岩溶区地下溶洞综合物探探测试验研究——以福建省永安大湖盆地为例

基于隐伏岩溶区地下溶洞的发育特征对城市开发建设的影响,利用综合物探方法开展灰岩区地下溶洞探测试验研究,获得地下溶洞探测物探方法的有效性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.通过对包括福建永安大湖盆地内两处岩溶国家地下水监测井钻孔旁在内的三条综合物探剖面选用电测深法、高密度电法和微动探测法进行试验,并与钻孔资料进行对比分析、总结各种方法的岩溶物性特征,为探测地下溶洞提供物理依据.试验结果表明:区内地下溶洞在电测深和高密度电法勘探结果上主要表现为低阻异常,在微动探测成果上表现为S波速度低速异常;视S波速度为300～850 m/s及视电阻率小于100Ω·m的半圈闭低阻异常,可作为研究区判断地下溶洞的地球物理依据.上述三种地面物探方法探测地下溶洞的有效性依次是:电测深法高密度电法微动探测法.对隐伏岩溶大范围进行地面探测时应结合测区的实际条件(如地质构造、地下水、溶洞充填物等情况)选用综合物探方法,并进行对比映证,从而揭示研究区的隐伏溶洞的分布发育规律,以此来指导岩溶区工程勘察,为钻探孔布置提供地球物理依据,减少钻探工程量和缩短探测周期.     

孔间距对地震CT探测岩溶的影响模拟研究

随着对地下空间开发的日趋增加,地下空间的施工与利用安全问题越来越受到广泛关注,地下发育的岩溶对于地下空间的开发会造成诸多安全隐患,对人民的生产生活也会造成很多影响.跨孔地震CT技术已经广泛应用于岩石破碎带、溶洞等探测,为地下空间的开发利用及施工安全提供了重要的技术支撑.为了进一步研究该技术的成像精度,本文对影响跨孔地震...     

探地雷达在基坑岩溶勘查中的应用

在山东省的中部地区,城市建筑物大都经过岩溶十分发育的灰岩区。因此,建筑物施工中会遇到很多的溶洞、溶蚀带等各种不良地质现象,为保证施工安全,减少地质灾害损失,必须在工程施工前开展岩溶灾害等探测工作。探地雷达具有分辨率高、定位准确、快速经济、灵活方便、剖面直观、实时图像显示、无损探测等优点,已在岩土工程勘察等方面取得了较好的效果【1-3】,笔者结合济南市章丘项目实例,探讨探地雷达在灰岩岩溶、溶洞中的相关应用。     

HVSR探测方法在城市岩溶勘察中的应用

随着城市空间逐步向地下发展,地下岩溶等不良地质体的存在给城市建设带来较大的安全隐患,常规的地球物理探测方法在城市地下岩溶等不良地质体探测中因人文活动、电磁干扰等因素的影响而受到极大限制．微动探测作为一种被动源勘探方法,因其场地适应能力强、工作效率高等优点被逐渐应用于城市地下岩溶探测．基于微动的HVSR谱比法则具有更好的适应性．为探索该方法在城市岩溶探测的有效性及其特征,选取岩土勘察中的两个工程场地作为探测试验区．试验区内岩溶发育,通过钻探获取了岩溶的空间分布特征及基岩的起伏变化．在试验区的岩溶异常上进行HVSR测试,并利用面波勘探的频散曲线对HVSR谱比曲线进行深度换算,从而代替钻孔信息进行深度换算的方法,来探测地下地质情况．结果表明,利用该方法进行HVSR谱比曲线的深度换算简便有效,能有效的探测出地下岩土分界面和岩溶的分布情况,为后续岩溶区工程勘察提供帮助,减少钻探工程量提高经济效益和时间效率．     

直流电阻率法在岩溶探测中的应用

直流电法勘探在灰岩地区探查溶洞或断裂是一种有效的方法，特别是在圈定洞穴或破碎带的延伸以及其中的地下水流向等方面。国内物探工作者作过不少诸如此类的工作，但由于受使用的装置及工作方法和解释方法的限制，探测效果并不显著。本文特介绍印度中央地下水管理局Ｐ．Ｃ．ＣＨＡＮＤＲＡ等人在岩溶探测方面进行现场试验所取得的成果，供国内同行参考借鉴。     

基于综合地球物理方法的覆盖型岩溶发育规律研究——以徐州地区为例

采用综合地球物理方法对徐州地区的覆盖型岩溶区进行调查,研究岩溶发育的地球物理场特征及平面分布规律.基于综合地球物理解释成果进行分类统计,实现研究区内岩溶发育规律的定量分析.研究表明,在覆盖型岩溶区调查中综合利用多种物探方法,能够相互补充和验证,可以有效地查明基岩埋深及起伏特征、覆盖层结构、断裂构造、岩溶破碎带及具有一定规模的溶洞.通过地球物理统计分析,徐州地区马家沟组和张夏组岩溶发育极强,岩溶破碎带占比在25%以上;三山子组和炒米店组岩溶发育强,岩溶破碎带占比在10%左右,废黄河断裂带对主要可溶岩地层的岩溶发育具有明显的控制和影响作用.徐州地区岩溶发育与埋藏深度呈反向相关关系,即岩溶发育总体上具有随深度增加而逐渐减弱的趋势,岩溶在30～40 m深度最为发育,岩溶破碎带占比可达11%以上,在80 m深度占比减少至约3%.综合地球物理探测与统计分析结果经钻探资料证实较为可靠,很好地说明了在覆盖型岩溶发育规律研究中基于综合地球物理方法的探测与统计分析的有效性.     

微重力和微动法相结合的隐伏岩溶探测效果分析——以长宁某页岩气钻井平台为例

微重力测量相较于传统重力测量方法,其观测研究的对象是在尺度规模上越来越细小、在重力信息上反应越来越微弱的密度异常体,更加突出“微”的性质与特点.利用该方法能精准识别地下岩溶的平面位置,但推测目标体的垂向埋深需结合其他先验信息进行反演;微动法采用天然源信号,具有抗电磁干扰、抗振动干扰能力强、纵向分辨率高等优点,可准确识别地下岩溶的空间位置,特别适用于强干扰环境下的地质勘察.将微重力和微动两种方法相结合进行岩溶探测,优势互补,能准确确定地下岩溶的空间位置和形态规模.本文通过微重力、微动两种测量方法在长宁页岩气区块某钻井平台场地岩溶探测的具体实例,来分析两种方法组合在工程场地隐患排查中的效果.实践证明,应用微重力、微动方法组合在探测近地表的溶洞、地下河、孔穴以及规模较小的地质构造等异常体方面有广泛的应用前景．     

综合物探方法在南宁地铁溶洞探测中的应用

随着城市化进程的加速,城市轨道交通得以快速发展.地铁成为未来城市主要交通建设方向之一.溶洞的地质特征又是地铁施工中的难点.本次研究区位于南宁市境内,地铁线路将穿越邕江堆积、河谷阶地区、溶蚀残丘谷地区和侵蚀、剥蚀丘陵区.经初步勘察发现研究区有多处溶洞且该段地处市中心,车流量较大、地下管线较复杂,以商业和居住为主.为了查明研究区溶洞发育情况,结合当地地质构造条件且考虑到地球物理存在多解性的特点.采用高密度电法与地质雷达相结合对研究区内的溶洞进行探测,其中地质雷达用来填补高密度电法勘探效果不理想的区域(例如沥青或混凝土路面).两种方法相互结合达到研究区全面覆盖的目的.进而对研究区的溶洞性质和溶洞空间发育形态进行确定,再通过钻孔对比验证取得了良好效果.物探方法共推断9处溶洞的研究结果表明地质雷达可以较好的填补高密度电法勘探效果不理想的区域.使这种综合物探方法针对溶洞探测获得了较好的效果.最终为工程设计及施工提供了可靠的依据.     

某大型工程场地岩溶发育特征及工程地质条件评价

随着近年来在岩溶区修筑建筑物越来越多,岩溶给工程建设来了许多困难,探明岩溶区岩溶分布特征变得尤为重要。广东某大型工程场地在可研阶段发现大量溶洞,严重影响施工。本文从研究区的工程地质、水文地质等方面对岩溶的形成机制做详细阐述,通过物探和钻探方法,查明研究区岩溶分布和发育特征,并准确、合理地对场地的稳定性和工程建设的适宜性做出评价,也为岩溶区类似工程建设提供参考经验。     

地质雷达井下探测瓦斯富集区特征研究

地质雷达由于能够直接识别地下目标体,井下探测快速,不影响生产,分辨率高,在煤矿瓦斯灾害防治方面有较大的优势.本文基于地质雷达基本原理,探讨井下探测工艺,分析井下数据处理的方法,对井下瓦斯富集区异常特征进行分析,并与其他地质异常进行了比较.研究结果表明若在传播距离范围内存在明显的回波异常,则有可能存在瓦斯富集区.随着研究的深入,地质雷达有望突破瓦斯富集区探测的难题.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.