冬小麦水分利用效率及其环境影响因素分析

１９９６年４月～６月在华北平原采用波文比－能量平衡法测定冬小麦田蒸散和ＣＯ２通量，求取冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率。土壤湿度较低时，冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率呈Ｌ型或Ｕ型日变化，其变化范围在－０．０１９４～０．６４１４；日较差范围在０．１１３８～０．６３２１。瞬时水分利用效率早晨最高且变化迅速，白天较低且变化平缓。土壤湿度较高时，瞬时水分利用效率范围在－０．０１５７～０．１３８１；日较差范围在０．０６１６～０．１５３７，其日变化不明显。从冬小麦拔节期到灌浆期，水分利用效率白天平均值变化较大，其范围在０．０１１０～０．０５３２，日较差变化范围在０．０６１６～０．６３２１，二者均于５月中旬达到最高，之后在波动中呈下降趋势。冬小麦水分利用效率白天平均值和日较差的季节变化明显受土壤水分影响。冬小麦水分利用效率白天平均值与０ｃｍ～６０ｃｍ的有效土壤水分呈负相关，达到０．０５显著水平；与０ｃｍ～２０ｃｍ和０ｃｍ～１００ｃｍ土层土壤有效水分无明显相关关系。冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率与饱和差呈极显著负相关，达到０．０１显著水平。土壤湿度较低时二者呈幂相关关系；土壤湿度较高时二者呈线性相关，且相关系数比土壤湿度低时高。在低土壤含水量下，冬     

植物水分利用效率研究方法综述

就植物水分利用效率（WUE）的不同研究方法的原理,优缺点和适用范围进行了总结和概括。认为稳定碳同位素法简化了WUE的测定过程并使其结果更为准确,克服了其他方法难以同时测定不同地域的植物种群间生理活动变化所带来的困难,应用前景广泛,但测定费用较高。替代指标法花费小,测定容易,需求Δ的替代指标将继续是方法研究中的一个方向,前景乐观。总体来看,国内对作物WUE的研究较多地使用传统的直接测定和气体交换相结合的方法,对树木WUE研究都是通过测定树木叶片气体交换效率来推算树木的WUE,方法较为单一,今后的研究必须结合多种测定方法进行多时空尺度,不同水平WUE的测定;对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林树木的δ13C和WUE的季节变化和它们对环境因素变化的响应需要进行深入的调查研究。     

灌溉与施氮对留茬免耕春小麦产量、水分利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,研究了不同灌溉量(常规灌溉327 mm、节水20%灌溉261 mm和节水40%灌溉196 mm)和施氮量(0、140、221 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2)对留茬免耕春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率的影响。结果表明,在各施氮处理中,春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率和氮素利用效率随灌溉量增加先增加后降低。节水20%灌溉的水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率最高。就各灌溉水平平均值而言,当施氮达到221 kg·hm-2,春小麦籽粒产量(6 365 kg\5hm-2)、收获指数 (0.49)、水分利用效率 (14.51 kg·mm-1·hm-2) 和氮素表观利用效率(21.8%)达到最大值。在与该试验条件相似地区,综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率,节水20%灌溉和221 kg·hm-2施氮量为最优组合。     

灌水量对土壤水肥分布与春小麦水分利用效率的影响

通过对春小麦不同灌水量土壤剖面水分和可溶性养分分布、农田实际蒸散量、作物水分利用效率及生物指标等的测定与计算,对沙坡头层次性土壤种植春小麦最适宜灌水量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在春小麦拔节期及扬花期,以500 m³·hm^-2、750 m³·hm^-2及1 000 m³·hm^-2水量灌溉,土壤剖面30~100 cm深度土壤含水量随灌水量的增加而明显增加。(2)拔节期3个灌溉水平土壤剖面可溶性养分含量分布的峰值均出现在 0~20 cm土层,但其浓度的下移随灌水量的增加而降低;扬花期土壤剖面可溶性养分含量的峰值随灌水量的增加而下移。在灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2时可溶性养分浓度最高。(3)作物耗水量和农田实际蒸散量均随灌水量的增加而增加,春小麦的水分利用效率则随灌水量的增加而降低,与灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2相比,灌水量为750 m³·hm^-2及1 000 m³·hm^-2时籽粒水分利用率分别降低83.33%和147.50%。可见,在该土壤上种植春小麦的最适宜灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2,灌水量可保持在土壤田间持水量40%左右。     

荒漠绿洲区间作和密植对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对间作种植模式下密植潜力薄弱、水资源不足、生产实践中难以同步提高产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的问题,在河西荒漠绿洲区通过大田试验研究了4个(5.25、6.00、6.75、7.50万株·hm^-2)玉米密度水平下玉米间作豌豆群体的产量和水分利用效率,以期为构建禾豆间作在密植条件下的高效节水技术提供理论依据。结果表明:玉米间作豌豆的土地当量比(LER)平均达到1.16,且LER随玉米密度的增大而增大。单位面积间作玉米的产量平均达到了相应单作的74.87%;随玉米密度的增大,作物产量的最大值均出现在高密度(6.75、7.50万株·hm^-2)处理中。间作0~120 cm土层平均土壤含水量平均低于单作玉米1.60%,但平均高于单作豌豆6.70%;两年内单作玉米和间作0~120 cm土层平均土壤含水量均在高密度(7.50万株·hm^-2)处理时最大。由于土壤贮水量、降雨量、灌水等诸多因素的影响,间作较单作增加了耗水量(ET),上述间作的ET比单作高19.23%~23.66%。与单作WUE加权平均相比较,间作的WUE分别高于单作11.08%、13.32%、18.86%和28.06%;不同玉米密度处理中,密度3(6.75万株·hm^-2)的WUE表现出了优势。因此,在河西荒漠绿洲区,同步提高作物产量和水分利用效率的有效措施之一是间作和密植条件。     

CO2浓度升高对极端干旱区多枝柽柳叶片水分利用效率的影响

采用美国Li-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统,在2008和2009年生长季节对极端干旱区额济纳绿洲多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)叶片的净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光照强度的变化.结果表明:胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光照强度增强而减小...     

塔里木河下游输水对荒漠河岸林生态系统水分利用效率的影响

水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)作为评价植物生长适宜度的综合指标之一,能很好地反映植被对生态输水的响应.通过Slope趋势分析、Pearson相关性分析及栅格时序合成等方法,利用CASA模型估算的净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)和SEBAL模型估算...     

沙地玉米水分利用效率日变化特征

以科尔沁沙地玉米农田生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术和便携式光合作用测定系统（LI-COR6400）同步观测玉米（郑单958）主要生育期（苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期）群体和叶片尺度瞬时CO₂交换及水汽交换速率,并分析其水分利用效率的日变化特征。结果表明：各生育期玉米群体尺度瞬时CO₂交换速率分别为-2.205、-26.113、-26.118、-8.201、-3.672 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,叶片尺度光合速率分别为27.57、59.55、24.38、22.03、20.09 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1。各生育期群体水分利用效率（WUE_C）的日动态呈现“L”型,峰值出现在日出后（约06：00）,分别为0.025、0.039、0.088、0.058、0.191 gCO₂·g^-1H₂O,叶片尺度瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_L）的日动态呈“~”型,峰值出现在06：00—10：00,分别为0.029、0.041、0.017、0.019、0.024 gCO₂·g^-1H₂O。玉米各生育期群体及叶片尺度瞬时CO₂交换速率和水分利用效率均存在明显差异。     

2000-2018年中亚五国水分利用效率对气候变化的响应

水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)是研究陆地碳水循环耦合的一种常用度量指标。基于MODIS的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散发(ET)数据,通过Slope趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,研究了中亚WUE的时空变化规律及其对气候因子与干旱的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2000-2018年,中亚年均WUE随着生境湿润程度的增加而升高(生长期规律与此相反),其中湿地WUE最高(1.820±0.10 g C·mm^-1·m^-2),而灌丛WUE最低(1.330±0.18 g C·mm^-1·m^-2)。(2)中亚WUE呈略微下降趋势,每年下降速率为0.016 g C·mm^-1·m^-2,年均WUE的显著下降区域大于上升区域。WUE对年降水和年气温的敏感性均表现为正值区大于负值区且均存在阈值效应,降水敏感性阈值介于250~300 mm(低值点)和500~550 mm(高值点),温度阈值介于3~6℃(高值点)和9~12℃(低值点),且εNDV(I WUE对NDVI敏感性系数)与降水变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。(3)通过WUE与标准化降水指数(SPEI)的相关性比较,发现WUE受干旱程度影响由大到小依次为灌丛、作物、森林、草原和湿地,且不同植被类型下WUE随着干旱程度的增加而升高。     

土地利用变化对水城盆地岩溶水水质的影响

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change.The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution.But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

The influence of land use change on karst water quality of Shuicheng Basin in Guizhou Province

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change. The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution. But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

毛乌素沙地植被水分利用效率的时空格局

水分利用效率（WUE）是衡量生态系统碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标,明晰其动态变化规律有助于判断区域植被生态建设是否与当地的自然条件相适应。利用基于CASA（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach）模型得到的植被净初级生产力（NPP）数据和MODIS系列产品中的蒸散发（ET）数据,估算了2001—2016年毛乌素沙地植被的WUE,并探讨了其时空演变特征及与气象因子的关系。结果显示：（1）WUE的多年平均值为0.62 gC·mm^-1·m^-2,空间上自东向西递减,在不同植被类型间表现为栽培植物>灌丛>草甸>草原>荒漠;（2）WUE以0.009 gC·mm^-1·m^-2·a^-1的速率上升,东部地区变化尤为显著,NPP的快速增长是WUE呈增加趋势的主要原因;（3）WUE与各气象因子的相关程度由大至小依次为太阳辐射、降水量、风速和气温,分布在西部地区的荒漠植被WUE受气象因子影响最小。经过一系列生态建设工程的治理,毛乌素沙地大部分地区自2001年以来NPP和WUE均呈增加趋势,即生态系统在变“绿”的同时还实现了水分的高效利用,有利于当地生态环境的健康发展;但在水热条件较差的中西部地区,新建设的植被生长缓慢且导致蒸散发产生强烈变化,使WUE呈减少趋势,暴露出植被建设规模与水资源承载能力不匹配的问题,需引起格外重视。     

紫荆关流域下垫面变化对洪水的影响

选择大清河水系的紫荆关流域为研究区,分析了其下垫面变化趋势,根据大清河水系的水文气象特点,建立了考虑下垫面变化的超渗-蓄满耦合产汇流模型,并利用实测暴雨洪水资料进行了参数率定和模型验证.利用该模型研究了流域洪水对下垫面变化的响应.结果表明:下垫面变化导致洪峰和洪量变小,其对大洪水影响小,对中小洪水影响较大.对于10年一...     

Response of the water use efficiency of natural vegetation to drought in Northeast China

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is located in a region sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution law of the water use efficiency (WUE) of the main natural vegetation (i.e., cold-temperate coniferous forests, temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and grasslands) in Northeast China based on public MODIS data products, including MCD12Q1, MOD15A2H, MOD16A2, and MOD17A3H, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2013. The influence of drought events on the WUE of different vegetation types and their response to drought events are also investigated. The study findings are as follows: (1) drought in Northeast China frequently occurs in the regions stretching from 114.55°E to 120.90°E, and the percentage of drought area among the forests is lower than that among the grasslands during these years; (2) the annual average WUE of the natural vegetation ranges from 0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O, and the WUE of forests (0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O) is universally higher than that of grasslands (0.84 to 0.99 C/kg^-1H₂O); (3) in 2008, the regions where the WUE in drought conditions is higher than that in normal water conditions account for 86.11% of the study area, and a significant linear positive correlation is found between the WUE in drought conditions and the WUE in normal water conditions, whereas the degree of drought does not influence the WUE of the natural vegetation in an obviously linear manner; and (4) the WUE for the cold-temperate coniferous forests and temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests with a high ET or low NPP is more likely to rise in drought conditions; the WUE for the grasslands with a low Evapotranspiration (ET), Net Primary Production (NPP), and Leaf Area Index (LAI) is more likely to rise in drought conditions; and the ET, NPP, and LAI have no significant influence on the WUE for the warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in drought conditions. This study contributes to improving the evaluation of the influence of drought on natural ecosystems.     

小麦水分生产函数及其效益的研究

我国北方地区水资源短缺,有限的降水不足以满足小麦生长所需的水量,为了避免因缺水造成的减产,需要实施灌溉以补充水分。本文讨论了灌水与小麦产量的关系,并以小麦田间试验数据为基础,采用最小二乘法原理,拟合了小麦的水分生产函数模型,通过耗水资料的分析整理,揭示了小麦的水分效应及需水规律。对典型灌溉制度下小麦水分生产函数的分析表明,水资源投入的最佳效益点并非水分利用效率的最高点和产量最高点,小麦灌水效益最佳点的确定原则为边际收益等于边际成本,合理利用小麦灌溉生产函数及其规律,可以实现小麦节水、高产、高效的较好统一。     

Spatiotemporal variations of water use efficiency and its driving factors in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important variable to explore coupled relationships in carbon and water cycles. In this study, we first compared the spatial variations of annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) using four GPP and ET products. Second, we selected the products closest to the flux towers data to estimate WUE. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of climate change and soil water content on WUE. The results showed that: (1) Four GPP and ET products provided good performance, with GOSIF-GPP and FLDAS-ET exhibiting a higher correlation and the smallest errors with the flux tower data. (2) The spatial pattern of WUE is consistent with that of GPP and ET, gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest. Higher WUE values appeared in the northeast forest ecosystem, and lower WUE values occurred in the western Gobi Desert, with a value of 0.28 gC m^?2 mm^?1. The GPP and ET products showed an increasing trend, while WUE showed a decreasing trend (55.15%) from 2001 to 2020. (3) The spatial relationship between WUE and driving factors reveal the variations in WUE of Inner Mongolia are mainly affected by soil moisture between 0 and 10 cm (SM0-10cm), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation, respectively. (4) In arid regions, VPD and precipitation exhibit a major influence on WUE. An increase in VPD and precipitation has a negative and positive effect on WUE, with threshold values of approximately 0.36 kPa and 426 mm, respectively. (5) In humid regions, SM0-10cm, VPD, SM10-40cm, and SM40-100cm exert a significant impact on WUE, especially SM0-10cm, and weakens with increasing soil depths, these differences may be related to physiological structure and living characteristics of vegetation types in different climate regimes. Our results emphasize the importance of VPD and soil moisture in regional variability in WUE.     

京津冀水资源利用多效率指标的变化特征比较

提高水资源利用效率,缓解用水压力,是解决京津冀缺水问题的有效措施,对各行业用水效率历史状况的全局把握有助于未来政策的调整.论文比较了京津冀三地的万元GDP用水量、万元工业增加值用水量、管网漏损率、人均日生活用水量、污水处理率、作物水分利用效率共6项指标组成的综合用水效率,分析了 2002-2017年京津冀用水效率的Ma...     

Divergent effects of climate change on cropland ecosystem water use efficiency at different elevations in southwestern China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Understanding climatic effects on cropland water use efficiency at different elevations is imperative for managing agricultural water and production in response...     

华北地区不同下垫面对沙尘暴的影响

1 Introduction Sand-dust storm is a large-scale transporting process of fine particles under the intense m ovem entofcurrent.These fine particles are induced by wind erosion on land surface (Dong, 2000).Sand-dust storm is not only a crucial environmental …