天津滨海地区土壤剖面盐渍化特征及其影响因素

土壤盐渍化是由自然或人类活动引起的一种环境风险,对工农业生产具有重要影响。本次研究在天津滨海地区布置了6条具有代表性的土壤盐渍化剖面,选取其中4个剖面进行了为期两年的按月采样监测。研究发现,除了BHY6土壤剖面由于长年耕种,表现为平衡型土壤剖面形态之外,其余基本表现为底聚型土壤盐渍化剖面形态;从剖面中下部直到底部浅层地下水位附近,土壤中阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以Cl-或Cl-+HCO-3为主,尤其在浅层地下水矿化度显著偏高(达盐水程度)的地区,土壤中Na+、Cl-所占比例具有绝对优势,具有滨海盐土的基本发生特征;气候因素、浅层地下水矿化度及埋深、表层土壤植被都是滨海地区土壤盐渍化的重要影响因素。表层土壤表现出春季积盐、夏季脱盐、秋冬季缓慢积盐的特征,浅层地下水矿化度越高、埋深越浅,其土壤剖面含盐量越高;果林地和长期耕种的土地可以降低土壤盐分的活性,有效抑制盐分的累积,降低滨海地区土壤盐渍化程度,保护和改良土壤。     

淮北平原覆盖区土壤采样密度及其环境质量研究——以1∶5万高炉集幅为例

以1∶5万高炉集幅为研究对象,在6个点/km2及4个点/km2两种采样密度条件下,土壤元素在地球化学参数特征及空间分布上均相近,表明该图幅内采样密度4个点/km2可以满足1∶5万土地质量调查评价工作的要求.基于不同采样密度下土壤元素地球化学特征的对比分析,提出淮北平原覆盖区地质背景相对单一的连片耕地区开展1∶5万土地质...     

青铜峡灌区春灌前土壤盐分与盐渍化特征及空间分布

土壤盐分与盐渍化的特征和时空分布特征研究，对土壤盐渍化防治和土壤开发利用十分重要。根据在青铜峡灌区布设的80个代表性土壤样点0～60 cm分层取样测定的土壤全盐量数据，采用经典统计学、地质统计学，结合GIS技术研究灌区春灌前土壤全盐量、主要化学组分特征与盐渍化空间分布格局。结果表明：(1)青铜峡灌区不同深度土壤全盐量呈偏态分布且都属强变异强度；土壤全盐量与主要盐分离子均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);阴阳离子间的强相关性反映出不同深度土壤盐分阴阳离子组合十分复杂。(2)不同深度土壤全盐量和K⁺+Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃含量具有中等-较强烈的空间自相关性，最大自相关距离均未超过灌区最大直线范围的1/3。(3)灌区0～20 cm土壤属于非、轻度、中度、重度盐化土和盐土的面积分别是437.68 km²、615.43 km²、650.00 km²、2 ...     

电导率在土壤盐渍化研究中的应用——以张掖城市湿地为例

土壤浸出液的电导率与土壤全盐量呈正相关,含盐量越高,浸出液的渗透压越大,电导率也越大。通过张掖城市湿地盐渍化土壤分布区土壤浸出液电导率与土壤全盐量线型回归分析,其相关性十分显著。利用确定的相关关系,并可直接用电导率的数值来推测全盐量的到高低。     

西北地区黑河中游盐渍化地区土壤盐分特征

土壤盐渍化是黑河中游可持续发展面临的主要问题之一,有必要深入分析该区盐渍化土壤的盐分含量以及各可溶性离子的相关性。通过野外考察和GPS定点等手段,在甘肃张掖市高台县境内黑河两侧盐渍化土壤进行了采样。采样方式为人工坑探分层取样法,地表5 cm内取样,如土壤剖面层位变化时取样,层位不变或者层位厚度超过50 cm时,平均30 cm取一次样;待水位静止后,采取地下水样品。一共坑探15个剖面,共采取90个土壤样品和15个地下水样品。样品的盐分以及各可溶性离子含量的测试结果表明:区内表层土壤属于重度盐渍土,土壤中盐类主要为硫酸盐,其次为氯化物,盐分聚集层的厚度在20~30 cm之间;在各层中,含盐量与SO24-、K++Na+、Cl-、Mg2+相关性较强,SO42-、Cl-与K++Na+的相关性较强,但在深度为90~100 cm的土层中各种相关性都减弱;土壤垂直剖面上,颗粒越细的层位其盐分含量越大,颗粒越粗的层位其盐分含量越小,而且颗粒粗大的层位越厚其表层盐渍化程度越低,颗粒细小的层位越厚则表层盐渍化程度增高。     

山东烟台市土壤中有机氯农药的分布特征

在山东烟台市1.3万km2范围内以1个点/36 km2采样密度采集表层土壤样品408件,测试六六六、滴滴涕等10项指标,并研究其含量变化.区内土壤中停用近30年的六六六、滴滴涕仍有检出,且部分样点含量较高,按土壤环境质量评价标准,研究区内出现了Ⅲ类和超Ⅲ类土壤.土壤中六六六的4种异构体,除个别样点δ-HCH含量高外,其...     

中国典型地区土壤碳储量研究

利用多目标区域地球化学调查高精度和高密度土壤碳分布数据,建立"单位土壤碳量",采用指数模型计算方法,取得各地区土壤碳储量数据.按照土壤类型、土地利用分类、生态系统及自然景观等划分方式,按照 0～0.2m,0～1.0m和 0～1.8m不同土壤深度,分析了四川、湖南、吉林、江苏、河北、陕西等代表性地区有机碳储量空间分布特征,进行中国土壤碳储量研究.计算结果表明,全国土壤碳储量分布不均匀.按照 0～1.8m深度比较,成都平原土壤碳储量为1462.9Mt,碳密度为24813t/km2; 吉林平原区碳储量1381.96Mt,碳密度14473t/km2; 湖南洞庭湖区碳储量757.65Mt,碳密度18171t/km2; 江苏省碳储量1468.87Mt,碳密度13802t/km2; 陕西渭河平原碳储量165.47Mt,碳密度12124t/km2; 河北平原区碳储量844.84Mt,碳密度10525t/km2.按照面积加权平均计算,推算出全国多目标区域地球化学调查地区平均碳密度,0～0.2m为3186t/km2,0～1.0m为11646t/km2,0～1.8m为15339t/km2.     

基于异质SVM神经网络的土壤盐渍化灾害预测模型

为研究银川平原普遍存在的土壤盐渍化问题,文章对银川平原的土壤盐渍化程度及潜在的发展趋势作出预测。利用Landsat 8 OLI数据与野外实测数据,选取地面高程、地下水位埋深、地下水溶解性总固体、植被指数、盐分指数及干旱指数为预测指标并提取指标值建立数据集,结合野外实测样点数据,建立基于异质支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM)神经网络算法的盐渍化灾害预测模型。结果表明:（1）建立预测模型时,选择Radial Basis Funciton作为模型的核函数,c=100且g=3时预测精度最高可达85%;（2）研究区轻度盐渍化土壤面积约854 km2,中度盐渍化土壤面积约985 km2,重度盐渍化土壤面积约231 km2,主要分布在平罗县西大滩、银川芦花和吴忠苦水河地区;（3）银川平原北部的土壤盐渍化情况较严重且多分布于耕地周围的撂荒地以及地下水位埋藏较浅的地区,耕地资源中土壤盐渍化状况较严重,应注重耕地的合理灌溉与排水,增加土壤的可持续利用性。     

东北平原区地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价合理采样密度研究

选择吉林省公主岭市大岭地区作为东北平原区典型代表区域开展土壤元素空间变异性、经典统计学合理取样数及不同采用密度数据空间插值对比研究。结果表明:(1)受地形平坦及成土母质相对单一等因素影响,研究区土壤元素空间变异性总体较小,大部分以轻中度变异为主(变异系数<15%),受人为因素影响较大的Cd、Hg变异系数分别为35.3%、136.6%,属于高度变异。(2)经典统计学确定的研究区合理采样数为80,该样本量可在95%的置信区间及允许误差为30%的条件下反应区内土壤元素含量的均值与方差,但因未考虑样本的空间属性,不足以反应区内土壤元素空间变异特征,具有一定的局限性。(3)通过对均匀抽稀后4种不同采样密度数据与实测数据空间插值对比研究,在定量评估空间插值相对误差、地块预测值相对误差及预测等级与实测等级一致性的基础上,结合土地质量地球化学调查工作精度要求,提出研究区地块尺度地球化学评价工作合理采样密度为8个点/km2,该密度可在确保评价精度的前提下,大幅减少采样数量和工作成本。上述结论为东北平原及类似地区大面积开展地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价工作提供了关键的技术支撑,对进一步完善土地质量地球化学评价方法技术具有重要意义。     

"金土地工程"区农业地质调查土壤测量方法及精度探讨

对专项农用土地整理-"金土地工程"区大比例尺农业地质调查中的土壤地球化学测量方法及精度进行了试验.结果表明,单样分析能更真实地反映土壤地球化学的分布特征,经济实用的采样密度为16点/ km2～32点/ km2(100ha),地球化学图件编绘以距离倒数插值法成图效果更好.     

Experimental study on soluble salt of dredger fill in Central Fishing Harbor of Tianjin

Taking the soil of Central Fishing Harbor of Tianjin undrained and drained by vaculty as an example, we made detail analysis on draining condition of soil,element and distribution of soluble salt in this Harbor area and scratched its influence on IP ,pH and engineering property of soil． The authors found out that the soluble salt content of the undrained was higher than of the drained,and the contents of Na + and Cl － in both nearly take up 50% respectly． The content of other soluble salt was very low,and along with the deepening of sampling,the content variety regulation was nearly the same among Na + ,Cl － and the total contents of soluble salt． To the same kind of cohesive soil,IP is different for various contents of soluble salt in the soil． The relationship between IP and soluble salt contents were nearly the same for the drained and the undrained,but the variety range of IP in the undrained was much larger．     

土地质量地球化学评价成果与若干问题探讨:以浙江省金华市汤溪镇为例

为进一步总结完善丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查评价方法技术,2013年在中国地质调查局的支持下,选择浙江省金华市汤溪镇农用地分布区开展了试点调查和采样密度对比试验。基于调查数据进行了土壤酸碱度(p H)、土壤养分丰缺、土壤环境质量和土壤质量地球化学综合评价与分级,探讨了丘陵盆地区野外采样密度。结果表明:区内土壤p H值低、酸性土壤广泛分布;土壤养分元素氮、磷、钾普遍缺乏;土壤环境质量总体较好,仅局部地区出现重金属元素超标;土壤质量地球化学综合等级以一等、二等为主,优良土地面积占调查区的92. 6%,土壤酸性强、养分缺乏是影响调查区土地质量的主要原因,建议采取适当措施调控土壤酸碱度、补充土壤养分;丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查应适当提高土壤采样密度,有效控制土地利用图斑,以便于调查成果在土地资源管护中的应用。     

新疆库车盆地钾盐科探1井含盐系地球化学特征及找钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾盐矿物在盐类沉积的中晚期阶段才开始析出。因此,研究含盐系盐类的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物源和成盐古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且更能揭示古盐湖钾盐富集趋势。文章通过对库车盆地钾盐科探1井钻取的岩芯样品进行高精度采样测试,得出岩盐中Mg×103/Cl、K×103/Cl、Li×103/Cl与K+、Mg2+、Li+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的垂向变化规律。并与库车盆地其他钻孔中的岩盐含钾性进行对比,同时,依据钻井剖面岩性特征,与潜江凹陷和大汶口凹陷含盐系剖面进行对比,论述研究区成盐的地球化学特征,对其钾盐成矿前景进行分析和评价。     

江苏沿海盐渍土盐渍化程度及其影响因素分析

盐渍土是江苏沿海地区开发建设需关注的地质环境问题之一。本文系统采集5 m以浅的土样,开展易溶盐试验,研究了江苏沿海盐渍土分布规律、盐渍化程度及影响因素。研究结果表明:全区盐渍土平行于海岸线分布;以中、弱盐渍土为主,强盐渍土零星分布。受沉积环境、气候、水文地质条件、人类活动等共同影响,盐渍化程度空间差异明显。平面上,盐渍化程度呈北强南弱、向海岸线方向延伸有逐渐增强的趋势,强盐渍土分布于连云港黏性土区,岩性、地下水矿化度为主导影响因素。垂向上,表层普遍积盐,连云港地区分带不明显,大丰和南通地区自地表而下可划分为三带,表层土蒸发积盐、中层盐动态变化、下层土饱水盐稳定,地下水位、土体结构为主导影响因素。随着沿海大开发的快速推进,为防止次生盐渍化问题,需关注地面沉降导致的地面高程损失诱发海水入侵加重表层土盐渍化,工程建设中可设置隔离层截断高矿化度地下水的毛细作用。     

藏南扎西康矿集区土壤盐渍化空间分布及成因分析

旱—半干旱高寒地区土壤盐渍化,对区域农牧业发展及地质环境造成较大的影响。本文在西藏扎西康矿集区环境地质调查的基础上,通过对宿麦朗沟盐渍化3处土壤剖面系统采样分析,查明土壤盐分的空间分布及盐渍化成因。结果表明：相同层位土壤电导率与水溶性盐分总量之间呈正相关关系,0~80cm之间,土壤中盐分离子含量变化较大;80cm之下,土壤盐分含量趋于稳定;因子分析进一步揭示,研究区土壤盐分主要由氯离子、钠离子组成,两者之间相关性较强（R²=0.9592）;维美组地层以高硅、高钠为特征,三角洲及河流相的沉积环境及地下水活动等共同造成该区域土壤盐渍化。在此基础上,针对性地提出了降低地下水位、定期人工喷淋洗盐及施入有机肥料等方法是干旱区土壤盐渍化防治的有利措施。     

Variation of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the plain area of the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Region,China

Groundwater hydrochemistry could reveal the interaction mechanism between groundwater and the environment, which provides a scientific basis for environmental resources management. In this study, Shukaliefu’s classification method and Piper diagram were adopted to determine the hydrochemical types of groundwater in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China. The method of “one^-vote veto” was applied to evaluate the quality of groundwater. Phreeqc software was used to calculate the saturation indices of calcite and fluorite in groundwater. By comparing groundwater quality data of 2003 and 2011, we characterized the variations in hydrochemical types and water quality types, salinization of groundwater and fluoride geochemistry of the plain area of the Tarim Basin. Results show that the primary anion in phreatic water in the plain area of the Tarim Basin changed from HCO₃ ^? to SO₄ ^2? or Cl^?. On the contrary, the primary anion in confined water changed from SO₄ ^2? or Cl^? to HCO₃ ^?. In 2003, 63.1 % of the sampling points in the study area exceeded the Class III water quality standard of China. In 2011, the proportion increased to 82.5 %. In addition, severe groundwater salinization was found at 19.7 % of the sampling points. Some of the deep groundwater samples were salinized as well. In the Aksu area at the north-west part of the Tarim Basin, F^? concentration exceeding the standard limit (1 mg/L) was found to be 55.0 % of the groundwater samples tested. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the phreatic water in the study area was severely influenced by the industrial wastewater and domestic sewage related to human activities, while the confined water was less affected. The general quality of groundwater was in an aggravation trend, and the groundwater salinization was in a severe condition in this area. The Ca²⁺–Na⁺ ionic exchange, the unsaturated fluorite and oversaturated calcite in the aquifer of the Aksu area are proposed to cause F^? enrichment in groundwater of this area.     

Hydrochemistry of groundwater in a coastal region of Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India: implication for quality assessment

A hydrogeochemical investigation was conducted in a coastal region of Cuddalore district to identify the influence of saltwater intrusion and suitability of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes. The geology of the study area comprises of sandstone, clay, alluvium, and laterite soils of Tertiary and Quaternary age. A total of 18 groundwater samples were analyzed for 14 different water quality parameters and the result indicates higher concentrations of ions like Cl (3,509 mg/l), Na (3,123 mg/l), and HCO₃ (998 mg/l) when compared with WHO, BIS, and ISI standards. A positive correlation (r ²?=?0.82) was observed between Na and Cl, indicating its sources from salt water intrusion. Three factors were extracted with a total variance of 64% which indicates the sources of salinization, cation exchange, and anthropogenic impact to the groundwater. The Piper trilinear diagram indicates both Na–Cl and mixed Na–HCO₃–Cl-type, indicating that groundwater was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities. The plot of (Ca?+?Mg)/(K?+?Na) indicates evidences of cation exchange and salt water intrusion. The (Ca–0.33*HCO₃)/ SO₄ plot indicates salt water intrusion for elevated SO₄ levels rather than gypsum dissolution. The spatial distribution of total dissolved solid indicates the saline water encroachment along the SW part of the study area. As per sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), 50% of the samples with <10 SAR are suitable for irrigation and >10 SAR indicates that water is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The residual sodium carbonate classification indicates that 50% of the samples fall in safe and 50% of the samples fall in bad zones and prolonged usage of this water will affect the crop yield. The Chloro Alkaline Index of water indicates disequilibrium due to a higher ratio of Cl?>?Na–K, indicating the influence of salt water intrusion. The Permeability Index of the groundwater indicates that the groundwater from the study area is moderate to good for irrigation purposes.     

渤海湾西岸滨海盐渍土的盐渍化特征分析

渤海湾西岸滨海盐渍土的盐渍化特征与滨海平原的地面高程、气候条件、盐渍土的理化性状、地下水的矿化度及人类活动等密切相关。就土盐渍化的程度而言,地面高程较高处的土高于地面高程较低处的土,上层土高于下层土。受蒸发和降水影响,地下水位以上土的盐渍化敏感深度为1 m左右。随着气候的变化,滨海盐渍土显现出春季蒸发,上层土积盐;夏季淋洗,土中盐分向下移动的盐渍化特征。随着深度的增加,土的含盐量逐渐减少,至地下水位附近出现轻微增长。从剖面上地表至地下水位间可划分为3个不同聚盐形态和含盐量的土盐渍化程度分区带,即土蒸发浓缩聚盐带、土盐化变动带和土饱水溶盐带;平面上向海岸线方向延伸,土逐渐由非盐渍土变为弱盐渍土、中盐渍土和强盐渍土,含盐量和盐渍化程度也越来越高。地下水位浅和地下水矿化度高,则上层土的盐渍化程度就愈高。     

Land degradation risk assessment in Al-Sawda terraces,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Monitoring of soil properties is a significant process and plays an important role about how it can be used sustainably. This study was performed in a local area in Sawda Mountains KSA to map out some soil properties and assess their variability within the area under different land cover. Soil sampling was carried out in four different sites using the grid sampling technique. Ten samples were collected in each location within a 10 by 10 km area; soil was sampled at 0–30-cm depth. The soil samples were air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 2-mm sieve before analyzing it for pH, EC, CaCO₃, organic matter contents, and bulk density. The thematic maps of these characteristics were produced using ArcGIS 10.0 software. Finally, the land degradation was assessed using three factors: soil salinization, compaction, and edibility. The obtained results showed that the high risk of soil compaction, salinization, and erodibility occupied an area 5.6 ha (17.5%), 3.7 ha (11.54%), and 8.1 ha (25.3%), respectively, in the surface soil layer. The land degradation risk in the study area due to salinization was low to high; however, the degree of soil compaction was moderate to very high. The K-factor (soil erodibility) in the area ranged between 0.1 and 0.35 Mg h MJ^?1 mm^?1, and most of the study area was located in moderate to high erodibility classes.     

新疆吉木萨尔地区油气渗漏与盐碱化相关性的航空高光谱遥感探测研究

笔者在新疆吉木萨尔地区开展航空高光谱遥感油气探测示范研究的过程中,发现油气渗漏地区往往有盐碱化现象。据此,利用航空高光谱成像系统在该区取得的可见光-近红外和短波红外遥感数据,采用自主开发的波段分类填图方法,对吉木萨尔农田、荒地和戈壁地区的油气渗漏异常信息进行了提取,经野外验证和化学分析,圈定了7处油气渗漏异常区。同时,构建了盐碱化的高光谱识别模型,利用该模型进行了盐碱化信息填图,并对吉木萨尔同一覆盖区的盐碱化异常进行了提取,圈定了盐碱化异常区。通过对油气渗漏异常区与盐碱化异常区的叠置聚焦分析,发现二者空间位置有高度的重合性。笔者认为这一高光谱遥感探测发现,不仅具有探索的理论意义,而且具有实用价值。其实用价值主要体现在高光谱遥感油气探测中,通过烃碱信息的相互印证,可以减少油气信息的漏判,提高油气渗漏信息识别的准确性。同时,在缺少航空高光谱遥感数据的情况下,还可以利用卫星多光谱遥感数据源,通过提取盐碱化异常和圈定盐碱化异常区的途径,帮助缩小找油气的目标区,为油气资源的调查、评价和选区提供新的信息和依据。上述研究同时表明,自然界的盐碱化可能并非全是由"干旱蒸发"形成,很可能还存在与油气有关的盐碱化,在油气勘查中如何区分这两种类型的盐碱化,特别是应用高光谱遥感技术将二者区分开来,是值得深入探讨的科学问题。