农业院校《测量学》实验教学改革初探

《测量学》是一门实践性和应用性均很强的课程。作为测量学课程重要组成部分的测量实验,是学生掌握测量基本技能的必要手段。在分析我院该门课程实验教学中存在主要问题的基础上,提出了实验教学的改革措施。     

对非测绘类专业测量实践教学改革的探讨

从对非测绘类专业测量学教学现状出发，结合非测绘专业对测量学教学的基本要求，分析了提高测量学教学质量的有效途径，提出了以实践教学改革促进测量学教学质量的突破口，得出了有益的结论。     

对测量学课程教学改革的思考

分析了现行测量学课程教学中存在的缺陷，确定了能够适应时代发展需要的测量学课程教学改革的目的和任务，提出了测量学教学改革的突破口和需要解决的几个问题。     

从GPS定位技术的发展谈《控制测量学》课程的改革

随着GPS定位技术的日益成熟,传统的大地测量平面控制网的建立方法,正逐步被GPS控制网的建立方法所取代。介绍了《控制测量学》课程改革的若干建议。     

加强实验室及实习基地建设提高《测量学》实践教学质量

测量学实践教学是巩固学生所学理论知识、提高动手能力，培养创新能力的重要途径之一。结合笔者几年来参与实验室及实习基地建设的经验，提出了加强实验室的硬件建设和制度建设，建立固定的校内教学实习基地与动态的校外生产实习基地结合的方法，以提高测量学实践教学质量。     

《物种起源》导言

100多年来，进化论思想极大地影响了中国的思想界和中国社会。《物种起源》在中国家喻户晓，被列入各种必读书单，它的《导言》被收入了中学课本。1859年11月24日出版的《物种起源》第一版，反映了达尔文最原初性的思想，并且简洁、好读。在中国已出版的《物种起源》中译本都是根据该书的第六版（1872年版）翻译成的。在体现了达尔文的主体思想之外，也体现了该书第一版发表以后，达尔文派进行的一些论战。     

《测绘学名词(第三版)》大地测量学名词选登(1)

正大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system以参考椭球中心为原点、起始于午面和赤道面为基准面的地球坐标系。椭球面大地测量学ellipsoidal geodesy研究椭球面的数学性质以及以该面为参考的大地测量解算理论与方法的大地测量学分支。大地天文学geodetic astronomy研究利用恒星测定地面点天文经纬度和方位角的理论与方法的大地测量学分支。物理大地测量学physical geodesy又称"大地重力学"。研究利用重力等物理观测量解决大地测量学科问题的大地测量     

符号迭代法解算椭球大地测量学反问题

简要介绍了符号迭代法的基本思想;以椭球大地测量学中常见的反问题为例,借助具有强大符号运算功能的计算机代数系统Mathematica,采用该方法对其进行了解算,推导出了这些问题解析解的符号表达式。结果表明,符号迭代法计算过程简单,便于理解,可用于解决大地测量学其他类似问题。     

浙江沿海当地平均海面精度及其应用

浙江沿海岛屿众多,其高程基准一般采用当地平均海面。国家标准《海道测量规范》(GB12327—90)明确规定:远离大陆的岛礁,其高程基准可采用当地平均海面。近几年来,对平均海面的研究和应用,已大大超出了大地测量学和海洋学的范畴。研究并了解当地平均海面的变化及其对岛屿高程精度的影响,对进行沿海岛屿调查测量是有积极意义的。 经过一代又一代测绘工作者的努力,我国国家三角点已控制了沿海各地;特别是近几年来,     

一种解算椭球大地测量学反问题的方法及应用

针对解算椭球大地测量学理论反问题的复杂性,通过实例,说明了基于计算机代数系统的符号迭代法解决此类问题计算形式简洁、直观的特点。以幂级数展开理论为基础,通过一系列计算和分析,给出了符号迭代法的理论基础。讨论了符号迭代法在椭球大地测量学及其他类似领域问题中的应用,最后验证了方法的正确性。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.