胶东半岛海滩旅游资源可持续开发利用的探讨

沿海地区是当今最发达的全球性旅游带 ,旅游业发展过程中依托滨海海滩旅游资源进行的海岸带旅游综合开发 ,最能体现旅游业投资少、见效快、收益大的经济特点。所以 ,发达国家十分重视对滨海海滩资源的合理开发利用和保护 ,以确保滨海旅游资源的可持续开发利用和旅游业的可持续发展［９］。海岸可持续开发 (ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＣｏａｓｔａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ)是当前国际学术界十分活跃的领域 ,服务于海岸可持续开发的海岸带管理受到广泛的关注［１ ,１０］。人类活动从多个层面对海洋大环境产生强烈影响［２］,海滩也不例外。海滩…     

浅析我国海滩保护管理基线

海滩资源是我国沿海重要的自然资源之一,在具备护岸功能的同时又极具旅游功能。然而,受风暴潮、海平面上升等自然因素及直接或间接的开发等人为因素的影响,近年来我国海滩资源破坏严重,部分海滩资源退化甚至消失。基于此,文章提出建立我国海滩保护管理基线,禁止在基线管理范围内从事挖沙以及建筑施工等人类开发活动的建议。文章从海岸地貌、海滩自然形态、生态特征和开发类型等方面定性地提出建立以海岸线为陆域控制线;从维护泥沙动态平衡和保持海滩自然特征为基础提出建立以闭合深度线为近岸海域控制线。该管理基线的建立对规范针对海滩环境的人类开发活动、维护我国沿海海滩资源的可持续发展以及保护海岸生态环境具有一定意义。     

乡村海滩旅游资源质量评价的建立——以雷州半岛为例

我国海滩旅游资源开发程度不高,还存在大量的优质乡村海滩资源未被利用,具有巨大的潜在经济价值和社会效益,是未来海滨旅游开发的重点。对旅游海滩质量进行科学评价是海滩开发的重要基础工作之一。国内外成熟的海滩质量评价体系侧重于滨海旅游的舒适性和服务完善性,比较适合于开发完善的城市旅游海滩,目前没有针对乡村旅游海滩资源的质量评价体系。本文结合了国内外海滩资源质量评价的研究方法,根据乡村海滩旅游海滩的独特性,从资源开发潜力、资源自然条件、海滩沉积动力特征及安全性3类评价因素19个评价因子,建立了乡村海滩旅游资源质量评价指标体系和乡村海滩旅游资源质量分类体系。结合现场调查数据,利用该评价体系对雷州半岛沿岸18个乡村海滩进行了质量评价和分类。结果表明该海滩质量评价体系可为乡村海滩资源的综合利用、保护和开发提供理论和技术支持。最后,分析指出在海滩质量评价体系中引入地形动力理论,对海滩裂流安全性因子进行评价的重要性。     

海滩养护对海滩生态系统的多尺度影响述评

海滩是常见且脆弱的滨海生态系统,具有极大的生态服务功能。受气候变化和人类活动的多重影响,海滩生态系统受损严重。海滩养护是利用人工补沙的方式对海滩地貌进行修复,是抵御海岸侵蚀和改善海滩环境的有效措施,以往的养护往往忽略了对海滩生态系统的影响,许多研究表明海滩养护对海滩生态系统会产生多方面、多尺度的复杂影响。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,梳理出海滩生态系统的构成、特点和功能,分析了海滩生态受损的基本特征,对海滩养护对海滩生态系统多尺度影响过程及影响机制进行了重点述评,并从降低负面生态影响角度给出了海滩养护技术优化方法,以支撑海滩生态系统适应性管理和可持续利用。     

利用海滩养护技术 提高滨海城市品位

<正>滨海沙滩是十分重要的旅游资源,据统计在美国夏季有75%的旅游者选择海滩作为旅游目的地,海滩旅游在各发达国家旅游业中占据重要地位。20世纪90年代以来,我国滨海旅游业收入增长较快,目前已经成为海洋产业的主要支柱之一。     

滨海湿地管理中的问题认识及解决策略探讨

随着沿海经济的快速发展,对湿地资源的开发利用加剧,目前我国滨海湿地保护及管理始终存在这样或那样的问题,导致滨海湿地受损、退化的现象日趋严重。因此,树立生态文明理念,推进滨海湿地管理、保护滨海湿地资源刻不容缓。文章以北海区为研究区域,通过对滨海湿地管理状况及趋势的调查和分析,系统诊断滨海湿地管理中存在的主要问题,以提出推进滨海湿地科学管理的对策与建议,促进滨海湿地开发利用与经济、社会的良性发展,同时为解决海洋管理工作中类似问题提供可借鉴的思路,全面推动海洋管理工作的科学规范发展。     

我国海滩游客安全事故数据库和事故特征分析

为填补我国海滩游客安全事故的研究空白,同时为滨海旅游区的海洋灾害风险调查和防灾减灾策略制定提供支撑,文章通过互联网搜索并提取公开报道中的海滩游客安全事故信息,并对事故特征进行分析。研究结果表明:2001—2019年我国沿海地区发生619次海滩游客安全事故,涉及人员1 141人（其中溺亡和失踪660人）;事故集中发生在我国东海南部和南海沿岸,其中福建、海南、广东和山东最多;事故量于每年7—8月达到峰值,在15—18时的时间段最多;失事游客中7～24岁的年轻群体占比最高,男性人数约为女性人数的4.1倍;已知的大部分事故发生在游客游泳或戏水时,海浪和潮汐是有明确记载的造成事故的最重要自然动力因素;建议重视对海滩安全知识的科普宣传和对安全事故的规范化管理,同时提高游客的安全意识。     

2010—2020及影响因素分析年青岛海滩剖面稳定性

海滩的稳定性及其演变是砂质海滩研究的重要内容。在全球砂质海滩普遍遭受侵蚀的背景下,分析部分稳定海滩的特征和原因可以为海滩维护和科学管理提供重要参考。本文基于近 11 年 （2010—2020 年） 青岛第一、第三和石老人海水浴场共 8 条典型剖面的实地监测高程数据,对海滩滩肩宽度和单宽体积进行计算对比,研究表明,除石老人海水浴场一个剖面变化较大外,其他剖面的滩肩宽度只变化了 0~14 m,是 11 年前的 0%~23.3%;单宽体积变化了 8.5~46.5 m3,是 11 年前的1.0%~9.4%;海滩剖面垂向扰动范围一般在 30~60 cm 范围内。海滩存在局部小尺度淤积或侵蚀,剖面形态总体较为稳定。海平面变化、台风和风暴潮等自然因素是海岸轻微侵蚀或调整的重要影响因素,但对海滩的优化管理 （包括定期监测海滩、适度展开养护、制定完善的管理政策和加强执行力度等人为因素） 可以应对这些海滩变化,并且已成为近年来该研究海滩保持稳定的关键因素。     

旅游海滩质量评价在海滩管理中的应用研究——以南澳岛青澳湾海滩为例

海滩是宝贵的旅游资源,健康的海滩系统在旅游、沿岸防护安全等多方面能提供很多有价值的服务,但当前旅游海滩在生态环境质量、旅游体验等方面尚存在诸多问题。旅游海滩质量评价是对旅游海滩自然属性和开发利用水平的综合评价,能较为客观地反映出旅游海滩环境质量水平,是较为有效的海滩管理工具之一。本研究在现场环境调查和游客问卷调查的基础上,建立旅游海滩质量评价指标体系,开展了广东青澳湾海滩质量评价,并对其影响因素进行分析。结果显示:当前青澳湾海滩开发程度、海滩环境质量尚未达到良好水平。根据评价结果,对青澳湾海滩的可持续发展提出了完善海滩旅游配套设施和配套服务,对海滩进行系统的规划,建立科学的旅游海滩质量评价体系和环境监测、调控体系等建议。     

2010—2020年青岛海滩剖面稳定性及影响因素分析

海滩的稳定性及其演变是砂质海滩研究的重要内容。在全球砂质海滩普遍遭受侵蚀的背景下,分析部分稳定海滩的特征和原因可以为海滩维护和科学管理提供重要参考。本文基于近11年（2010—2020年）青岛第一、第三和石老人海水浴场共8条典型剖面的实地监测高程数据,对海滩滩肩宽度和单宽体积进行计算对比,研究表明,除石老人海水浴场一个剖面变化较大外,其他剖面的滩肩宽度只变化了0～14 m,是11年前的0%～23.3%;单宽体积变化了8.5～46.5 m3,是11年前的1.0%～9.4%;海滩剖面垂向扰动范围一般在30～60 cm范围内。海滩存在局部小尺度淤积或侵蚀,剖面形态总体较为稳定。海平面变化、台风和风暴潮等自然因素是海岸轻微侵蚀或调整的重要影响因素,但对海滩的优化管理（包括定期监测海滩、适度展开养护、制定完善的管理政策和加强执行力度等人为因素）可以应对这些海滩变化,并且已成为近年来该研究海滩保持稳定的关键因素。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.