GPS数据处理中的坐标系统一问题

针对CGCS2000坐标系的启用,探讨了GPS数据中存在的坐标系统一问题,这些问题主要有：GPS基线向量坐标框架的统一、基线向量历元的统一、基线向量影响的量级分析和起算坐标的兼容性分析,并给出了相应的数学模型及适用条件。     

Rigorous transformation of variance–covariance matrices of GPS-derived coordinates and velocities

With the advances in the field of GPS positioning and the global densification of permanent GPS tracking stations, it is now possible to determine at the highest level of accuracy the transformation parameters connecting various international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF) realizations. As a by-product of these refinements, not only the seven usual parameters of the similarity transformations between frames are available, but also their rates, all given at some epoch t _k . This paper introduces rigorous matrix equations to estimate variance–covariance matrices for transformed coordinates at any epoch t based on a stochastic model that takes into consideration all a priori information of the parameters involved at epoch t _k , and the coordinates and velocities at the reference frame initial epoch t ₀. The results of this investigation suggest that in order to attain maximum accuracy, the agencies determining the 14-parameter transformations between reference frames should also publish their full variance–covariance matrix. Electronic Publication     

一种实现西安80坐标系地形图向北京54坐标系快速转换的简易方法

本文针对GIS应用中经常遇到的西安80和北京54坐标之间的转换问题,提出了实现两种坐标系地形图相互转换的简易方法。首先利用MAPGIS软件自动生成西安80矢量标准图框,根据坐标改正参数,将西安80坐标系图框转换到北京54坐标系,再以它为参照基准,对地形图进行逐格网纠正,实现西安80坐标系地形图向北京54坐标系的转换。该方法操作简单,易于实现,非常适合于非测绘人员使用。     

ITRF框架与CGCS2000坐标转换的研究

本文推导计算了ITRF2005与ITRF97的框架转换参数,对框架转换和历元归算进行了深入研究。利用国内4个IGS站的数据,对先历元后框架和先框架后历元的两种转换方法进行实例验证,分析了转换结果的精度,并对坐标转换方法的使用提出了一些建议。      

基于速度场模型的区域CGCS2000坐标实时转换

从WGS84到CGCS2000的坐标转换,涉及坐标框架转换和历元转换两个问题.如何提高大区域坐标转换精度,是一直以来的研究热点,针对大区域坐标转换精度较低的问题,考虑历元转换,提出融合速度场改正信息的坐标转换方法.该方法对建立速度场改正模型进行了研究,分析比较了各模型的精度和可靠性,在此基础上选择一种模型用于实现CGC...     

毫米级地球参考框架动态维持技术研究进展

毫米级地球参考框架的实现需要毫米级的动态维持技术。目前的动态维持技术主要有基于线性速度的线性维持技术、综合考虑基准站非线性运动和地心运动的非线性维持技术以及历元参考框架技术。首先简要总结了线性维持技术的发展现状,从影响机制和坐标时间序列两个角度,围绕坐标非线性变化的建模方法,重点梳理了非线性维持技术的研究进展;然后对历元参考框架的实现过程及其在参考框架维持中的应用进行了介绍;最后基于对现状的分析,提出了实现毫米级地球参考框架动态维持需要解决的几个关键问题。     

坐标参考框架长期解内约束模型

地球参考框架是一切测绘活动、地球科学研究的物理基础。目前,地球参考框架常采用长期解的形式,即利用一组全球分布的基准站在某一参考历元的坐标和速度来表示。由于观测有误差,且各基准站又具有非线性变化,故需要对不同历元的瞬时地球参考框架进行累积,形成稳定的长期参考框架。以不同历元观测数据得到的瞬时参考框架成果为输入,构建了一种基于多历元观测数据建立参考框架长期累积解的融合模型。从坐标转换模型和测站坐标的时变模型出发,详细推导了建立长期解的函数模型,依据该函数模型的秩亏数设计了转换参数的内约束基准。采用2010-08—2014-12的国际全球导航卫星系统服务第2次处理结果进行试算,并与国际地球参考框架2014成果进行了对比。结果表明,X、Y、Z方向标准偏差分别为3.45 ?mm、4.04 mm、2.84 mm,速度精度分别为1.53 mm/a、1.46 mm/a、1.21 mm/a,X、Y、Z方向的加权均方根误差优于3 ?mm。     

基于GNSS的CGCS2000数据处理技术综述

2000国家大地坐标系（CGCS2000）发布后的推广使用不仅涉及大量参心坐标系下的成果转换,同时也涉及基于全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）手段获得的点位坐标的归算。获取GNSS观测数据和将其归算到CGCS2000采用的策略方法不同,如参考站选择原则不同,整网平差前的分区方案不同以及采用不同的方法将位置从当前历元改正到CGCS2000等,将会使最终的CGCS2000系下的坐标差异较大,最大可达到分米级。造成这种结果的原因在于GNSS数据处理的多个环节中依赖数据处理软件操作者的理解,存在人为的选择,换言之,GNSS数据处理缺乏科学的规则为依据。鉴于此,采用一种统计方法,即监督聚类作为参考站选择规则;采用间距分区法进行区域划分;并用板块运动归算方法将当前历元位置改正到CGCS2000。其中基于间距分区方案的站坐标解算精度优于区域划分方案,三维方向的坐标精度优于2 mm。通过以上方案设计,X、Y、Z方向上的速度从0.92、0.72、0.97 mm/a分别降至0.19、0.45、0.32 mm/a,优化和改进了CGCS2000框架维持精度。     

顾及时变的参考框架转换研究

在传统的大地坐标参考框架转换中,参考点都被固定在同一个历元。由于各种地球动力学现象的存在,以大地测量为目的的静态参考系统已不存在,同时随着高精度参考框架的连续观测和测定,参考框架的转化必须顾及时变性。本文讨论了时变参考框架转换中2个互逆的过程,采纳了相似转换中参考点之间的内在约束来克服转换中人为的公式简化和秩亏问题。通过数值计算分析,该方法成功实现了坐标框架之间的转换,并保持了尺度、旋转和平移参数及其变化率精度的独立性。     

单频GPS短基线快速定位中的少数历元算法

研究了短基线时利用少数历元的单频GPS载波相位观测值进行快速定位的一种算法。基于TIK-HONOV正则化原理，选择了一种具有物理意义的正则化矩阵，以减弱法矩阵的病态性。新算法只需解算几个历元的单频GPS相位数据，就可得到比较准确的模糊度浮动解及其相应的均方误差矩阵，用均方误差矩阵代替协方差阵，结合LAMBDA方法，可准确、快速地确定模糊度，最后得到基线向量的解。结合短基线算例，将少数历元算法与最小二乘估计的结果作了比较分析，得出了新解法的有效性。     

Le theoreme de conservation de la courbure et de la torsion

Based on exterior calculus, the G. Frobenius integration theorem, holonomic and anholonomic Riemannian geometry, the typical geodetic problems are summarized in a unified manner. The E. Cartan pseudotorsion of natural orthogonal coordinates causes the misclosure of a closed three dimensional traverse. Natural coordinate differences are path dependent, anholonomic, nonintegrable, nonunique, therefore. The geodetic pseudotorsion form depends only on the components of the A. Marussi tensor of gravity gradients. A physically defined coordinate system can be found which is pseudotorsion free, whose coordinates are holonomic, integrable, unique. The G. Frobenius transformation matrix is of rank three, explaining the number of three dimensions of an intrinsic surface geometry. The matrix elements depend on either the second derivatives of the real gravity potential and the Euclidean norm of its gravity vector or the second derivatives of the standard gravity potential, the Euclidean norm of its standard gravity vector and the vertical deflections. Incomplete information of the earth's gravity field leads to the concept of boundary value problems and satellite geodesy.      

北斗坐标系

北斗坐标系是北斗卫星导航系统的大地基准.本文在扼要叙述背景情况之后,首先给出了北斗坐标系原点、尺度、定向的定义和参考椭球的定义和导出常数;其次介绍北斗坐标系的首次实现,这次实现由北斗系统的8个监测站在历元2010.0的ITRF2014框架下的坐标和速度体现,它们是通过处理一个包括8个监测站的全球GNSS网4期GPS数据、框架对准与监测站坐标序列的线性回归拟合得到的;最后就参考框架的更新周期、监测站境外布设和连续观测、精密星历的生成与发布,北斗坐标系的标准化问题进行了讨论,并提出一些建议.     

GPS形变监测网基线处理中系统误差的分析

分析了高精度GPS形变监测网基线处理中系统误差产生的原因，分类及其对基线处理的影响，并在此基础上提出消除和削弱这些系统误差影响的一些原则和算法。     

On the Hipparcos Link to the ICRF derived from VLA and MERLIN radio astrometry

Positions and proper motions obtained from observations by the very large array (VLA) and the multi-element radio-linked interferometer network (MERLIN) are used to establish the link of the Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame (HCRF) to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The VLA and MERLIN data are apparently the latest ones published in the literature. Their mean epoch at around 2001 is about 10 years after the epoch of the Hipparcos catalogue and, therefore, the data are considered suitable to check the Hipparcos link established at epoch 1991.25. The parameters of the link, i.e., the angles of frame orientation and the angular rates of frame rotation, are estimated by fitting these parameters to the differences of the optical and radio positions and proper motions of stars common to the Hipparcos catalogue and the VLA and MERLIN data. Both the estimates of the angles of orientation and the angular rates of rotation show nearly consistent but insignificant results for all samples of stars treated. We conclude that not only the size of the samples of 9–15 stars is too small, but also that the accuracy of the radio positions and, above all, of the radio proper motions is insufficient, the latter being based on early-epoch star positions of low accuracy. The present observational data at epoch 2001 suggest that maintenance of the Hipparcos frame is not feasible at this stage.     

GPS/INS组合系统中姿态参数估计准确性检验方法探讨

从滤波的关键矩阵——增益阵入手进行分析,发现机动条件下经典组合模型受状态预报模型不准的影响,姿态参数滤波估值及其更新方差阵偏离准确值,指出常用的姿态参数精度衡量指标不合理。提出了利用组合系统输出的载体系中某些方向速度为0的条件对姿态参数估值的准确性进行检验的思想。新的检验方法不需要增加任何额外设备,经济、方便、简单。     

The role of frame definitions in the geodetic determination of crustal deformation parameters

A study of the role of coordinate frame definitions in the determination of crustal deformation parameters is first carried out for the theoretical case where displacement information between two discrete time epochs is continuously available for all area points. The obtained results are next applied to the realistic case where the required continuous information is derived by means of an interpolation of the known coordinate variations at the points of a horizontal geodetic network. The problem is different from the usual one of frame-invariant interpolation, since not only the domain of definition, but also the interpolated quantities, depend on independent choices of coordinate frames. Specific necessary and sufficient conditions for the invariance of derived crustal deformation parameters are given for linear type of interpolations of either the coordinates at the second epoch or of the displacements. With the help of the above conditions the invariance characteristics of two commonly used types of linear interpolations are finally derived, in order to illustrate the practical significance of the results.     

Transformation method of exterior orientation angular elements obtained via position and orientation system under Gauss-Kruger projection coordinate system

Data obtained via airborne position and orientation system (POS) is in WGS 84 global geocentric reference frame, while the national coordinate reference system for topographic mapping in China is generally Gauss-Kruger projection coordinate system. Therefore, data obtained via a POS must be transformed to national coordinate system. Owing to the effects of earth curvature and meridian deviation, there are some errors in the process of angle transformation from roll, pitch, and heading (Φ ,Θ ,Ψ )obtained dir...     

New results in airborne vector gravimetry using strapdown INS/DGPS

A method for airborne vector gravimetry has been developed. The method is based on developing the error dynamics equations of the INS in the inertial frame where the INS system errors are estimated in a wave estimator using inertial GPS position as update. Then using the error-corrected INS acceleration and the GPS acceleration in the inertial frame, the gravity disturbance vector is extracted. In the paper, the focus is on the improvement of accuracy for the horizontal components of the airborne gravity vector. This is achieved by using a decoupled model in the wave estimator and decorrelating the gravity disturbance from the INS system errors through the estimation process. The results of this method on the real strapdown INS/DGPS data are promising. The internal accuracy of the horizontal components of the estimated gravity disturbance for repeated airborne lines is comparable with the accuracy of the down component and is about 4–8 mGal. Better accuracy (2–4 mGal) is achieved after applying a wave-number correlation filter (WCF) to the parallel lines of the estimated airborne gravity disturbances.     

总体最小二乘法在坐标转换中的应用

在测量数据处理中,最为经典的处理方法是最小二乘法,认为误差只是包含在观测向量当中,系数矩阵中不包含误差。实际上由于模型等因素,系数矩阵中经常存在着误差。为了平差的严密性和精确性,采用一种可以同时顾及观测向量误差和系数矩阵误差的总体最小二乘方法,应用于测量数据处理和坐标转换中,得到更符合实际的平差处理,获得更准确的坐标转换参数。     

Remarks on Time and Reference Frames

The transformation of the instantaneous terrestrial coordinate system to the mean or average earth-fixed one is parameterized by the polar motion components which are continuously changing in time. Using the non-symmetricity of the connection coefficients connecting the above frames the errors (“misclosures”) are estimated which would be present if the instantaneous frame would be used as the geodetic reference frame.