扬子地区二叠系页岩气赋存地质条件研究

扬子地区古生界下寒武统牛蹄塘组、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组、上二叠统大隆组为我国页岩气重点勘探层位,关于下古生界两套地层页岩气赋存地质条件的研究较多,而二叠系相关的研究则较薄弱。结合前人研究成果,运用地球化学测试、XRD分析、扫描电镜、等温吸附等实验方法,对二叠系泥页岩的生烃条件、储集特征、含气性能等进行分析,并对页岩气发育有利区进行预测,对扬子地区二叠系页岩气赋存地质条件展开深入的研究。结果表明,扬子地区二叠系泥页岩有多个厚度中心,最大厚度可达175~200 m;TOC在四川盆地及其周缘较高,最高可达4.0%~5.0%;有机质类型以Ⅱ2型为主,整个扬子地区泥页岩成熟度较高,Ro可高达3.0%~5.0%。二叠系泥页岩中普遍发育原生晶间孔、粒间孔等原生孔隙和次生晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔等次生孔隙,此外还发育原生层间缝或页理缝、矿物收缩缝、有机质收缩缝、溶蚀缝等成岩缝和层间裂缝、节理缝、构造裂缝等构造缝。矿物分析表明,其脆性指数1和脆性指数2分别为8.8%~67.4%、9.4%~74.4%,平均值分别为34.43%、46.9%,显示扬子地区二叠系泥页岩脆性较强而有利于页岩气压裂开采。等温吸附实验显示,页岩全岩和干酪根样品吸附气量分别为2.0~4.3 cm3/g、3.5~5.3 cm3/g,平均值分别为2.75 cm3/g、4.25 cm3/g,表明该区二叠系泥页岩吸附性能较强。页岩气发育有利区预测结果显示,研究区存在成都—宜宾—泸州—重庆—广安、芜湖—南京—镇江、张家界—宜昌—常德—石首一共3个有利区。     

湘中及湘东南地区上泥盆统佘田桥组页岩气勘探前景

湘中及湘东南地区泥盆纪佘田桥组具有良好的页岩气成藏条件,为页岩气勘探远景区。选取地质条件优越、页岩气特征明显的泥盆纪佘田桥组含气页岩作为主要研究对象,对页岩气储气特征和勘探开发潜力进行了分析。研究表明：含气页岩层分布面积广、有机碳含量高（TOC均值0.61%）、热演化程度高（Ro均值2.71%）,低孔低渗（孔隙度为0.7%,渗透率小于0.04×10^-3μm2）,且吸附能力强。含气页岩层厚度展布在凹陷盆地形成独特的“中心薄边缘厚”格局,结合其成藏特征和物化指数,划分出页岩气潜力较大的四个有利区。     

贵州绥阳地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气地质特征及勘探方向

贵州绥阳地区广泛发育下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相黑色碳质页岩。页岩的厚度在30~50 m,埋藏深度小于3 000 m,具有较好的区域性封盖层,保存条件良好,是区内主要的页岩气目的层。页岩的有机质丰度TOC为1.5%~3.0%,成熟度Ro为1.0%~3.5%。推测总含气量为0.3~1.2 m3/t,地质资源量为639.5×108m3,资源潜力较大。页岩气可在区内隆起的低部位等处富集成藏。综合页岩气的区域地质特征和保存条件,提出了绥阳地区东北部是今后页岩气的重点勘探区域。     

湘中涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件及主控因素

下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩是湘中地区页岩气勘探的新层系。基于野外地质调查、页岩气钻井的样品采集和分析测试等对湘中涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)分布在0.78%～2.84%之间,有机质类型以Ⅱ_1型为主,有机质成熟度R_o分布在1.48%～2.09%之间,处于高成熟演化阶段;泥页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要由伊蒙混层、伊利石和绿泥石组成;泥页岩有机质孔较发育,孔隙度平均为1.97%,渗透率平均为0.847×10~(-3)μm~2,但大多小于0.1×10~(-3)μm~2;湘新地4井天鹅坪组泥页岩含气量分布在1.64～4.29 m~3/t,平均2.69 m~3/t(不含残余气)。结合区域构造—沉积演化背景的分析表明,涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件的主控因素为沉积环境、构造保存条件,其中深水陆棚相是页岩气有利相带,复杂构造背景下由对冲式构造样式形成的向斜对页岩气保存条件最为有利,是研究区页岩气勘探的"甜点区"。研究成果可以为该区后续油气勘探提供参考。     

页岩气资源评价方法及评价参数赋值——以中扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组为例

页岩气是一种重要的非常规油气资源,其评价方法不同于常规油气资源。以页岩气聚集机理及形成过程为依据,结合中国页岩气勘探开发现状,认为体积法是适合中国现阶段页岩气资源评价的最优方法。结合财政部对页岩气的界定标准及中扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组泥页岩有机质成熟度、埋深、含气量、保存、地表条件等因素,认为研究区目的层页岩气勘探开发有利区位于出恩施—彭水地区;以体积法计算页岩气资源量的原理为依据,对有利区含气页岩面积、有效页岩厚度、密度等参数采用确定性赋值,其值分别为5174 km2、57 m、2.71 t/m3;并采用条件概率赋值法分别对有机碳含量、总孔隙度、含气饱和度等不确定性参数进行条件概率赋值。最终估算出了有利区内五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质资源量为5434.7×108m3。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区三叠系页岩气形成条件

参照北美海相页岩气和延长陆相页岩气生产实践,对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区三叠系延长组长7段页岩气形成条件进行了较为系统的研究。研究认为,铜川地区延长组长7段富有机质泥页岩,分布范围广,单层厚度大(20～25m),有机质碳(TOC)含量较高,有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,有机质热演化程度为低熟-成熟阶段,具备形成页岩气的地质条件;页岩储层孔隙以中小孔为主,溶蚀孔、黄铁矿粒间孔发育,有机质孔较少,以管状孔和平行壁的狭缝状孔为主;页岩储层脆性矿物含量高,有利于微裂缝的形成和后期压裂改造;运用含气页岩测录井、现场含气量解析、等温吸附实验及压裂排采试验分析了页岩含气特征,显示出研究区具有较好的页岩气形成条件,勘探开发潜力较大。     

湘西北地区震旦纪陡山陀组页岩气储层特征

对湘西北下震旦统陡山陀组页岩气有利层位进行相应的地球化学、物性特性分析,并结合地质保存条件等因素对含气页岩层进行了综合评价,得到区内页岩主要物化指数:TOC为0.52%~6.79%,均值为2.25%;Ro为2.38%~2.87%,均值为2.56%,干酪根类型为Ⅰ型;孔隙度为0.6%~8.7%,平均为3.9%,渗透率均小于0.04×10-3μm2,属低孔低渗类型。页岩埋深主要在2000~5000m,且有效厚度基本大于20m,具有页岩气成藏条件,页岩气勘探开发前景良好。     

海陆过渡相页岩气成藏特征初探:以湘中坳陷二叠系为例

通过对湘中坳陷邵阳市泉塘村、隆回县北山和邵阳市黄亭等地露头观察及涟源县龙场建新村和涟源县七星街龙潭组、大隆组页岩露头剖面实测、取样和测试分析,重点研究了二叠系页岩龙潭组和大隆组页岩的地化特征、储层特征、含气特征,建立了页岩岩性-岩矿-地化-物性-含气性综合剖面。研究区龙潭组和大隆组页岩干酪根显微组分以壳质组为主,镜质组和惰质组含量较少,有机碳含量大于2%的占样品总数的40%以上,纵向上主要分布在龙潭组上部和大隆组下部,成熟度分布在1.10%~2.22%,平均为1.42%,处在成熟-高成熟阶段。储层微观类型主要有矿物质孔和微裂缝,次要类型为有机质气孔,其中矿物质孔包括残留粒间孔隙、粒间溶蚀孔、粒内溶蚀孔和粒内孔隙。综合分析上二叠统龙潭组-大隆组泥页岩层系厚度、有机碳含量等指标,结合油气显示分析认为,页岩气有利的富集层段为大隆组下部-龙潭组上部厚约80m的优质泥页岩,具备良好的页岩气勘探潜力。值得注意的是,在四川盆地内部的二叠系页岩在地化指标、矿物组成、储层特征和含气量等页岩气成藏条件与湘中地区大致相同,且具有生烃高峰期晚,抬升幅度小等特征,发现了以二叠系泥页岩为源岩的普光等大气田,是海陆过渡相页岩气勘探研究需要注意的地区和领域。     

柴达木盆地鱼卡地区中侏罗统页岩气成藏条件

通过地质钻井、野外现场解吸、样品实验分析等,对柴达木盆地鱼卡地区中侏罗统页岩气成藏条件进行了研究。结果表明,鱼卡地区中侏罗统泥页岩主要发育于大煤沟组第五段和石门沟组,是一套以辫状河三角洲间湾、辫状河三角洲平原和湖泊相为主的优质烃源岩,累计厚度38~300m,TOC为0.12%~13.23%,Ro为0.29%~0.89%。石英含量为18.0%~63.3%,粘土矿物含量为10.1%~55.6%,孔隙度为1.53%~14.92%,渗透率为0.007×10-3~6.24×10-3μm2。微孔隙发育,主要有粒间孔、溶蚀孔、粒内孔,孔隙直径多为0.3~3μm。泥页岩含气量为0.42~0.83m3/t,解吸气CH4含量8.6%~64.9%,δ13C1为-80.59‰~-63.32‰。与国内外含气泥页岩对比发现,研究区中侏罗统泥页岩具有厚度大、TOC高、石英含量居中的特点,但分布面积小、成熟度低、含气量小,且自中、新生代以来经历了多期次构造运动,对页岩气的保存影响较大。预测鱼卡地区中侏罗统页岩气勘探前景,还需重点加强构造作用对页岩气保存的影响及页岩气成因类型、资源量评估等方面的研究。     

云南曲靖地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气成藏地质条件及有利区预测

基于野外地质调查、岩心观测、地球化学分析、含气量现场解吸等技术手段,深入分析了云南曲靖地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气形成与富集条件。研究认为该区筇竹寺组沉积期为浅水陆棚环境,黑色泥页岩厚度237~363 m,成熟度较高,平均R_o为3.06%,TOC多数大于2.0%;页岩中石英含量平均为53.18%,碳酸盐矿物含量平均为18.82%,储集空间以泥页岩微裂缝、粒间孔、粒内孔和有机孔为主;区域具有较好的页岩气勘探潜力。根据多口钻井现场解吸气量较低的特征,推断保存条件是曲靖地区页岩气富集的关键,马龙为页岩气勘探远景区。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861