Sedimentation rates in the central lake constance determined with210Pb and137Cs

Sediment cores from central Lake Constance were dated with²¹⁰Pb and¹³⁷Cs. A sedimentation rate of (0.11±0.02) g·cm⁻²·y⁻¹ was determined with the²¹⁰Pb method.¹³⁷Cs measurements revealed sedimentation rates of (0.11±0.01) g·cm⁻²·y⁻¹ and (0.08±0.01) g·cm⁻²·y⁻¹ respectively for two different cores sampled at the same location. The lower Cs-dated value indicates incomplete core recovery and demonstrates the sensitivity of this simple dating method to small losses of material at the water/sediment interface. An unambiguous application of the¹³⁷Cs method is, therefore, only possible if complete core recovery is ensured. Sedimentation rates based on particulate matter, collected in sediment traps at various water depths, agree with the results of the radioisotope methods. Estimates of 30–125 days residence times for suspended particulate matter were calculated from⁷Be measurements.     

Experimental investigations on the seiches of Kake Constance

The seiches of Lake Constance and their possible exciting mechanisms were studied. The fundamental oscillation with a period of 55.6 minutes and other modes were observed at several stations. The dependance of the oscillation period on the water level is proved. By a model calculation it is shown what amplitudes can be excited by a wavelike air pressure disturbance which travels over the lake.     

A model approach for in- and outflow calculation of upper lake constance: —An investigation of a 60 year time span and observations about the flood of 1999

The revised empirical model for in- and outflow calculation of Upper Lake Constance has provided satisfying results supported by measured values. The given model was implemented to simulate total water inputs of the lake during the period from 1941 to 2000 with emphasis on the flood conditions of 1999. Analysis of annual water input development reveals a tendency toward slight increases until the 1960s. Thereafter, a reduction in inputs can be noted. This trend probably continues to hold true to present. Weather conditions of given individual years have caused distinct fluctuations to the water budget.Unusual meteorological conditions led to extreme flooding in early May of 1999. Daily water inputs of up to 200 mio m³ generated the highest water levels ever observed for this time of the year. Continual extraordinarily high water inputs occurring from February until July and then again from September until the end of 1999 resulted in the second largest annual total water input recorded since 1941.     

Density inhomogeneities in the upper mantle of Central Europe and their gravitational effects

Summary Problems of occurrence of density inhomogeneities in the upper mantle are discussed and their gravitational effects in the region of Central Europe are investigated. Attention is namely devoted to the density contrast between the asthenosphere and the lower lithosphere, and its possible dependence on depth.

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On the gravitational potential energy of vertically stratified water columns

Summary An expression for the gravitational potential energy of a vertically stratified water column is obtained for arbitrary temperature distribution. This expression is minimized under the condition that heat content and mass remain unaltered, and the resultant temperature profile compared with those experimentally obtained. A hitherto neglected term in the expression of the potential energy involves atmospheric pressure, and may imply differences in the manners of diffusion and heat and salt.     

Comparison of observed and theoretically calculated seiches of Heda Bay,Japan

We carried out observations of sea-level fluctuations simultaneously at three stations on the coast of Heda Bay, Honshu, Japan, using supersonic-type water level gauges controlled by a personal computer. Analyses of the obtained data showed predominant spectral peaks at periods of 7.6, 2.0 and 1.3 minutes for all three stations. Comparison of the observed data with numerically calculated normal oscillation modes of the bay indicates that these three spectral peaks correspond to the theoretical first, third and seventh normal modes of the basin respectively, judging from the results of cross-spectral analyses. The reason for the absence of the remaining normal modes, especially of the second or the lateral first mode of the basin, is briefly considered.     

On a method of computing the gravitational fields of inhomogeneous bodies

Summary A solution of the direct gravity problem for a finite body with variable density is given. The method is based on Green's formula and is applicable when a particular solution of Poisson's equation is known. The attraction due to the body is expressed by integrals over its surface The exact solution of the direct gravity problem, as known from the theory of two-dimensional fields [1–3], is closely connected with the problem of the analytic continuation of the exterior field of the attracting mass system into its interior. In the first place, this is a problem of determining the singularities of the exterior field, their distribution within the system and their nature. This approach to the solution of the direct problem is also meaningful from the point of view of determining the characteristics of the attracting system and, therefore, also of solving the inverse problem. In the case of two-dimensional fields the methods of analytical continuation were widely developed in a series of well-known papers by V. N. Strakhov, and they are mainly based on the methods of the theory of the functions of the complex variable. These methods were also successfully applied by Tsirulskii and Golizdra [1, 2] in treating the homogeneous and inhomogeneous, two-dimensional direct problem by means of Cauchy's integrals. However, as regards three-dimensional fields a number of fundamental problems has not been solved in this respect.Dedicated to 90th Birthday of Professor Frantiek Fiala     

湖泊富营养化综合评价方法

从对湖泊富营养化评价的一般方法入手,综述了国内外有关湖泊富养化综合评价的一些方法,提出：营养状态指数法由于可对湖泊营养状态进行连续的数值化的分级,从而为湖泊富营养化机理的定量研究提供了坚实的基础,应是今后湖泊富营养化评价中的主要方法。     

Two types of lava fields and the mechanism of their generation

Two types of lava fields, elongate and compact, are generated by two types of discrete lava flows that are designated as wide and narrow in this paper. The width of a wide flow considerably exceeds its thickness, the converse being true for a narrow one. Wide flows produce relatively narrow elongate lava fields, while narrow ones give rise to wider and compact lava fields of relatively smaller area and greater thickness, which is related to peculiarities in their dynamics causing branching and greater heat losses in such flows. Exact analytical formulas have been derived to relate the rate of lava in a flow to the flow geometry and lava rheology for idealized models of both flow types; a combination of these yields the approximate relationships for actual flows. We have found conditions for the generation of narrow flows showing strongly nonlinear behavior, which produces the peculiar features of the lava fields they create. Examples of lava fields generated by narrow flows from lateral vents on Klyuchevskoi Volcano are given. The conditions for their generation are more closely fulfilled in the upper part of the volcano’s cone. It is hypothesized that such an arrangement of lava fields may facilitate slope instabilities and enhance the likelihood of major landslides.     

EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆地区的精度分析

本文介绍了5′×5 ′的EGM2008地球重力模型及其在全球的精度评价.按照地形变化规律,将中国大陆大致分为7个区域,在10 km网度上,将EGM2008地球重力模型数据与中国地面实测空间重力网格数据进行了对比.由于数据源的问题,中国大陆的模型数据精度普遍低于北美和欧洲.二种数据在地形平坦的东部地区差别较小,向西随着地形复杂程度的增加,二种数据之间的标准差从小于10 mGal增大到50多mGal.畸变点分析表明精度极低的网格点均分布在地形起伏大的地区.总体而言,5′×5′的EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆将近80％的面积上的精度可达10 mGal之内,可用于小比例尺重力编图和构造研究.在地形起伏较大的中国西部以青藏高原为例进一步比较了EGM2008重力模型和重力测点数据,结果表明在重力点分布稀疏不均匀的地区,平面网格数据难以准确表达重力场信息.由于缺少地面重力数据控制,EGM2008重力模型数据在中国西部精度较低,但模型数据依然在很大程度上提高了空间重力异常信息的丰富程度.将中国区域重力调查成果数据应用于地球模型的构建是一项有意义的工作.     

历史时期射阳湖的变迁及其成因探讨

射阳湖古时曾是苏北平原上最大的湖泊,湖深且阔,“承受扬州、兴化、高邮、宝应、泰州、盐城诸州邑水,东流入海.”自春秋至北宋,一直是江淮间南北运输通道.1128年黄河夺淮河故道入海后,黄河泛滥,决溢频仍,泥沙大量南下堆积在里下河地区.射阳湖于明崇祯、清乾隆年间被淤积几成平陆,现仅存湖身残迹马家荡和入海河流射阳河.据地学者们从微地貌、钻孔资料、岩性岩相、孢粉、海相生物和微体古生物化石等资料的综合分析,确认射阳湖由全新世高海面时苏北平原上的泻湖演化而成淡水湖泊.     

On the possibility of obtaining relative paleointensities from lake sediments

Relative paleointensities are obtained from a 6-m sediment core from Lake St. Croix, Minnesota, spanning the time range from 445 to 1740 years B.P. To normalize the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) for variations in the magnetic content, a laboratory-induced remanence is chosen, whose alternating field (AF) demagnetization curves most closely resemble the NRM demagnetization curves. By plotting the ratio of the NRM to the normalizing remanence versus AF demagnetizing field, H_AF, for samples of the same sediment horizon, as well as for samples from different horizons, estimates are obtained for expected uncertainties in the relative paleointensities. For the Lake St. Croix sediments the anhysteretic remanence (ARM) demagnetization curves are very similar to those of the NRM's, and ARM is therefore used as the normalization parameter. Because the sediment exhibits homogeneous remanence properties throughout, and H_AF = 100Oe is the optimum “cleaning” field for the entire core, NRM₁₀₀/ARM₁₀₀ is evaluated to represent the fluctuations of the relative paleointensity. Our relative paleointensity data exhibit the same general features as obtained from archeomagnetic studies. The intensity increases as one goes back in time with a peak near 800 years B.P., representing an increase in the intensity of up to 60%. Apparent periodicities in the intensity of 300–400 years are observed.     

On the estimation of accuracy for global models of gravitational field of the earth

The methods and techniques for estimating the accuracy of global models of the Earth’s gravity field in the form of spherical harmonic expansion of the geopotential are analyzed. Various methods for obtaining the a priori and a posteriori estimates for the accuracy are considered and classified. The application of different approaches is illustrated by numerical examples for nine models, including those recently developed using the modern methods of space geodesy. The basic requirements for the database and software for estimating the accuracy are formulated.     

On the computation of the gravitational effect of three-dimensional density models of the earth's crust

Summary This paper deals with the methods of computing three-dimensional density models of the Earth's crust. Formulae for the numerical computation are given and the individual procedures are evaluated from a numerical point of view.     

Vertical and horizontal components of the lake Baikal electrotelluric field and their relation to the electric conductivity

Synchronous observations of the electrotelluric field were performed on the lake ice and the coast. The ice-based vertical/horizontal field ratio at periods of a few seconds to a few minutes ranges from a few hundredths to a few thousandths, which is comparable to the noise level. The results of these observations favor a plane wave model. At the coastal station, the vertical and horizontal fields are similar, which is related to geoelectric heterogeneity of the medium. An electric tipper is used to control the behavior of heterogeneity in the spectral-time domain. Anomalous changes associated with earthquakes of K ≥ 12 are revealed from data of the tipper monitoring at epicentral distances of up to 300 km. A longitudinal MTS curve free from the effect of local geoelectric heterogeneities is obtained from ice-based data. Deep conducting layers are recognized as minimums in this curve.     

Fourier spectrum of the seiches of an ideal rectangular basin with sinusoidally varying level

Summary If the level of an ideal rectangular water basin varies sinusoidally with amplitude 2h ₁ and angular frequency ₀ the modes of the free oscillations of the basin split into multiplets with spacing ₀: the shape and the height of the peaks are given as functions of the mean levelh ₀ and of the lengthl of the basin and of the amplitude 2h ₁.Istituto di Geodesia e Geofisica, Universita' di Trieste, Italy.- This research has been supported by E.R.O.-U.S. Army, under contract DA-91-591-3538.     

Digital computation of gravitational and magnetic anomalies and their derivatives for two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape

Summary A simple method is presented for computing the gravity and magnetic profiles across two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape. The computer programme makes use of expressions for the attraction caused by an infinitely long sheet and it takes only a few seconds to compute a profile both for gravity and magnetic anomalies and their vertical and horizontal derivatives. Accuracy of the method is shown to be as good as that of graticules and owing to the use of simpler formulae, the method appears to be faster than the method of polygons.     

On the accuracy of the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities for a depth-dependent seawater density distribution

In geophysical studies investigating the lithosphere structure, the gravitational field generated by the ocean density contrast (i.e., bathymetry-generated gravitational field) represents a significant amount of the signal to be modelled and subsequently removed from the Earth’s gravity field. The ocean density contrast is typically calculated as the difference between the mean density values of the Earth’s crust and seawater. The approximation of the actual seawater density distribution by its mean value yields relative errors up to about 2% in computed quantities of the gravitational field. To reduce these errors, a more realistic model of the seawater density distribution is utilized based on the analysis of existing oceanographic data of salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth). We study the accuracy of the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities formulated for a depth-dependent model of the seawater density distribution. This density distribution approximates the seawater density variations due to an increasing pressure with depth, whereas smaller lateral density variations caused by salinity, temperature, and other oceanographic factors are not taken into consideration. The error analysis reveals that the approximation of the seawater density by the depth-dependent density model reduces the maximum errors to less than 0.6%. The corresponding depth-averaged errors are below 0.1%. The depth-dependent seawater density model is further facilitated in expressions for computing the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities by means of the spherical bathymetric (ocean bottom depth) functions. The numerical realization reveals large differences in the results obtained with and without consideration of the depth-dependent seawater density distribution. The maxima of absolute differences reach 201 m²/s² and 16.5 mGal in computed values of the potential and attraction, respectively. The application of the depth-dependent seawater density model thus significantly improves the accuracy in the forward modelling of the bathymetric gravitational field quantities.