中等实验规模下不同营养环境对苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长的影响

本实验分别选用武汉东湖中营养和富营养湖区的湖水和底泥,并在水柱中添加氮或磷以设置高营养、中营养、中营养添加磷、中营养添加氮等四种营养环境.测定这四种营养条件下栽培苦草(Vallisneria natans)的生长和生化指标变化,探讨不同营养环境对苦草生长的影响机制.实验结果表明,苦草的生物量、叶数和新芽数等生长指标在中营养环境最高,中营养环境添加磷次之,中营养环境添加氮较低,在高营养环境最低;苦草可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量在高营养环境中最高,在中营养环境、中营养环境添加磷和中营养环境添加氮等处理间没有明显差异.结果分析表明,高营养环境影响苦草的碳氮代谢水平并抑制苦草生长,这可能是由于苦草过量富集高营养环境中的氮素造成的;中营养环境中氮的升高会在一定程度上抑制苦草的生长,而磷的升高对苦草生长没有明显抑制作用.     

Oligotrophication from wetland epuration alters the riverine trophic network and carrying capacity for fish

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) constitutes a major component of fish habitat, providing support for epiphytes and invertebrates as well as shelter from predators. The effects of wetland epuration from a mesotrophic to a nearly oligotrophic state were examined over a 15?km long reach of the St. Lawrence River under the direct influence of major farmland tributaries. We hypothesized that the nutrient-enriched zone would support a higher biomass of SAV, epiphytes, macroinvertebrates and fish than the nitrogen-deficient epurated zone located downstream of the wetland. Predictions included that the enriched habitat would support a richer fish assemblage, with higher biomass and growth of juvenile yellow perch than found in the epurated zone. Results supported these hypotheses, demonstrating the chain of effects of nutrient reduction on the biomass of SAV (fourfold drop), invertebrate prey (ninefold), small (threefold) and large (1.5-fold) fish between the two zones. In addition to the reduction in SAV biomass, the replacement of filamentous chlorophytes by benthic mats of filamentous cyanobacteria in the epurated zone resulted in a less complex 3-D habitat structure and a low invertebrate availability for fish. Oligotrophication by wetland epuration exerted negative effects on fish habitat quality, food quantity and availability, with an impairment of juvenile perch growth and recruitment. A generalized model of the changes in habitat carrying capacity occurring with epuration (oligotrophication) or eutrophication is presented, with examples of other aquatic systems in which strong linkages between trophic status, SAV, invertebrates and fish productivity were also demonstrated.     

Factors governing the growth rate of roachRutilus rutilus (L.) in pre-alpine Lake Sarnen

Most of the mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes in central Europe have been showing signs of oligotrophication during recent years. The question as to how the fish populations would react to this new situation was investigated looking at the growth rate of roachRutilus rutilus (L.) of Lake Sarnen, central Switzerland. The water temperature sum as day-degrees over 12 to 13°C for the months of June to October was found to be the predominant factor governing the marked year-to-year fluctuations of the growth rate. Contrary to expectation, the decreasing trophic state of the lake has not yet manifested itself noticeably in the growth rate.     

Comparison of reservoirs in the Moskva-Vazuza water system in terms of phytoplankton abundance and eutrophication degree

Based on the analysis of long-term data, phytoplankton biomass is shown to grow in the Vazuza-Yauza-Ruza-Mozhaisk-Ozerna series of reservoirs. The first three reservoirs (their near-dam areas) can be referred to mesotrophic water bodies and the other reservoirs, to slightly eutrophic. It has been revealed that, with an increase in the water body productivity (from the Vazuza Reservoir to the Ozerna Reservoir), the share of blue-green algae increases, while the share of diatomic algae decreases. The concentration of phosphorus in water bodies is an important factor of phytoplankton abundance.     

A diurnal study on the distribution of filter feeding zooplankton: Effect of emergent macrophytes,pH and lake trophy

The objective of the present study was to investigate the importance of emergent macrophytes as refugia in lakes of different trophic status. Furthermore, the effect of water quality on diel changes in the distribution of littoral cladocerans was of interest, with special attention paid on diurnal fluctuations of filter feeder communities, induced by pH changes under a heavy phytoplankton bloom. The study was conducted by investigating littoral cladoceran populations in different zones (inside, at the edge and outside the macrophyte stands) in two basins with divergent water quality. No tendency towards diurnal migration related to emergent macrophytes was observed in the clear-water, mesotrophic Isontalonselkä basin. The dominating cladoceran, Daphnia spp., formed highest densities during daytime in the outer zone. Meanwhile, strong nocturnal cladoceran density peaks in all zones, simultaneous with lowered pH, were witnessed in the very turbid, hypertrophic Kirkkojärvi basin. Reverse horizontal migration was observed in large-bodied filter feeders, Limnosida frontosa and Sida crystallina, conceivably due to predation avoidance from young-of-the-year fish aggregating within the vegetation during the day.     

Using of the Ornamental Fish in Wastewater Biological Treatment

Breeding ornamental fish in wastewater was a successful solution not only to decrease sanitary risks but also to encourage fish growth. In fact, the secondary treated effluent was used to grow a walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), a western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis; Poeciliidae), and a leopard pleco (Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps). The growth rate of fish reared in final treated wastewater was significantly higher than of treated effluent (25 and 50%) and the relative growth rate during 2 months reached 2, 4, and 2.5, respectively. Bacterial loads were important in the gills compared to other fish organs (intestine, skin, and edible muscles). However, the total aerobic germs ranged between 2 × 10³ and 3.4 × 10³ cfu/g in the edible fish species cultured in secondary treated effluent. The pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila was absent in all examined fish muscles. However, the presence of tested fishes did not prevent the reduction of the treatment biological parameter (BOD and COD) at half, in the three treated wastewater proportions (25, 50, and 100%) and thereafter, they clearly participated to the tertiary biological treatment of used water. Further bacteriological and physico‐chemical analyses indicated that the use of treated wastewater in aquaculture is safe and risks to human health are reduced.     

Diary of forthconing events

Abstract

New global models provide the opportunity to generate quantitative information about the world water situation. Here the WaterGAP 2 model is used to compute globally comprehensive estimates about water availability, water withdrawals, and other indicators on the river-basin scale. In applying the model to the current global water situation, it was found that about 24% of world river basin area has a withdrawal to availability ratio greater than 0.4, which some experts consider to be a rough indication of “severe water stress”; the impacts of this stress are expected to be stronger in developing countries than in industrialized ones. Under a “business-as-usual” scenario of continuing demographic, economic and technological trends up to 2025, water withdrawals are expected to stabilize or decrease in 41% of world river basin areas because of the saturation of water needs and improvement in water-use efficiency. Withdrawals grow elsewhere because population and economic growth will lead to rising demand for water, and this outweighs the assumed improvements in water-use efficiency. An uncertainty analysis showed that the uncertainty of these estimates is likely to have a strong geographic variability.     

水工工程对长江下游渔业的胁迫与补偿

长江下游及河口区鱼类物种丰富,特有性高,能构成渔汛的经济品种均集中在该江段,其可捕的经济鱼类品种及渔获量为全江之首,该水域鱼类区系复杂,是长江物种多样性最为丰富的区域之一,随长江干流上水工建筑的大量建造,江湖被隔绝,洄游通道被阻断,海水的入侵、生境的破碎、水文条件的改变等导致了渔业生态功能的削弱,对下游鱼类可捕量、天然鱼类资源、物种多样性、种质资源产生了严重影响,通过对下游渔业资源特征进行了描述,结合当前重大水工建筑:水电工程、调水工程、航道工程、大桥工程及沙石开采工程,介绍了长江水工工程的规模与现状,探讨了不同工程对鱼类环境业已显现的影响,以及对渔业生态和资源的破坏作用,剖析水工工程对渔业可能造成的潜在伤害,同时就工程规划的设计理念、渔业生态的补偿措施提出了建议,指出渔业部门应尽的责任和义务,提出了保护下游渔业资源和生态环境急待开展的科学研究任务.     

Response of fish communities in rivers subjected to a high sediment load

Erosion and sediment yield are a significant problem in the Guadalquivir River basin. Such phenomena are largely driven by a land use devoted to intensive cultivation of olive trees, with a large socioeconomic influence in Andalusia. This sediment overload in rivers causes serious impacts on all fluvial ecosystem components.In this study we assess the chronic effect of sediment yield on fish communities at 104 river sites located in two different sub-catchments – the Bembézar and Guadajoz rivers – both with different lithological composition and erosion rates. Sediment yield was estimated using a semi-quantitative Factorial Score Model (FSM), developed specifically for Spanish rivers. The fish populations of both basins were evaluated in composition and abundances by the study of Fernández-Delgado et al., 2014. The influence of sediment yield on the fish community was analyzed using General Additive Models.The sediment yield was higher in the Guadajoz basin (921 T/Km2 per year) than in Bembézar (701 T/Km2 per year). In the former, fish communities were poorer in both fish density and diversity, with Luciobarbus sclateri as the only substantially present species and a significant relationship between sediment yield and load, and fish density. In contrast, in the Bembézar basin, sediment yield was correlated with total fish density, including Luciobarbus sclateri, Pseudochondrostoma willkommii, Cobitis paludica, Iberochondrostoma lemmingii, Anaecypris hispanica, and Cyprinus carpio. Intermediate values of sediment yield led to maximum densities, while those higher decreased the density of these species.     

Displacements and transformations of nitrate-rich and nitrate-poor water masses in the tropical Pacific during the 1997 El Niño

A Lagrangian analysis was applied to the outputs of a coupled physical-biogeochemical model to describe the redistribution of nitrate-rich and nitrate-poor surface water masses in the tropical Pacific throughout the major 1997 El Niño. The same tool was used to analyze the causes of nitrate changes along trajectories and to investigate the consequences of the slow nitrate uptake in the high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) region during the growth phase of the event. Three patterns were identified during the drift of water masses. The first mechanism is well known along the equator: oligotrophic waters from the western Pacific are advected eastward and retain their oligotrophic properties along their drift. The second concerns the persistent upwelling in the eastern basin. Water parcels have complex trajectories within this retention zone and remain mesotrophic. This study draws attention to the third process which is very specific to the HNLC region and to the El Niño period. During the 1997 El Niño, horizontal and vertical inputs of nitrate decreased so dramatically that nitrate uptake by phytoplankton became the only mechanism driving nitrate changes along pathways. The study shows that because of the slow nitrate uptake characteristic of the tropical Pacific HNLC system, nitrate in the pre-El Niño photic layer can support biological production for a period of several months. As a consequence, the slow nitrate uptake delays the gradual onset of oligotrophic conditions over nearly all the area usually occupied by upwelled waters. Owing to this process, mesotrophic conditions persist in the tropical Pacific during El Niño events.     

五里湖富营养化过程中水生生物及生态环境的演变

五里湖是太湖西北部一个小型浅水湖湾,是无锡市的饮用水源和主要风景游览区。50年代时,该湖基本保持着原始状态,全湖以大型水生植物占优势。湖水清澈见底,水质为中营养水平,溶氧接近饱和,对外来的N、P污染冲击具有很强的缓冲能力。底泥的氧化程度较高,磷和有机物含量仅为0.023％和0.75％。浮游藻类受到了大型水生植物的强烈抑制,年均数量为26.7×10~4个/L,以硅藻和隐藻为主;从春季至秋季,随着大型水生植物的增长,浮游藻类数量大幅度减少。浮游动物多达190种,年均数量为5660ind./L。大型底栖动物较多,以日本沼虾和螺、蚌类为主。鱼类资源十分丰富,63种鱼中以凶猛性鱼类占优势,并有较多的底栖性鱼类。 自50年代以来,大约有1/2的湖面被围垦,沿岸带生态条件被破坏,失去了最适合于大型水生植物生长的浅水区。加之60年代后期在全湖放养草鱼,水生植被遭到彻底毁灭。外源污染加剧,引起了水质的严重富营养化。围垦和修建水闸隔断了五里湖与太湖间的通道,限制了两个水体间的水流交换,妨碍了污染物的稀释扩散,使得来自无锡市区的污水成了五里湖的主要补给水源,加速了富营养化的进程。五里湖水质已达重富营养水平,透明度小于0.5m,缺氧较为严重。营养物在底泥中大量积累,TP和TOC含量分别增高了4.17倍和1.87倍。在春末     

Benthic primary producers--a neglected environmental problem in Mediterranean maricultures?

Marine fish farming is increasing rapidly in the Mediterranean and in contrast to the Atlantic the coastal zone in the Mediterranean is characterized by clear waters with high transparency. This allows benthic primary producers such as the slow-growing seagrass Posidonia oceanica to grow at large depths at locations suitable for fish farming and generating a conflict between the conservation of these meadows and the growth of aquaculture operations in the Mediterranean. In this paper we review the current knowledge on environmental interactions between fish farming and benthic primary producers with particular focus on P. oceanica, as this seagrass is a key component along Mediterranean coasts. The recovery times of P. oceanica are very long, in the order of centuries, and losses of this species are thus considered to be irreversible at managerial time scales.     

Mercury concentrations in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, from estuarine and offshore waters of Florida

Dorsal muscle tissue from 712 red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, from Florida waters were analyzed for total mercury content. Mercury levels detected in these red drum varied but in most study areas were usually lower than regulatory threshold guidelines. Total mercury levels in individual fish from all study areas ranged from 0.020 to 3.6 ppm (wet weight). Total mercury levels detected in red drum from the Florida Keys-Florida Bay area were often higher than those in fish from all other estuarine study areas. Positive relationships between total mercury levels and fish size (length and weight) and fish age were observed in most Florida study areas, indicating that mercury levels tend to increase over time as red drum grow. The majority of large, mature red drum examined contained mercury levels greater than the 0.5-ppm threshold level set by the Florida Department of Health (DOH). Approximately 94% of all adult red drum from offshore waters adjacent to Tampa Bay contained mercury levels greater than or equal to the 0.5-ppm threshold level, and 64% contained levels greater than or equal to the DOH 1.5-ppm "no consumption" level. All fish from this area with mercury levels greater than 1.5 ppm were large individuals (670 mm SL). Eight percent of legal-size red drum from Florida waters contained total mercury levels greater than or equal to the 0.5-ppm threshold level. The majority (52%) of these legal-size fish greater than or equal to 0.5 ppm were from the Florida Keys-Florida Bay area. In the Florida recreational fishery, the current maximum size limit for this species is an effective filter that prevents humans from consuming those red drum with the greatest likelihood of containing high mercury levels.     

Impaired Functions in Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757), from Polluted Waters

Oreochromis niloticus is an endemic species in the River Nile and represents the main object of fishery in the Nile Delta Lakes of which Lake Maryût is the smallest and most polluted. Due to current pollution problems, fish production in the lake greatly declined. Besides fish biology, this study considered a wide array of water databases in selected sites along the lake. Hydrologic and biologic data were compared to that of a reference fish hatchery. Water concentrations of ammonia, manganese, nickel, cadmium, lead and mercury proved hazardous to fish, whereas chromium, copper, iron, zinc, pH, alkalinity, hardness, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite always fell within acceptable levels. Physiologic evaluation of O. niloticus pointed out improper growth, protein inadequacy, and functional impairment in fish inhabiting polluted sites, in particular the lake main basin. These were reflected by data of specific formulae as RNA/DNA and the relative RNA content (r) in cells of the liver and gill arches as well as by the relative mobilization of serum protein fractions. It seems, however, that growth competence is additionally affected by the stress impact exerted upon fish by massive population numbers in some cramped commercial ponds.     

滆湖磷迁移过程研究(二)——磷平衡及磷迁移的预测

在滆湖磷的来源途径调查和磷迁移过程模型建立的基础上,计算了磷的平衡及磷浓度的变化趋势。结果表明,滆湖磷的年入湖量为270t,年出湖量为174．5t,滞留系数为0．35。在适当控制和合理利用磷资源的情况下,滆湖水体将继续维持目前的中营养水平;反之,隔湖磷浓度将逐年上升,湖水富营养化的进程将会大大加快。     

原生动物纤毛虫对太湖梅梁湾水质富营养化的响应

１９９３年４月－１９９４年１月研究了太湖梅梁湾湖区纤毛虫的群落分布,共检出７目１９属,根据ＴＳＩ指标,该湖区可分为富营养型和中营养型水域,在富营养型水域中分布着特有的纤毛虫种类。     

Relationships between surface-active organic substances, chlorophyll a and nutrients in the northern Adriatic Sea

Surface-active organic substances (SAS), nutrients, chlorophyll a (Chl a), dissolved oxygen (O₂), salinity (S) and temperature (T) were measured approximately monthly in the northern Adriatic Sea (NA) during two years. Results were elaborated for two stations of different trophic status. Exhaustive statistical examinations of measured variables were performed to contribute to better understanding of the processes and interdependence of the measured parameters. The results of those analyses allowed the region to be described based on several groups of data relevant for particular processes. Chl a appear to be independent parameter; orthosilicate, nitrite and ammonium represent the parameter group most relevant for regeneration processes; the second group includes nutrients dominant in freshwater inputs (orthophosphate and nitrate), while in the third group are parameters related to primary production processes (T, O₂, organic phosphorus and SAS). Probably due to time lags between nutrient uptake and phytoplankton growth as well as between cells growth/division and SAS release, both, the correlation between nutrients and Chl a and the correlation between Chl a and SAS were not statistically significant. Although significantly higher nutrient and Chl a concentrations were found in the mesotrophic western part of the region in comparison to the oligotrophic eastern part, the SAS concentration differences were less marked. It is assumed that more OM is produced, but also at the same time remineralized, at the mesotrophic western part, leading to higher concentrations of regenerated nutrients there. Presence of different phytoplankton taxa and/or fractions (micro and nano) at the two stations may have also contributed to minimize the difference in SAS contents. Higher SAS acidities were noticed in the mesotrophic than in the oligotrophic part.     

大型通江湖泊洞庭湖的鱼类物种多样性及其时空变化

为了解通江湖泊鱼类物种多样性现状,于2004年3月-2004年12月和2005年5月对洞庭湖城陵矶、岳阳和沅江三个区域的鱼类进行逐月调查.共鉴定鱼类69种,隶属6目14科44属,其中59.4%为鲤科鱼类.以种类数和多样性指数分析了群落多样性特征,结果表明洞庭湖鱼类种类多样性较高,且时空变化较大.一般地,湖区与长江干流的距离越近,种类数达到峰值的时间就越早;鱼类多样性在春夏季高于秋冬季,在南洞庭湖高于其它两个区域.以优势度>5000为标准,全湖有17种优势种,其中80.0%为湖泊定居性鱼类.在生态类群方面,湖泊定居性鱼类种类最多,占总种类数的74.0%;江湖洄游性鱼类最少,占13.0%.对比分析显示,由于生境丧失、天然苗种资源衰退和过度捕捞等原因,洞庭湖鱼类多样性较20世纪70年代明显下降,洄游鱼类种类数减少;通江湖泊鱼类多样性明显高于阻隔湖泊,表明江湖阻隔造成鱼类多样性下降,因此,加强江湖连通是保护鱼类多样性的有效手段.     

Seasonal and spatial variation in lipid and triacylglycerol levels in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Bridge River, British Columbia

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the primary form of energy storage in fish, but little work has been done on the dynamics of TAG storage and use in relation to environmental conditions. We sampled age-0 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in two reaches of a regulated river in British Columbia, Canada that had different discharge regimes. During the summer, fish from the reach with high freshet flows grew more slowly and had lower TAG levels than those from the reach with lower and more stable flows. In addition, smaller individuals had lower TAG levels than larger ones. We suggest that in the reach with higher flows fish were unable to obtain sufficient surplus energy for somatic growth and lipid storage. In the fall, when flows were lower, TAG storage increased and the proportion of total lipids that were TAGs were similar for both small and large fish. The allocation of energy to TAG stores was likely a strategy to ensure individuals had sufficient energy for overwintering. Our results suggest that individual-based variation in TAG levels may be sensitive to environmental factors and can be used as a measure of fish condition and performance, but more work is needed to fully understand lipid dynamics in seasonally and spatially variable rearing environments.