Chlorine and fluorine in tholeiitic and alkaline lavas of Etna (Sicily)

Chlorine and fluorine were measured from whole-rock samples from tholeiites (150,000 years old) to present-day hawaiites. The overall range of F content is from 240 to 985 ppm, with a slight decrease of F/Th and F/Cl ratios, from tholeiites to hawaiites. Chlorine is positively correlated with Th (Cl/Th=100) as well as K₂O and P₂O₅, as the differentiation progresses, and, increases from 220 ppm in tholeiites to 2410 ppm in mugearites. Data obtained from present-day hawaiites indicate that Cl lost by degassing during eruption is limited. However, Cl contents of some whole-rock samples are inconsistent with previous results published for melt inclusions of phenocrysts from the same historic hawaiite samples and suggesting outgassing of Cl prior to the eruption. This implies that apparent correlation between Cl and Th can be considered as the result of superimposition of several petrogenetic processes. Results point out the richness of Etnean tholeiites in chlorine compared to M.A.R. basalts. Such a character could have been inherited from the mantle source or during the mantle source melting.     

Mineralogy and chemistry of modern orogenic lavas — some statistics and implications

Island arc and continental margin (i.e. western Americas) lavas are divided (based on raw data from literature) into basalts (defined by absence of Ca-poor pyroxene, dominated by quartz-normative tholeiites); basaltic andesites and andesites (subdivided on basis of breaks in SiO₂ histogram and taken as <56% and 56–63% SiO₂; Ca-poor pyroxene present; amphibole and biotite absent); and hornblende (±biotite) lavas, which prove to be mainly relatively silicic andesites. Relative proportions of these types are (576 samples): 23% basalts, 29% basaltic andesites; 30% andesites; 18% hornblende andesites. The compilation emphasizes the dominance of calcic plagioclase (labradorite-anorthite) amongst the phenocryst phases. Pyroxenes are largely augite and hypersthene (En_60–75); olivine (Fo_65–85) is common through all compositions. There is an overall close similarity in chemistry and mineralogy between continental margin and island arc lavas, although small consistent differences are apparent (e.g. K₂O, TiO₂, P₂O₅).Modal data indicate that 70% of lavas are phenocryst-rich (20–60 vol.%), and that phenocryst contents show a bimodal distribution. Statistically and petrologically significant correlations are found between mineralogy and rock chemistry, most notably between total rock Al₂O₃ and modal phenocrystic plagioclase (found in all data groups, except hornblende andesites). This, and related data and correlations, indicate that the majority of orogenic magmas are modified by crystal fractionation (including crystal accumulation) processes dominated by plagioclase, and interpreted to occur under relatively low pressures. Dominance of plagioclase suggests phenocryst precipitation occurs typically in water-undersaturated magmas.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Heihe mafic pillow lavas in the Qinling Mountains, China

The Qinling Mountains in central China are the joint orogenic zone between the Sino-Korean (or North China) and the Yangtze craton blocks. The age and genesis of the Danfeng mafic volcanics in the north of the Shangzhou-Danfeng fault zone, i.e. the main suture zone in the Qinling orogenic belt, have been controverted for a long time because their age is closely related to the converged time of two blocks. The ages and the geochemical data of the Heihe pillow lavas for the Danfeng mafic volcanics in the Heihe River area in the Qinling orogen are reported in this paper. The obtained isochron age by the Sm-Nd isotopic data of the 13 whole-rock samples for the mafic pillow lavas is 963±130 (2σ) Ma, corresponding to I_Nd = 0.51173±16 (2σ),ɛ _Nd(T)= +6.6, MSWD0.57. However, the Rb-Sr isotopic analytical results for the same samples as the Sm-Nd whole-rock ones are disperse. For the Sm-Nd isotopic systems were interfered during the later geological functions, the Sm-Nd isochron age for the whole-rock sample (Q9511WR) and the mineral phenocrystal samples: amphiboles (Hb) and plagioclases (Plag) presents the better uncertainty, whereas isochron ages of 930 Ma and 437 Ma are given if the WR-Plag and WR-Hb are calculated respectively, and their Rb-Sr isochron age is 268±47(2σ) Ma, I_sr = 0.70475±11 (2σ), MSWD0.96. The major and trace elements for the lavas show that they were formed in the quasi-N-MORB setting.     

镁橄榄石相变长大率与水含量的关系及亚稳态橄榄石的存在深度

通过分析镁橄榄石相变长大率方程的指前系数和亥姆霍兹活化能在不同含水条件下的实验拟合值,本文研究了橄榄石相变长大率与水含量的关系. 结果表明含水量较高的镁橄榄石在相变过程中对应较低的亥姆霍兹活化能,而长大率方程中的指前系数几乎是一个与含水量无关的常数.这个常数的数值在晶界控制长大的晶体相变动力学经典理论中相应于晶界是一层或几层分子的厚度.亥姆霍兹活化能随水含量的增加而降低的结果既和利用淬火实验得到的结论相一致,也和流变学实验研究的结论相一致.应用以上结果,我们估算了含水量对亚稳态橄榄石存在深度的影响.镁橄榄石的亚稳性受到水的影响很大,具体表现是橄榄石到其高压相瓦士利石的动力学相变界面从下压了几十公里到一直下压到660 km间断面附近.地幔橄榄石与镁橄榄石的亚稳性存在差异.名义上干的地幔橄榄石实验结果显示出地幔橄榄石具有更小的亚稳性,相变完成10%的深度比镁橄榄石浅了20 km左右.以上结果仍然支持在冷的俯冲带中存在可探测的亚稳态橄榄石楔但很难达到660 km间断面深度的结论.     

Origin of contemporaneous tholeiitic and K-rich alkalic lavas: a case study from the northern Deccan Plateau,India

Concurrently erupted, alternating Deccan Trap flows of tholeiitic and potassic alkalic basalt outcrop along both banks of the Narmada River near Navgam. Nearby, around Rajpipla, early tholeiites are overlain by K-rich alkalic flows and intrusives, which are themselves cut by later tholeiitic dikes. Nd and Sr isotopic ratios of a wide variety of rocks from both areas form a single correlated array, which reflects mixing between positive ε_JUV and negative ε_JUV endmembers. There is an almost complete overlap between values for tholeiitic and alkalic samples; thus, both alkalic and tholeiitic primary magmas must have been produced that were isotopically much alike. A Rajpipla rhyolite also falls on the array, near the midpoint. For positive values of ε_JUV(T) the array is indistinguishable from that defined by the lower group of tholeiites at Mahabaleshwar, some 450 km to the south, implying a similar or identical high ε_JUV mantle source. The negative ε_JUV component, apparently different from either of the two at Mahabaleshwar, may have been continental crust or enriched mantle. Both alkalic and tholeiitic groups display wide overlapping ranges in incompatible elements other than K, Rb, and Ba—particularly in Sr and Nb. This partial decoupling of incompatible elements, in conjunction with the isotopic similarity between the two classes of rocks, is strongly suggestive of an enrichment event in portions of the mantle source shortly before magmatism.     

On the well posedness of some wave formulations of the shallow water equations

According to the theory of characteristics, the number of boundary conditions required for the adequate definition of a PDE problem is equal to the number of characteristic half planes entering the domain associated with the PDE problem.This theory was applied to the primitive form of the shallow water equations two decades ago to determine the number of initial and boundary conditions required by these equations. The results of this early study are remembered here. Subsequently, the same theory is applied to some wave formulations of the shallow water equations (the wave continuity and primitive momentum equation model, and the wave continuity and wave momentum equation model).Circumstances under which the number of boundary conditions required by the mathematical model can be reduced to the number of available boundary conditions are discussed for both the primitive and wave formulations of the shallow water equations.     

Comparison between TVD-MacCormack and ADI-type solvers of the shallow water equations

A total variation diminishing (TVD) modification of the MacCormack scheme is developed for simulating shallow water dynamics on a uniform Cartesian grid. Results obtained using conventional and deviatoric forms of the conservative non-linear shallow water equations (SWEs) are compared for cases where the bed has a varying topography. The comparisons demonstrate that the deviatoric form of the SWEs gives more accurate results than the conventional form, in the absence of numerical balancing of the flux-gradient and source terms. A further comparison is undertaken between the TVD-MacCormack model and an alternating direction implicit (ADI) model for cases involving steep-fronted shallow flows. It is demonstrated that the ADI model is unable to predict trans-critical flows correctly, and artificial viscosity has to be introduced to remove spurious oscillations. The TVD-MacCormack model reproduces all flow regimes accurately. Finally, the TVD-MacCormack model is used to predict a laboratory-scale dyke break undertaken at Delft University of Technology. The predictions agree closely with the experimental data, and are in excellent agreement with results from an alternative Godunov-type model.     

Mineralogy,chemistry and crystallization sequence of clay minerals in altered tholeiitic basalts from the Peru Trench

Petrographic examination of amygdules and veins associated with moderately altered pillow basalts dredged from the Peru Trench has revealed that a consistent pattern of mineral crystallization has occurred. This sequence is: (1) green, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. > 1.56); (2) dark yellowish brown, non-pleochroic clay (R.I. > 1.56); (3) light yellowish brown to colorless, fibrous, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. < 1.56); and (4) calcite or celadonite. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that all clay mineral amygdule and vein fillings are dominated by intimate mixtures of an Fe-rich saponite and nontronite with very small admixtures of serpentine and illite. It is argued that sequential mineral fillings of fractures and vesicles may provide significant information about the chemistry of circulating interstitial fluids. For the pillow basalts studied the first-formed clays were enriched in nontronite, thereby suggesting Fe-rich fluids. These in turn were followed by saponite-rich clays and calcite. The change from Fe-and Mg-rich fluids to dominantly Ca-rich fluids is thought to correspond to a change from mafic mineral alteration to plagioclase alteration in the pillow basalts. An increase in the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio of clays toward the centers of vesicles may indicate a change toward a more oxidizing environment of alteration.     

Effect of enstatite activity and oxygen partial pressure on the point-defect chemistry of olivine

The variation of the point-defect concentrations in olivine with changes in enstatite activity and oxygen partial pressure are derived from formal thermodynamic arguments. Two models for these variations are constructed; the models differ in the choice of the approximate charge-neutrality condition in the near-stoichiometric regime. Under favorable circumstances, the effect of the oxygen partial pressure on olivine's point-defect chemistry can provide a diagnostic technique. Activity differences within the upper mantle may have a significant effect on olivine's transport properties because of their effect on the point-defect concentrations. The activity of enstatite plays an important role in the point-defect chemistry of olivine.     

On the feedback between water turbidity and microphytobenthos growth in shallow tidal environments

Shallow tidal environments (e.g. bays, estuaries, lagoons) represent one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, and they are threatened by current climate change and increasing human pressure. Monitoring the bio-morphodynamic evolution of these environments is therefore a crucial task that requires a detailed and holistic scrutiny. The present study aims to investigate the temperature of the water–sediment continuum, its effect on the related microphytobenthos (MPB) growth and the related bio-stabilization of the bed sediment surface under different water depth and water turbidity conditions. We investigated the vertical energy transfer and the temperature dynamics by applying a 1-D model to a shallow coastal lagoon. Our results show that the water temperature does not substantially change under different turbidity conditions, whereas the sediment temperature exhibits important changes. Two major factors driving the MPB photosynthetic growth are the sediment surface temperature and the light availability at the sediment bed, which can both be computed using the vertical energy transfer model. We observed that, in general, clear water conditions better promote MPB growth over the entire year. The limiting factor for the photosynthetic process is usually the light availability at the bottom, which increases under clear water conditions. As MPB provides a bio-stabilizing effect on the bed sediments by producing a biofilm on the sediment surface that reduces sediment resuspension, our results suggest a positive feedback between MPB growth and water column turbidity. Furthermore, MPB growth and the related sediment bio-stabilization are clearly affected by the seasonal variation of surface sediment temperature and light availability. This seasonal variation of MPB growth rate and surface sediment bio-stabilization must be considered when studying the long-term morphodynamic evolution of tidal environments. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Ar/Ar dating of alkaline and tholeiitic magmatism of Saudi Arabia related to the early Red Sea Rifting

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau-ages at 27–28 Ma obtained on feeder dykes and one lava flow of the alkaline massif of Harrat Hadan are in agreement with the assumed age partly deduced from the conventional K/Ar data of the early activity of other alkaline volcanic massifs from Saudi Arabia. This magmatic activity is spatially distributed over a large area, along the western edge of the Arabian plate, and their N-S to NW-SE volcano-tectonic directions are similar to those of the future Red Sea Rift.Preliminary results obtained on tholeiitic lava flows, dykes and plutons gave 17 plateau-ages which, combined with 6 ages deduced from more disturbed age-spectra, display a main histogram peak from 24 to 21 Ma, much narrower than that obtained with conventional K/Ar ages on the same formations. Therefore, a strong tholeiitic activity affected a narrow linear area following the actual eastern Red Sea coast, over nearly 1700 km, during a brief period of time, and without showing any apparent migration. The main volcano-tectonic features of the future Red Sea are strongly outlined during this event. Such brief magmatic episodes related to continental rifts have also been documented by precise ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses on the British Tertiary Igneous Province, the Deccan traps and the eastern Central Atlantic.     

Preservation of ∼3.4–3.5 Ga microbial biomarkers in pillow lavas and hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa

Exceptionally well-preserved pillow lavas and inter-pillow hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa contain textural, geochemical, and isotopic biomarkers indicative of microbially mediated alteration of basaltic glass in the Archean. The textures are micrometer-scale tubular structures interpreted to have originally formed during microbial etching of glass along fractures. Textures of similar size, morphology, and distribution have been attributed to microbial activity and are commonly observed in the glassy margins of pillow lavas from in situ oceanic crust and young ophiolites. The tubes from the Barberton Greenstone Belt were preserved by precipitation of fine-grained titanite during greenschist facies metamorphism associated with seafloor hydrothermal alteration. The presence of organic carbon along the margins of the tubes and low δ¹³C values of bulk-rock carbonate in formerly glassy samples support a biogenic origin for the tubes. Overprinting relationships of secondary minerals observed in thin section indicate the tubular structures are pre-metamorphic. Overlapping metamorphic and igneous crystallization ages thus imply the microbes colonized these rocks 3.4–3.5 Ga. Although, the search for traces of early life on Earth has recently intensified, research has largely been confined to sedimentary rocks. Subaqueous volcanic rocks represent a new geological setting in the search for early life that may preserve a largely unexplored Archean biomass.     

Study on coupling between deep and shallow structures of Xingtai area and some significant questions

IntroductionIn order to gain a clear idea of the deep tectonic environment of Xingtai earthquake area,three wide-angle deep seismic renectionlrefraction profiles have been conducted through the are4they are Yuanshi--Ji'nan profile, Renxian--Wuqing profile and Tat' an--LongyaM inzhou profi I e.The Yuanshi--Ji'nan profile passes through the epicenter of the Ms=7.2 main shock andTat' ~ongyaO--X inzhou profi ie passes through the ep icenter of the Ms=6. 8 earthquake. Duringthe "Eighth Five-…     

丰镇井水位变化与降雨量的关系研究

在结合丰镇井区域水文地质条件的基础上,分析了井水位变化与降雨量的关系。研究结果表明：开展水位（年初值、年末值、年极大值、年极小值、年际变幅和极值变幅）与年降雨量的关系研究,对区域震情的跟踪和判定具有十分重要意义。     

玉溪盆地浅层土层颗粒特征与剪切波速的关系研究

以玉溪盆地16个钻孔的柱状图和波速数据为基础,统计分析了具有不同颗粒特征的土层埋深与剪切波速之间的关系,给出了玉溪盆地内角砾、砾石、圆砾、砾砂、细砂和淤泥质黏土等土层在80 m深度范围内深度与剪切波速的经验关系.通过分析不同颗粒大小、不同磨圆程度土层剪切波速特征,认为土层的波速特征与其形成时所处的沉积环境有一定的关系,并以玉溪盆地浅层土层为例,给出了一种根据具有明显颗粒特征土层估算未测波速钻孔的等效剪切波速的方法.      

Relationship between the morphometric characteristics of lakes and the chemical composition of their bottom sediments

Nine groups of water bodies are used to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the bottom sediment content of organic matter, forms of phosphorus and calcium, and the morphometric characteristics of lakes.     

Carbon isotope composition and its implications of Lower Cretaceous Aptian-Albian shallow water carbonates in the Cuoqin Basin, North Tibet

Since Schlanger and Jenkyns (1976)[1] first ad-vanced the ?oceanic anoxic events ?(OAEs) model to explain the origin of the worldwide distributed Early Cretaceous Aptian-Albian (115—103 MaBP) and Late Cretaceous Cenomanian-Turonian (95—88 MaBP) black shales, the OAEs and responses to them have been one of the 揾ot spots?in geological circles. Up till now, researchers at home and abroad have exten-sively studied the sedimentary and geochemical re-sponses to the two anoxic events, espe…     

不饱和黄土的波速与质量含水率关系

黄土具有特殊的物理力学性质,且多具湿陷性.本文采用陕西省延安市南沟村的黄土研究不饱和黄土波速与质量含水率之间的关系.低场核磁的T2驰豫曲线表明黄土样品中水分主要为两种存在状态,一种是存在于小孔径中的结合水,另一种是存在于中孔径和大孔径中的自由水.随着黄土质量含水率的增加,结合水占比显著增高.黄土的中小孔含水占比与纵横波速度具有正相关关系.黄土样品的纵横波速度测量结果显示黄土的纵横波速在含水率小于8%时,随着质量含水率的继续增加,纵横波速度呈现出下降趋势;当质量含水率大于8%时,纵横波速度基本保持不变.土壤波速理论模型能较好描述质量含水率小于8%的纵横波速度变化,但质量含水率超过8%之后低估了黄土波速值.

     

城市缓流水体生物膜群落与环境因子响应关系

以南京市秦淮河、石头城护城河、乌龙潭、玄武湖4个水体为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法对城市缓流水体生物膜群落特征进行分组研究.通过SPSS、CANOCO软件分析水体生物膜群落与环境因子的响应关系,结果表明:(1)温度及水体营养盐含量的降低会导致水体微生物新陈代谢缓慢,微生物大量死亡.静态水体生物膜中微生物量的变化范围是9.16×106~2.74×108cells/g,流动水体生物膜中为1.69×107~7.77×107cells/g,静态水体中生物量的下降趋势比流动水体中显著,可能是由于水体的流动加强了营养盐在固液相之间的质量传递,削弱了水体温度及营养盐含量变化对流动水体生物膜中微生物生长的影响程度.(2)功能菌群G-、G+、真菌是微生物菌群的主要成分,3者比重为:G-真菌G+.随温度的降低(T≥8.4℃),静态水体中主要功能菌群总含量变化波动较大,其波动范围为27.41%~66.20%,流动水体中主要功能菌群总含量的变化范围较小,为43.09%~68.25%,差异的主要贡献者是G-和真菌.(3)静态水体中环境因子温度、硝态氮、COD是功能菌群的主要影响因子,氮元素是流动水体中功能菌群的显著影响因子.     

Improved prediction of vegetation composition in NW European softwater lakes by combining location,water and sediment chemistry

Isoetids, as indicators of near-pristine softwater lakes, have a high priority in national and international (European Water Directive Framework) assessments of ecological lake quality. Our main goal was to identify the most important environmental factors that influence the composition of plant communities and specifically determine the presence and abundance of the isoetid Lobelia dortmanna in NW European softwater lakes. Geographical position and composition of surface water, porewater, sediment and plant communities were examined in 39 lakes in four regions (The Netherlands, Denmark, West Norway and East Norway) distributed over a 1,200-km long distance. We confirmed that lake location was accompanied by significant changes in environmental variables between NW European lakes. Lake location was the single most important determinant of vegetation composition and it had significant individual contributions independent of the coupling to environmental variables. This influence of location was supported by a significant decline of community similarity with geographical distance between pairs of lakes at regional, inter-regional and international scales. Combining the geographical position with environmental variables for surface water, porewater and sediment significantly improved prediction of vegetation composition. Specifically, the combination of latitude, surface water alkalinity, porewater phosphate and redox potential offered the highest correlation (BIO ENV correlation 0.66) to vegetation composition. This complex analysis can also account for high sediment variability in the littoral zone of individual lakes, by using site-specific physico-chemical sediment factors, and offer better predictions of vegetation composition when lake water chemistry is relatively homogeneous among lakes within regions.