用优化聚束滤波方法消除低信噪比地震资料中的多次波

针对常规方法如f k,Radon变换不能很好解决的消除低信噪比地震勘探资料的多次波问题,本文提出了优化聚束滤波方法,采用具有静态权的自适应聚束滤波器,并调整聚束滤波器设计的约束准则,去除低信噪比复杂实际资料中的多次波．实际资料处理结果表明,优化聚束滤波方法改善了最小方差无偏聚束滤波方法不能较好地处理低覆盖低信噪资料处理的局限性,在实际处理中计算量增加不大．     

地震资料处理中的聚束滤波方法

聚束滤波方法的基本原理,包括信号与噪音模型、设计准则和所获得的聚束滤波器．本文所用的自适应聚束滤波器是根据具有参数化的动校正量、振幅及相位随偏移距变化（ＭＶＯ、ＡＶＯ及ＰＶＯ）的一次反射和多次反射信号模型而设计的．但在实际应用中ＰＶＯ通常不能得到证实．结果分析能为进一步的从ＡＶＯ及ＰＶＯ获取岩石类型信息的专题研究提供资料．人工合成资料的例子给出了参数化的自适应聚束滤波的实施细节和所设计滤波器的响应特性．实际资料的例子表明数据自适应聚束滤波在叠前共中点道集地震多次波消除上比Ｒａｄｏｎ变换方法更灵活、有效．类似于其它叠前处理过程,自适应聚束滤波的优越性在信噪比较高的资料上体现得最为明显．     

台站地震资料的时频域自适应极化分析和滤波

提出一种自适应协方差的时频域极化滤波方法。该方法在广义S变换时频方法的基础上,构造时频域自适应协方差矩阵,通过特征分析计算时频域瞬时极化参数,设计极化滤波器,实现多分量地震极化分析和滤波。其优势在于协方差矩阵的分析时窗的长度由多分量地震数据的瞬时频率确定,可以自适应于有效信号的周期,在每个时频点计算极化参数不需要进行插值处理;结合时间频率信息,解决在时间域或频率域波形或频率重叠的信号具有明显的直观性。模型数据及实际三分量台站地震数据处理结果表明,该极化滤波方法在台站地震资料分析和处理方面具有很好的直观性和较高的分辨率。     

地震资料叠前去噪技术的现状与未来

地震资料叠前去噪是勘探地震资料处理的关键问题之一，但这个问题长期以来一直没有得到很好的解决，是提高地震资料分辨率的一个主要障碍，其中，如何有效地消除产生与地层间的多次反射波又是地震资料叠前去噪的核心问题。为此，人们进行了长期不懈的努力，以更好地消除多次波。本文着重概述现今实生常中常用的几种比较有效的消除多次波方法，包括拉冬变换，F－K方法和聚束滤波方法；同时也概述了预测反积消除水层混响和用K－L变换方法消除随机噪音提高信噪比等方法；最后，还讨论了近年发展的地震资料叠前去噪新方法及其发展趋势。     

MATLAB消除腾冲台数字地震记录中干扰波的应用

数字化地震记录资料中包含了大量的干扰信号,影响资料分析处理,有时还造成波形不完整或严重变形,很难进行深入的分析。利用MATLAB设计数字滤波器对不同记录中的干扰波进行滤波,达到消除干扰的目的。实例表明,此方法具有良好的效果。     

非线性各向异性扩散滤波器用于三维地震资料噪声衰减与结构特征增强

消除地震资料中的干扰噪声,增强地质沉积特征,对地震资料的后继处理和解释都有重要的意义.本文重点论述一种基于偏微分方程的非线性各向异性扩散滤波技术.采用梯度结构张量估计局部地层方向,度量地质特征的规则程度,以此约束扩散滤波器沿着地层方向作扩散滤波,并且通过控制在断层和河道等不连续性区域的滤波程度,使得扩散滤波器具有优异的保持边缘特性.对大庆油田的一块实际地震资料的处理结果表明,该方法可有效消除非相干噪声,增强地震反射同相轴的连续性,突出地质沉积特征,提高资料的信噪比,整体改善地震资料的品质.     

基于结构自适应中值滤波器的随机噪声衰减方法

本文提出一种保护断层、裂缝等地层边缘特征的结构自适应中值滤波器,用于衰减地震资料中的随机噪声.基于地震反射同相轴局部呈线型结构的假设,采用梯度结构张量估计地层倾向,分析地层结构的规则程度,在此基础上引入地震剖面中线型和横向不连续性两种结构特征的置信度量.结构自适应中值滤波器根据这两种置信度量调整滤波器窗函数的尺度和形状,根据地层倾角调整滤波器窗函数的方向,从而使得滤波操作窗能够最佳匹配信号的局部结构特征.将本文方法用于合成和实际数据的处理,并与两种常用中值滤波方法进行对比,结果表明,该方法能够更好地解决地震剖面的随机噪声衰减和有效信号保真的问题,在增强反射同相轴的横向一致性的同时有效保持了剖面内的地层边缘和细节特征,显著改善了地震资料的品质.     

模糊嵌套多级中值滤波方法及其在地震数据处理中的应用

多级中值滤波器在地震数据处理应用中,其滤波长度越大,消噪效果越好,但同时也会破坏有效信息. 如果为了保护有效信息而减少滤波长度,又会造成大量的噪声不能消除. 本文提出一种新的模糊嵌套多级中值滤波器,设计一个阀值作为判断参数,使滤波器能够在消除随机噪声时采用长滤波器滤波,而在保留有效信息时采用短滤波器滤波,从而既能很好地消除随机噪声,又能最大限度地保护有效信息,保留有效信息的细节结构. 经过模型分析和实际资料处理都取得了很好的效果.     

一种从地球物理时空数据中消除噪声的自适应滤波程序

本文叙述了一种可以从地球物理时间或空间序列数据中消除干扰噪声、随机噪声以及线性或非线性漂移的新型自适应滤波程序,为从“原始”信号中消除这些噪声、需要一个(以某种未知方式)与原始信号相关的“参考”信号。参考信号经过自适应滤波并被从原始信号中减去。由此产生的误差被用于最速下降法中以调整滤波器的权重,从而使得最小二乘意义上的均方误差极小。上述过程经过反复迭代,直至取得收敛。滤波器的输出即为原始输入中基本信号的最佳最小二乘估计,而不含噪声的影响。该方法的一个显著特点是它能够分辨一个随时间变化的信号而无需对其中信号和噪声的特征有任何先验的了解,同时也说明了当没有参考信号时,如何从序列数据中消除噪声。该程序已被应用于几种合成信号以表明它的特性;对于该程序中的数学部分做了简要的讨论。文中列出了程序的核心部分,并提出了一些在其它地球科学领域中的可能应用。     

基于局部斜率属性的VSP波场分离研究

基于垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料中上、下行波视速度的差异,利用地震剖面同相轴局部斜率属性参数,提出了一种分离上、下行波场的新方法.首先利用Fourier变换初步分离上、下行波场,然后利用平面波分解滤波器(Plane Wave Destruction (PWD) Filter)技术估计初始分离波场的同相轴局部斜率属性参数,在此基础上对VSP原始资料波场分离.该方法是一种时间域最小平方优化分离波场的方法,不存在其他滤波方法阈值滤波器边界的影响,减少了因镶边问题带来的假象.模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,分离出的上、下行波噪声假象少,振幅保持好,更好地消除了上、下行波的相互影响.     

Robust multiple suppression using adaptive beamforming

Minimum variance unbiased (MVU) beamforming is a type of multichannel filtering which extracts coherent signals without distortion, whilst minimizing residual noise power. Adaptive beamforming estimates signal and noise characteristics as part of the extraction process. The adaptive beamformer used here is designed from models of primary and multiple reflection signals having parametrically specified moveout and amplitude variation with offset (MVO and AVO). Phase variation with offset (PVO) can also be included but it is not usually justified in practice. The resulting analysis provides data for input into AVO and PVO schemes for obtaining lithological information. Synthetic data examples illustrate details of implementation of parametric adaptive MVU beamforming and the response characteristics of the resultant design. Real data examples show that data-adaptive beamforming is more flexible and more effective in attenuating multiples in prestack common-midpoint seismic data than Radon transform methods. In common with other prestack multichannel processes, the advantages of beamforming are shown to best effect in data with a good signal-to-noise ratio.     

河道砂体宽/窄方位三维观测系统地震物理模型分析

The effect of the wide and narrow azimuth 3D observation systems on seismic imaging precision is becoming a hot area for studies of high precision 3D seismic acquisition methods in recent years. In this paper we utilize 3D physical seismic modeling experiments. A 3D channel sand body physical seismic model is constructed and two acquisition systems are designed with wide azimuth （16 lines） and narrow azimuth （8 lines） to model 3D seismic data acquisition and processing seismic work flows. From analysis of migrated time slice data with high quality and small size, we conclude that when the overlying layers are smooth and lateral velocities have little change, both wide and narrow azimuth observation systems in 3D acquisition can be used for obtaining high precision imaging and equivalent resolution of the channel sand body.     

双平方根方程三维叠前深度偏移

从双平方根（DSR）形式的波动方程出发，基于沉降观测概念和地震波扰动理论，介绍了深度域的DSR全偏移算子及共成像道集的生成方法. 根据三维地震数据的方位角特征，通过对全偏移算子的稳相近似，依次导出了适应于零方位角道集、Cross line共偏移距道集以及共偏移距矢量道集的偏移算子. 理论分析与合成数据的数值试验表明，DSR全偏移算子、共方位角偏移算子对介质速度变化的适应性很强，而其余两种偏移算子仅适用于缓变速情况.     

基于波动方程三维表面多次波预测方法研究

与传统的二维表面多次波预测算法相比,基于波动方程的全三维表面多次波预测方法无需对地下介质做简单近似,其更符合地震波在地下介质中传播的真实状况,是地震资料处理中解决多次波预测问题的强有力工具.本文从三维多次波预测的基本理论出发,给出了全三维多次波预测算法的预测矩阵表示、计算方法以及实现条件,采用GPU(图形处理器)加速全三维表面多次波预测,较传统的CPU串行计算,GPU并行预测表面多次波的计算效率约提高165倍.文中分别利用二维和三维表面多次波预测算法对理论模拟的含表面多次波的三维地震数据进行多次波预测计算,对比分析结果表明,相比于二维算法,文中所述的基于波动方程的全三维表面多次波预测效果明显改善,其计算精度更高,辅以合理有效的自适应相减算法,可获得高精度的地震勘探资料表面多次波压制数据.     

Efficient volumetric extraction of most positive/negative curvature and flexure for fracture characterization from 3D seismic data

Most positive/negative curvature and flexure are among the most useful seismic attributes for detecting faults and fractures in the subsurface based on the geometry of seismic reflections. When applied to fracture characterization and modelling of a fractured reservoir, their magnitude and azimuth help quantify both the intensity and orientation of fracturing, respectively. However, previous efforts focus on estimating only the magnitude of both attributes, whereas their associated azimuth is ignored in three‐dimensional (3D) seismic interpretation. This study presents an efficient algorithm for simultaneously evaluating both the magnitude and azimuth of most positive/negative curvature and flexure from 3D seismic data. The approach implemented in this study is analytically more accurate and computationally more efficient compared with the existing approach. The added value of extracting most positive/negative curvature and flexure is demonstrated through the application to a fractured reservoir at Teapot Dome (Wyoming). First, the newly extracted attributes make computer‐aided fault/fracture decomposition possible. This allows interpreters to focus on one particular component for fracture characterization at a time, so that a composite fractured reservoir could be partitioned into different components for detailed analysis. Second, curvature/flexure azimuth allows interpreters to plot fracture histogram and/or rose diagram in an automatic and quantitative manner. Compared with the conventional plotting rose diagram based on manual measurements, automatic plotting is more efficient and offers unbiased insights into fracture systems by illuminating the most likely orientations of natural fractures in fractured reservoirs.     

Application of 3D vertical seismic profile multi‐component data to tight gas sands‡

Due to the complicated geophysical character of tight gas sands in the Sulige gasfield of China, conventional surface seismic has faced great challenges in reservoir delineation. In order to improve this situation, a large‐scale 3D‐3C vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey (more than 15 000 shots) was conducted simultaneously with 3D‐3C surface seismic data acquisition in this area in 2005. This paper presents a case study on the delineation of tight gas sands by use of multi‐component 3D VSP technology. Two imaging volumes (PP compressional wave; PSv converted wave) were generated with 3D‐3C VSP data processing. By comparison, the dominant frequencies of the 3D VSP images were 10–15 Hz higher than that of surface seismic images. Delineation of the tight gas sands is achieved by using the multi‐component information in the VSP data leading to reduce uncertainties in data interpretation. We performed a routine data interpretation on these images and developed a new attribute titled ‘Centroid Frequency Ratio of PSv and PP Waves’ for indication of the tight gas sands. The results demonstrated that the new attribute was sensitive to this type of reservoir. By combining geologic, drilling and log data, a comprehensive evaluation based on the 3D VSP data was conducted and a new well location for drilling was proposed. The major results in this paper tell us that successful application of 3D‐3C VSP technologies are only accomplished through a synthesis of many disciplines. We need detailed analysis to evaluate each step in planning, acquisition, processing and interpretation to achieve our objectives. High resolution, successful processing of multi‐component information, combination of PP and PSv volumes to extract useful attributes, receiver depth information and offset/ azimuth‐dependent anisotropy in the 3D VSP data are the major accomplishments derived from our attention to detail in the above steps.     

基于叠前方位振幅的大港—埕海地区奥陶系风化壳裂缝储层的叠前预测

P波通过裂缝地层传播时,其响应会随着地面观测方位的变化而变化,表现出明显的方位各向异性.这种随方位变化的裂缝响应信息(如振幅等)广泛存在于叠前方位一偏移距二维空间域中,检测此域中的裂缝响应,通过椭圆拟合的方法识别各向异性的存在,进而计算裂缝的方向——椭圆长轴的方向,和裂缝密度——椭圆长轴与短轴的比.本文研究出了一种基于常规叠前地震反射振幅来检测裂缝的三维叠前裂缝储层预测方法.它采用面元组合的方法扩大方位角和偏移距范围;采用多级数据控制技术获取所需的信息;采用稳妥的技术步骤来预测.通过大港油田实际工区的应用,结果表明本文研究出的方法技术应用效果好、精度高、经济实用.     

Principle and application of high density spatial sampling in seismic migration

To avoid spatial aliasing problems in broad band high resolution seismic sections, I present a high density migration processing solution. I first analyze the spatial aliasing definition for stack and migration seismic sections and point out the differences between the two. We recognize that migration sections more often show spatial aliasing than stacked sections. Second, from wave propagation theory, I know that migration output is a new spatial sampling process and seismic prestack time migration can provide the high density sampling to prevent spatial aliasing on high resolution migration sections. Using a 2D seismic forward modeling analysis, I have found that seismic spatial aliasing noise can be eliminated by high density spatial sampling in prestack migration. In a 3D seismic data study for Daqing Oilfield in the Songliao Basin, I have also found that seismic sections obtained by high-density spatial sampling (10 × 10 m) in prestack migration have less spatial aliasing noise than those obtained by conventional low density spatial sampling (20 × 40 m) in prestack migration.