在顶部出现粗化层。近几十年来,鸭绿江河口地区沉积特征的变化主要由于人类活动对水沙入海通量的影响:1941年以前柱状样的波动沉积特征反映了河流山溪性特征;1941—1970(1980)年随水沙入海通量减少而呈现砂含量降低、粉砂增加的特征;1970(1980)—1990年由于水沙入海通量变化较小,而呈现沉积物组成和敏感组分保持稳定的特征;但1990年后随水沙入海通量的进一步降低,邻近河口区域的沉积物出现明显的粗化。     

冲绳海槽北端表层沉积物过渡元素地球化学特征

利用原子吸收和等离子发射光谱等方法,对冲绳海槽北端184个表层沉积物中的Al和过渡元素(Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Zr)进行了化学分析。结果表明,由于受生源碎屑稀释作用的影响,过渡元素在陆架砂质区含量较低,其分布呈北西-南东向舌状延伸;由于细粒组分的增加,在陆架细粒沉积区和海槽区过渡元素含量较高。Mn主要在海槽区富集,在陆架和陆坡区变化不大。除了Mn之外,Al和其他过渡元素均呈明显正相关。Al/Ti比值与陆壳平均值接近,说明二者主要来源于陆源碎屑。Mn/Fe比值与邻近海区沉积物类似,但在陆架区CaO含量大于20%的沉积物和海槽区沉积物中相对较高,这分别是生物富集作用和自生沉积的结果。过渡元素富集因子分析结果表明,研究区过渡元素部分来自于黄河、部分来自于长江物质。     

长江水下三角洲浅表沉积层中的生物扰动构造

为查明长江水下三角洲生物扰动类型、特征和分布规律,探讨生物扰动构造的可能影响因素,使用箱式采样器获取包括三角洲前缘、前三角洲、过渡带以及正常浅海的无扰动沉积岩心,利用高分辨X-ray成像技术对浅表沉积层中的生物扰动构造进行了研究。结果表明,长江水下三角洲发育虫孔构造和挖掘构造,虫孔构造直径0．5-2mm,长度数厘米至数十厘米,多数虫孔垂直于层理发育,挖掘构造形态呈漏斗状,其内沉积物混合强烈;生物扰动构造具有明显的分带性,三角洲前缘生物扰动指数〈1,前三角洲及过渡带扰动指数为2-3级,最高达4级,而紧靠前三角洲的正常浅海生物扰动指数为2级。生物扰动构造的发育主要受上覆水体盐度、悬浮体含量制约,在盐度接近正常浅海水体盐度、悬浮体含量中等的前三角洲、过渡带是生物扰动构造发育的有利环境。研究未发现底质沉积物类型、底质环境因子对生物扰动构造的明显制约作用。     

浙江朱家尖岛东沙海滩沉积与地貌动态变化

砂质海滩是浙江沿海的稀缺资源,以朱家尖岛东沙海滩为例,开展海滩沉积与地貌演变研究,可进一步了解浙江岬湾型海滩发育的区域特性。通过2010-2012年4次地形重复测量对比和沉积物采样分析,结果表明,东沙岸滩沉积地貌相带分布变化明显,沉积物自岸向海分别为砾石、中砂、细砂、粉砂、黏土质粉砂,海滩地貌呈现季节性调整,冬季为滩脊-沟槽地貌,夏季为平坦缓坡地貌,水下岸坡表现为冬淤夏冲。水动力(波浪、潮汐)、沉积物来源和人类活动是影响东沙海滩发育演变的主要因素。崩破波方式和较大的潮差,使东沙海滩呈现为无沙坝发育的消散性状态。丰富的长江入海悬浮泥沙来源,导致东沙海滩粗颗粒砂质沉积物分布范围变小,砂泥分界线向岸靠近。采砂、海塘修筑等人为活动减少和阻断了沿岸粗颗粒沉积物来源,造成海滩侵蚀明显。