Rock Slope Stability Assessment Using Geomechanical Classification and its Application for Specific Slopes along Kodaikkanal-Palani Hill Road,Western Ghats,India

Linear infrastructure networks like roads play a vital role in the socio-economic development of hill towns centered on tourism. Stability of the slopes along the hill roads are therefore a major concern and slope failures lead to disruption of traffic and loss of property/life or both. This study analyses the stability of cut-slopes along the Kodaikkanal – Palani hill road in the Western Ghats, India using rock mass classification systems like rock mass rating (RMR), slope mass rating (SMR) and continuous slope mass rating (CSMR). These geomechanical classifications provide a preliminary assessment of rock quality based on rock strength, discontinuity properties, hydrogeological condition of the slopes and slope stability based on the inherent rock strength parameters, discontinuity orientation and method of excavation. The results showed that both rock quality and discontinuity orientation contribute to type of failure in rock slopes with RMR > 40. SMR results are conservative while CSMR classification is matches more closely to the failures obtained from the field survey. CSMR classification represents continuous slope stability conditions and hence are more suitable for development of spatial database. Cutting of roads, thereby, steepening slopes has a definite influence on the stability of slopes.     

The assessment of slope stability along NH-22 in Rampur-Jhakri Area,Himachal Pradesh

The present paper demonstrates the assessment of slope stability analysis between Rampur to Jhakri road section along National Highway (NH-22), Himachal Pradesh, India. The different types of slope failures have affected most part of slopes which causes considerable loss of life and property, inconveniences such as disruption of traffic along highways. The poorly designed rock slopes for road widening or construction purposes may weaken the stability of the slopes. A detail field investigation has been carried out to collect the representative rock samples for determination of physico-mechanical properties of rock and joint data for kinematic analysis. The rocks exposed in the area are highly jointed quartzite and quartz-mica schist of Rampur-Larji Group of Palaeoproterozoic age. The continuous slope mass rating (CSMR) technique has been applied for the assessment of slope stability analysis at five vulnerable locations and the results shows slopes are partially stable to unstable. Kinematic analysis mainly shows wedge type of failure along with few toppling and planar failures. The existing slope required immediate treatment to prevent the failure for its long term stability.     

公路边坡岩体分级中坡高修正系数的改进

坡高与边坡稳定性有密切关系。CSMR分级体系在SMR的基础之上针对水电边坡工程引入了坡高修正系数 ,但在公路边坡分级实践中发现 ,该坡高修正系数仍有待于改进。对各类边坡可能失稳形式的力学分析 ,证明坡高修正系数 可近似表示为 =a+b/H 的形式。通过对 1 0 0余个边坡样本统计分析 ,得出两种不同岩层、坡面产状组合形式下坡高修正系数的数学表达式。经检验 ,改进后的CSMR体系能够满足公路边坡稳定性初步评价的要求。     

Charnockite bedrock,Chennai coast,Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and geochemical signatures in stages of the weathering processes

Occurrences of landslide are most common and critical issue in North-East India. The various types of slope failures have been affected most part of slopes and road section between Malidor to Sonapur area (approx 30 Km) along NH-44 within Jaintia hills district, Meghalaya, India. These slope failures causes considerable loss of life and property along with many inconveniences such as disruption of traffic along highways. The unscientific excavations of rock slopes for road widening or construction purposes may weaken the stability of the slopes. The rocks exposed in the area are highly jointed sandstone and shale of Barail Group of Oligocene age. The Sonapur landslide is most dangerous and destructive rock fall-cum debris flow. The present study includes the kinematic analysis of the slope to assess the potential failure directions as the rocks are highly jointed in some parts of road cut sections. The continuous slope mass rating (CSMR) technique has been applied for slope stability analysis at five vulnerable locations. Kinematic analysis indicates mainly wedge type of failure along with few toppling and planar failures. These failure required immediate treatment to prevent the slide and long term stability of the slope.     

富溪双连拱隧道出口高边坡稳定性评价及支护效果分析

富溪双连拱隧道出口高边坡岩体风化、卸荷严重,在施工开挖前边坡中上部已经发生较为明显的倾倒变形,整个变形体处于极限平衡状态。本文在现场调查和岩体结构分析基础上,建立了边坡变形破坏机理的概念模型,利用FLAC3D模拟研究了开挖后坡体变形特征。在变形分析基础上,提出了对倾倒变形体采用锚管注浆处理的边坡治理措施,支护效果模拟计算表明,注浆后边坡稳定性较好,同时监测资料也显示支护措施实施后,边坡的稳定性较好,可以保障公路的施工和长期营运的安全。     

边坡岩体质量分类体系的CSMR法及应用

详细、系统地介绍边坡岩体质量评分类的CSMR法，并结合西南某水电站进水口边坡工程的实例，讨论运用CSMR系统进行边坡岩体质量分类的改进意见。实践证明，此法具有简便性和可行性，值得进一步推广。结合工程实践，并指出此法的不足之处。     

Stability analysis of rock slopes along Gangadarshan,Pauri, Garhwal,Uttarakhand

The rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) has been carried out to classify the slope in terms of slope instability. To understand the RMR and SMR various geostructural, geomorphologic and hydrological parameters of the slopes were measured and analyzed. 32 rock slopes/rock cum debris slopes were identified in the study area. The present RMR and SMR study is an outcome of extensive field study along a stretch of about 10 km on road leading from Srinagar to Pauriarea along Alaknanda valley. The technique followed incorporates the relation between discontinuities and slope along with rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR). The analysis of the 32 studied slopes shows that in the Gangadarshan area out of six rock slope facets, two falls in class II (stable) and four in class IV (unstable). It is significant to note that the slope facets coming under class IV are comprised of active landslide portions. While the slopes under class II show minor failure or old landslide debris.     

郑万高铁宜万段边坡危岩崩落破坏特征

危岩是山区常见的地质灾害之一。以往研究缺少对危岩整体破坏导致危岩解体方面的关注,而危岩在失稳崩落过程中的解体行为却是预测危岩影响范围和防治成效的关键所在。为此,文章以郑万（郑州—万州）高铁宜万段沿线隧道洞口边坡危岩为研究对象,从结构面角度出发,对危岩崩落破坏特征进行研究。通过对15个隧道洞口边坡的调查,首先从边坡坡度、岩性组合、相对高差三个方面总结了研究区危岩发育分布规律;然后根据边坡岩体结构特征,分析了危岩失稳模式,并基于边坡上部危岩和下部落石的体积和形状对应关系,进一步探讨了边坡危岩崩落破坏演化过程;在此基础上,利用Rockfall模拟软件对落石运动特征进行预测分析。结果表明:（1）研究区边坡呈上陡下缓地形,上部基岩裸露,坡度基本上≥70°;危岩主要发育于弱风化的灰岩和白云岩中;边坡高差在150~300 m之间。（2）边坡上部危岩将呈阶梯状方式逐渐沿基底结构面滑移或者沿后缘结构面拉裂坠落。（3）研究区危岩崩落破坏模式主要为边坡上部岩体沿结构面解体破坏。（4）大部分隧道洞口边坡落石危险性较大,严重威胁隧道洞口的安全,需要采取相应的防治措施。研究成果可为在建的郑万高铁宜万段隧道边坡危岩的有效防治提供参考。     

基于H-B准则的各向异性边坡岩体强度参数修正研究

在岩质边坡的稳定性计算分析中,各向异性岩体抗剪强度参数的合理取值直接决定了分析成果的可靠性。为充分考虑岩体各向异性对边坡工程的影响,本文基于H-B强度准则,利用边坡岩体质量分类体系CSMR替代RMR,对参数m_b、s进行修正,并由此进一步计算得到各向异性边坡岩体的等效M-C强度参数。通过工程实例,计算比较了金沙江某水电站导流洞出口边坡在相同基岩条件、不同开挖设计方案下强度参数修正前后的边坡稳定安全系数。研究结果表明,岩体各向异性对边坡稳定性影响较大,未考虑岩体各向异性的岩体参数用于边坡稳定性计算时不能准确反映边坡的实际稳定性状态;而经过各向异性修正后,导流洞出口边坡两种设计方案下的整体稳定安全系数计算结果分别为1.11和1.70,与工程地质定性、半定量评价结果基本相符。通过本文提出的方法对边坡各向异性岩体参数进行修正,并在此基础上对边坡整体稳定性进行计算分析是可行的。     

水库边坡稳定性评价的改进云模型

水库边坡的稳定性受诸多因素的影响,以致其准确评价仍存在一定的困难。为克服传统的正态云模型方法在实际应用中存在的云模型特征值取值不统一以及使用期望隶属度而非实际隶属度两个问题,提出了改进型正态云模型,并在MATLAB软件平台上开发了便于模型应用的程序。选取影响水库边坡稳定性的12个主要因素作为评价指标,应用程序生成各评价指标在各稳定性等级的综合隶属度云模型,接着使用改进的熵权层次分析法确定各评价指标的相应权重,最后将平均综合隶属度最高值所在的级别确定为边坡的稳定性等级。将该方法应用于34个水电边坡工程稳定性评价实例,并将结果与现行国家规范推荐的CSMR法及这些边坡的实际状态进行了比对。结果表明该方法的准确度比CSMR法高,具有较好的可靠性和实用性,也可供公路、铁路或建筑等其他岩质边坡在进行稳定性评价时参考。     

A graphical approach for slope mass rating (SMR)

Slope mass rating (SMR) is a commonly used geomechanical classification for the characterization of rock slopes. SMR is computed adding to basic rock mass rating (RMR) index, calculated by characteristic values of the rock mass, several correction factors depending of the discontinuity–slope parallelism, the discontinuity dip, the relative dip between discontinuity and slope and the employed excavation method. In this work a graphical method based on the stereographic representation of the discontinuities and the slope to obtain correction parameters of the SMR (F₁, F₂ and F₃) is presented. This method allows the SMR correction factors to be easily obtained for a simple slope or for several practical applications as linear infrastructures slopes, open pit mining or trench excavations.     

基于开挖卸荷劣化的边坡岩体宏观力学参数USMR分析评价方法及验证

为研究锦屏某边坡岩体在开挖卸荷条件下的岩体宏观力学参数,对该区砂岩进行室内卸荷试验研究,结果表明：相对于加载试验,卸荷过程中岩样的强度及变形参数发生了劣化,低、高围压下岩石变形及破裂形式也有所不同。为此,在对SMR及CSMR修正的基础上,提出了考虑开挖方式、边坡形态及卸荷损伤的边坡卸荷岩体的评价体系USMR法。基于USMR法对研究区边坡开挖岩体宏观参数（变形模量Em、岩体抗压强度 、岩体抗拉强度 、岩体抗剪强度参数cm和 ）进行了动态分析,并分别考虑了不同围压 及卸荷损伤De条件下岩体参数的劣化规律。分析表明：开挖卸荷过程中岩体宏观参数发生了不同程度的劣化,拉应力区、低应力区和高应力区岩体参数的劣化规律有所不同,拉应力区及低应力区岩体力学参数对开挖卸荷更加敏感。研究结果对边坡开挖卸荷岩体的稳定性分析与评价具有一定指导意义。     

铁路隧道下穿公路引起的路面沉降规律和控制基准研究

目前,铁路隧道下穿公路引起的施工沉降规律和控制基准研究都是以某具体工程为背景制定的,缺乏统一的控制基准。从公路纵坡、横坡、平整度及工程结构稳定本身的需要出发,通过比较分析,提出了采用平整度要求控制施工路面不均匀沉降;在考虑路基高度、隧道尺寸、埋深、地质和施工方法影响条件下,通过FLAC数值计算软件对单双线铁路隧道下穿公路的数值模拟,分析路面沉降规律,得到了沉降槽宽度系数和最大沉降量的预测模型;结合平整度要求及沉降槽宽度系数预测模型制定了铁路隧道下穿公路引起的路面沉降控制基准。通过大量工程实例来验证了提出的沉降控制基准的合理性,其结果可为铁路隧道下穿其他建筑物引起的地表沉降控制基准的制定提供参考。     

Geotechnical Problems of Botan Bridge Piers Construction (Siirt,Turkey)

The Botan Bridge in Siirt (Turkey), now under construction, will carry a road across the River Botan and the lake which will be created by the Pervari Dam, 180 m high. The bridge has two piers with height of 115.88 m, and the total length of deck is 450 m which is built in accordance with the free cantilever method. The paper deals with foundations used in Botan Bridge for dam reservoir crossing bridge structures. Some of the geotechnical problems of construction of these foundations are highlighted. The slope debris deposits and basement rocks being ophiolite and the metamorphic rocks (calc schist, chlorite schist and meta-sediments) contribute to the geotechnical problems. Ophiolite, calc schist and chlorite schist, contains significant percentage of chlorite, feldspars, carbonates and serpentinites; their effect needs to be assessed in the interpretation of pier foundation construction and slope stability calculations. For this purpose, in situ and laboratory tests have been performed. Ophiolitic rock mass properties are an important factor for slope stability of rocks and foundation construction.     

川藏铁路廊道板块缝合带对软岩分布的控制效应及其工程影响

软岩长期以来都是工程建设中重点关注的对象,在具有高地应力、高温、高水压等复杂环境特点的川藏铁路廊道更是不可忽视的难题,但目前区域软岩的发育分布特征及其工程效应还未有深入的研究.本文在铁路廊道及邻区地质填图成果的基础上,结合岩体结构调查、岩石回弹测试以及微观分析,发现缝合带对软岩发育有着明显的控制效应.取得如下认识:(1...     

Field investigation of force and displacement within a strata slope using a real-time remote monitoring system

Research on monitoring and forecasting technology for slope stability is important for ensuring railway operation. This paper presents field investigation of force and displacement within a strata slope using a real-time remote monitoring system. Based on the interactions of the landslide body, the landslide bed and the monitoring anchor of slope, the mechanical principle of relative movement between the landslide body and the landslide bed can be found. This paper puts forward stress data obtained from a monitoring anchor as the main criterion for landslide stability. The stress will change continually inside the slope mass before the occurrence of a landslide. When the sliding force is larger than the anti-sliding force, deformation and landslides will occur; thus, the change in stress occurs before the change in displacement. In this study, the internal stress, deep displacement and surface strain of a railway slope were measured by a real-time remote-monitoring system, and a vibration metre was installed on the surface of the railway slope to study the influence of the train vibration load on the stability of the slope. The monitoring results are synthetically analysed temporally and spatially, then a railway slope forecasting model is proposed. According to the railway slope field application, the forecasting model makes successful predictions.     

典型隧道断面形态对拟建滇西大理至瑞丽铁路高黎贡山隧道稳定性影响的数值模拟分析

拟建的大理—瑞丽铁路穿越横断山区南段的滇西南地区,地形、地貌和地质条件都极为复杂,其中高黎贡山深埋超长隧道的工程稳定性问题一直是困扰铁路选线、设计和施工的重大工程难点。针对不同形态隧道断面可能对高黎贡山超长隧道工程稳定性产生的影响问题,在充分综合该区野外地质调查、地应力测量、岩石力学实验等成果与资料的基础上,利用ANSYS有限元应力分析软件对不同形态隧道断面的应力分布进行了有限元计算,给出了应力分布图像,分析了断面应力分布的特点和断面形状对应力分布的影响。同时,计算了围岩的应力与强度比,对2种不同断面的围岩稳定性进行了分析对比,最后根据分析结果对不同隧道断面形态下的隧道稳定性进行了综合评价,并据此提出了铁路隧道断面设计与施工中应重点关注的问题。     

典型隧道断面形态对拟建滇西大理至瑞丽铁路 高黎贡山隧道稳定性影响的数值模拟分析

拟建的大理—瑞丽铁路穿越横断山区南段的滇西南地区,地形、地貌和地质条件都极为复杂,其中高黎贡山深埋超长隧道的工程稳定性问题一直是困扰铁路选线、设计和施工的重大工程难点。针对不同形态隧道断面可能对高黎贡山超长隧道工程稳定性产生的影响问题,在充分综合该区野外地质调查、地应力测量、岩石力学实验等成果与资料的基础上,利用ANSYS有限元应力分析软件对不同形态隧道断面的应力分布进行了有限元计算,给出了应力分布图像,分析了断面应力分布的特点和断面形状对应力分布的影响。同时,计算了围岩的应力与强度比,对2种不同断面的围岩稳定性进行了分析对比,最后根据分析结果对不同隧道断面形态下的隧道稳定性进行了综合评价,并据此提出了铁路隧道断面设计与施工中应重点关注的问题。     

Empirical and numerical analyses of support requirements for a diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site, eastern Turkey

This paper presents the engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site that contains units of basalt and tuffites. Empirical, theoretical and numerical approaches were used and compared in this study focusing on tunnel design safety. Rock masses at the site were characterized using three empirical methods, namely rock mass rating (RMR), rock mass quality (Q) and geological strength index (GSI). The RMR, Q and GSI ratings were determined by using field data and the mechanical properties of intact rock samples were evaluated in the laboratory. Support requirements were proposed accordingly in terms of different rock mass classification systems. The convergence–confinement method was used as the theoretical approach. Support systems were also analyzed using a commercial software based on the finite element method (FEM). The parameters calculated by empirical methods were used as input parameters for the FEM analysis. The results from the two methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that a more reliable and safe design could be achieved by using a combination of empirical, analytical and numerical approaches.     

碎裂岩石路堑边坡稳定性评价与安全防护设计

以湖北省209省道宣恩段东门关隧道进口段的典型碎裂结构路堑岩质边坡为例,针对该边坡工程地质、水文地质、岩体结构特征以及前期变形破坏迹象,判断出边坡的变形破坏模式。在此基础上,通过现行规范推荐的不平衡推力法,对边坡的稳定性进行评价,并进行了安全防护设计。在设计过程中,针对常规技术容易出现的冒顶剪出、桩间土挤出和锚索预应力损失衰减等问题,提出避开使用此类技术,而采用削坡、锚杆、格构以及挡墙等措施,试图为解决碎裂结构岩石路堑边坡的分析与防护难题提出一种新的思路。