地球固体内核快速自转的理论证明和实测证实

地球固体内核快速自转的理论证明和实测证实杨学祥陈殿友（长春地质学院，长春１３００２６）主题词：地球内核地幔地壳差异旋转１地球内核快速自转的发现最近，美国哥伦比亚大学的宋晓东和理查兹首次利用地震波测量了地球固态内核，发现它的旋转速率比地壳和地幔的旋转速...     

我国地幔流体研究现状与展望

扼要介绍了流体和熔体的含义，流体在地幔中的成分、状态和活动情况，及其对地壳中资源、能源以及环境、灾害等的作用，提出了今后地幔流体研究的发展方向．     

地幔流体及其在地震孕育中的作用

依据地球物理宏观资料、行星化学和地球化学微观分析以及高温高压实验结果,阐明了地幔中存在丰富的流体,扼要介绍了若干流体引发地震的假说,简述了隐爆产生地震的机制。地幔矿物流体包裹体、高温高压相含水硅酸盐矿物与地球物理探测资料表明,整个地幔内普遍存在高能密流体,地幔过渡带和D″层是流体富集的地带,地幔中存在的总水量比海水量高出几个数量级。地幔高能密流体流动产生热对流,造成了固体地球内温度、电导率、地震波速度以及地球化学组成的不均一性。高能地幔流体向外逃逸,不仅改变了壳幔岩石的物理和化学性质,且为岩浆形成和地震孕育提供了能量。流体在地震孕育中的作用包括两个方面:降低断层带摩擦力以及岩石强度触发地震和流体爆炸或相变产生地震。流体爆炸产生地震是地核与下地幔流体以“运移—局部聚集—爆炸的幕式循环”反复进行,产生不同震源深度、不同震级的各类地震。然而,地幔流体的组成、行为及其在孕震过程中的作用机制还需深入研究。     

昭通地区流体观测井地下水地球化学特征

对昭通地区12口流体观测井及其周边5个地表水体进行取样测试,分析其水化学组分和氢氧同位素,确定该地区流体观测井的地球化学背景特征,为该区流体测项的跟踪分析提供基础支撑。水岩平衡结果显示:相较于其它观测井,昭阳一中井地下水水岩平衡状态更接近于部分成熟水,表现为地下水补给过程缓慢,水岩作用程度较高;其余观测井均处在未成熟水阶段,表现出补给路径较短,水岩相互作用较弱等特点。氢氧同位素组成显示:研究区内大多数流体观测井补给源均为大气降水,但补给方式略有差异。水化学组分演化过程显示:自2014年以来,大多数井含水层水体未发生新的水岩作用过程,并且与其附近的河流水力联系密切。     

地球系统科学综述

首先从人类面临全球性的重大问题、地球系统的全球化和地球系统科学的关系与传统地球科学三个方面介绍了地球系统科学提出的背景,阐述了地球系统科学国内外研究现状．然后,详细介绍了地球系统科学的概念与研究方法,主要包括研究思路、基本概念、地球系统过程、全球——区域信息获取、海量信息处理和分析及地球系统模型等．第三,构建了地球系统科学理论基础．主要包括：地球系统的连续动态系统、离散动态系统、地球系统的随机性、地球系统的自组织和地球系统的简单巨系统与复杂巨系统,重点介绍了地球系统科学子系统与各圈层相互作用的动力学模型与效应．第四,概述了地球系统的数字表达一数字地球和地球系统科学是可持续发展战略科学基础．最后,简述了中国开展地球系统科学研究的方向和面临的主要科学问题。     

Redox state of amphibole-bearing mantle peridotite from Nüshan, Anhui Province in eastern China and its implications

Using secondary spinel standard method, we have measured precisely the compositions of spinels of amphibole-bearing mantle peridotite xenoliths from Nüshan in eastern China, and calculated the mantle oxygen fugacities recorded by the xenoliths. Results indicate that the mantle metasomatism for forming amphiboles in Nüshan region of Anhui has resulted in the decrease of mantle redox, which is in contrast with theoretical estimation and previous research results from other areas around the world. Combining with related studies on the mantle of eastern China, we give a reasonable explanation to the 'new finding' and further elucidate the compositions and nature of mantle fluids in eastern China.     

从第23届IUGG大会看地球科学的未来

本文扼要介绍了笫23届国际大地测量与地球物理学联合会(IUGG)的主要学术活动及其特点，包括大会的4个主题报告和8个联合会学术大会的情况，其共同特点是强调对地球系统过程的多学科综合研究，充分展示了当今地球科学学科交叉和融合的态势。此外，对IUGG理事会会议和大会决议等也作了简短的报导。     

Induced stresses due to fluid extraction from axisymmetric reservoirs

Earthquakes can be induced by fluid extraction, as well as by fluid injection.Segall (1989) proposed that poroelastic stresses are responsible for inducing earthquakes associated with fluid extraction. Here, I present methods for computing poroelastic stress changes due to fluid extraction for general axisymmetric reservoir geometries. The results ofGeertsma (1973) for a thin disk reservoir with uniform pressure drop are recovered as a special case. Predicted surface subsidence agrees very well with measured leveling changes over the deep Lacq gas field in southwestern France. The induced stresses are finite if the reservoir pressure changes are continuous. Computed stress changes are on the order of several bars, suggesting that the preexisting stress states in regions of extraction induced seismicity are very close to frictional instability prior to production.     

Simplified dynamic analysis to evaluate liquefaction-induced lateral deformation of earth slopes: a computational fluid dynamics approach

Lateral deformation of liquefiable soil is a cause of much damage during earthquakes, reportedly more than other forms of liquefaction-induced ground failures. Researchers have presented studies in which the liquefied soil is considered as viscous fluid. In this manner, the liquefied soil behaves as non-Newtonian fluid, whose viscosity decreases as the shear strain rate increases. The current study incorporates computational fluid dynamics to propose a simplified dynamic analysis for the liquefaction-induced lateral deformation of earth slopes. The numerical procedure involves a quasi-linear elastic model for small to moderate strains and a Bingham fluid model for large strain states during liquefaction. An iterative procedure is considered to estimate the strain-compatible shear stiffness of soil. The post-liquefaction residual strength of soil is considered as the initial Bingham viscosity. Performance of the numerical procedure is examined by using the results of centrifuge model and shaking table tests together with some field observations of lateral ground deformation. The results demonstrate that the proposed procedure predicts the time history of lateral ground deformation with a reasonable degree of precision.     

Evidence of fluid inclusion for thermal fluid-bearing hydrocarbon movements in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

Diagenetic research and inclusion observance indicate that there are seven types of inlcusion in the reservoirs in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Based on the fluorescence color, ratio of gas/liquid, formation temperature, salinity and organic component of fluid inclusions, three events of thermal fluid movement were found, and only the second and third events are relative to hydrocarbon migration and accumulation with the temperatures of 140–150°C and 170–190°C., respectively.The mechanism of gas migration in aqueous phase suggests that the discharging site of thermal fluid is the favourable location for natural gas accumulation. Project supported by the Natlonal Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Earthquake damage to earth dams in Japan—maximum epicentral distance to cause damage as a function of magnitude

Small scale agricultural earth dams have been damaged by several past earthquakes. Damage to earth dams occurred at distances from the epicentre that increased in proportion to the scale of the earthquakes. On studying the damage a constant relation between the magnitude of the earthquake and maximum epicentral distance where the damage occurred was obtained. This relationship is similar to that obtained between the magnitude and the maximum epicentral distance at which liquefaction occurs. This, and the fact that earth dams which have been damaged several times due to liquefaction were near the critical epicentral distance, suggests that liquefaction of the foundation ground is the main cause of damage to earth dams.     

Lead isotope composition of the sublimates from the fumaroles of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands,Italy): inferences on the deep fluid circulation

The fumarolic fluids of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) consist of a mixture of both deep and shallow components. The final products, the fumarolic gases and the sublimates associated with them, provide information on the complex interactions that occur at depth. As radiogenic isotopes do not undergo fractionation after they are incorporated in a fumarolic gas, they can be used directly to characterize the components that mixed. Lead isotopes are particularly suitable, because seawater, which plays an important part in the formation of the fumarolic fluids of Vulcano, contains only negligible amounts of it (10^-12 g/g). Therefore, the lead present in the fumarolic gases (and sublimates) is derived from the magmatic component and a water-rock interaction process. The lead isotope compositions of the lead sulfosalt sublimates collected from the Fossa Crater of Vulcano in 1924, and between 1989 and 1993, are given. The lead isotope ratios of most of the samples are the same within the range of analytical error, regardless of their collection date. The only samples that display slight variations are those collected in 1993. On the whole, the compositional trend of the lead isotopes of the sublimates coincides with that of the latitic-rhyolitic activity of Fossa and differs substantially from that of the pre-Fossa trachy-basaltic activity. The lead composition of the sublimates is very different from that of the Calabrian basement rocks. The data presented here show that the magma presently degassing at Vulcano has the same lead isotopic composition as the products of the recent activity of Fossa, whereas the fumarolic fluid circulation of Vulcano has not involved basement rocks similar to the Calabrian metasediments.     

The fate of B, Cl and Li in the subducted oceanic mantle and in the antigorite breakdown fluids

We present an inventory of B, Cl and Li concentrations in (a) key minerals from a set of ultramafic samples featuring the main evolutionary stages encountered by the subducted oceanic mantle, and in (b) fluid inclusions produced during high-pressure breakdown of antigorite serpentinite. Samples correspond to (i) nonsubducted serpentinites (Northern Apennine and Alpine ophiolites), (ii) high-pressure olivine-bearing antigorite serpentinites (Western Alps and Betic Cordillera), (iii) high-pressure olivine-orthopyroxene rocks recording the subduction breakdown of antigorite serpentinites (Betic Cordillera). Two main dehydration episodes are recorded by the sample suite: partial serpentinite dewatering during formation of metamorphic olivine, followed by full breakdown of antigorite serpentine to olivine+orthopyroxene+fluid. Ion probe and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA ICP-MS) analyses of Cl, B and Li in the rock-forming minerals indicate that the hydrous mantle is an important carrier of light elements. The estimated bulk-rock B and Cl concentrations progressively decrease from oceanic serpentinites (46.7 ppm B and 729 ppm Cl) to antigorite serpentinites (20 ppm B and 221 ppm Cl) to olivine-orthopyroxene rocks (9.4 ppm B and 45 ppm Cl). This suggests release of oceanic Cl and B in subduction fluids, apparently without inputs from external sources. Lithium is less abundant in oceanic serpentinites (1.3 ppm) and the initial concentrations are still preserved in high-pressure antigorite serpentinites. Higher Li contents in olivine, Ti-clinohumite of the olivine-orthopyroxene rocks (4.9 ppm bulk rock Li), as well as in the coexisting fluid inclusions, suggest that their budget may not be uniquely related to recycling of oceanic Li, but may require input from external sources.Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of fluid inclusions in the olivine-orthopyroxene rocks enabled an estimate of the Li and B concentrations in the antigorite breakdown fluid. The inclusion compositions were quantified using a range of salinity values (0.4-2 wt.% NaCl_equiv) as internal standards, yielding maximum average ^fluid/rockD_B∼5 and ^fluid/rockD_Li∼3.5. We also performed model calculations to estimate the B and Cl loss during the two dehydration episodes of serpentinite subduction. The first event is characterized by high fluid/rock partition coefficients for Cl (∼100) and B (∼60) and by formation of a fluid with salinity of 4-8 wt.% NaCl_equiv. The antigorite breakdown produces less saline fluids (0.4-2 wt.% NaCl_equiv) and is characterized by lower partition coefficients for Cl (25-60) and B (12-30). Our calculations indicate that the salinity of the subduction fluids decreases with increasing depths. ^fluid/rockD_B/^fluid/rockD_Cl<1 (∼0.5) indicates that Cl preferentially partitions into the evolved fluids relative to B and that the B/Cl of fluids progressively increases with increasing depths and temperatures.Despite light element release in fluids, appreciable B, Cl and Li are still retained in chlorite, olivine and Ti-clinohumite beyond the antigorite stability field. This permits a bulk storage of about 10 ppm B, 45 ppm Cl and 5 ppm Li, i.e., concentrations much higher than in mantle reservoirs. Chlorite is the Cl repository and its stability controls the Cl and H₂O budget beyond the antigorite stability; B and Li are bound in olivine and clinohumite. The subducted oceanic mantle thus retains light elements beyond the depths of arc magma sources, potentially introducing anomalies in the upper mantle.