川滇地区前兆震群参数指标及其区域分布

通过分析处理1970年以来川滇地区中小地震资料,提出了川滇地区前兆震群的定义,着重研究了前兆震群、前兆震群指标及其空间分布特征,结果表明：前兆震群具有集中分布的区域特征;前兆震群参数指标为能量释放均匀度u≥0．45,震群信息熵K≥0．55,地震发生方式ID≤0．7,震群b＞10．9或≤0．75,最大震级与次大震级差△M≤0．4,综合判定指标为5项震群参数指标3项达标。前兆震群参数的空间分布特征为AM无区域特征,U值、K值、b值与ρ值在思茅、景洪相对偏低。即除震级差AM的空间分布无区域性,前兆震群与其余震群参数均有不同程度的区域性分布特征。     

阳江6.4级地震晚发余震的窗口效应

对阳江6.4级地震晚发余震的ML≥4.O级地震、频度和前兆震群进行了研究.认为该地震余震序列的频度和强度变化与震区周围的较大地震对应较好,其前兆震群和一般小震的前兆震群一样具有前兆意义.它的余震频度、强度和震群活动特征在一定程度上可以显示粤桂琼三省区的地震活动水平并对地震预报有一定的帮助,可作为监视粤桂琼地区地震活动的“窗口”.     

滇西地震活动特征的探讨

本文对滇西(包括邻近缅甸部分地区)地震活动的某些特征进行了研究,根据周期活动特点,表明本区近期仍处于大震后的应力调整剩余释放阶段,仍有发生6级以上地震的可能,根据序列时间特征对该区震群进行分类,认为震群的实测震源体积偏小可能与岩石介质的储能密度较高有关。对震前空区和前兆震群进行了讨论,给出了可能的予报模式以及某些地震活动表征量的中短期予报指标。     

华北地区震群与强震的空间分布关系研究

通过系统研究1970年以来华北地区发生的震群活动,按照《地震学分析预报方法程式指南》选择震群原则筛选了1970年以来华北地区强震发生前的震群,利用MAPSIS软件判定震群性质。初步探讨该地区震群活动与强震(MS≥6.0)的空间分布关系为华北中强地震发生前一般都有前兆震群存在。主震震级越大,震群出现的越早,距主震距离越远,并且前兆震群会发生迁移现象。     

1980 年以来青海地区震群活动与前震序列特征分析

采用青海地震台网资料,系统整理分析了青海地区的震群活动及前震序列,总结了震群活动与中强以上地震的时空关系,检验了前兆震群类型的判断指标。研究认为,青海地区ML≥2 震群活动增强对区内6. 5 级以上地震有一定的中长期时间预测意义,对7 级以上地震有一定的时空预测意义。利用MAPSIS 软件6 项震群参数,以满足4 项前兆指标的全组合模式判断前兆震群,对研究区总频次大于40 的34 个震群进行参数计算,判断出前兆震群24 个,占总数的71% 。100% 前兆震群后发生相应的中强震,部分非前兆震群后也发生相应的中强震;震群对应的中强震80% 发生在本地震构造带,对中强震孕育区域有一定的指示意义。青海地区有前震序列的震例较少,仅有的3 例,参数计算均不符合前震序列判断指标,对强震无预测意义。     

2005年9月23日拜城震群特征及形变前兆分析

2005年9月23日至10月20日克孜尔地区发生了小震群事件,其中发生MS4以上地震5次,震群中最大地震震级为MS4.9。此次震群活动强度大、频次高,因此具有一定的显著性和特殊性。在尽可能完整地收集此次震群地震目录资料基础上,从震群的时序特征、空间分布特征、能量释放特征、前兆特征等方面分析了此次震群的情况。分析结果表明,此次震群为K-ρ型前兆震群,震群主要受到近南北向水平挤压作用力,发震构造既不是克孜尔(F2)断裂也不是喀桑托开断裂,很有可能与本地区的隐伏断裂有关。     

西南地区前兆震群以及显著地震与区域强震的时空特征

本文系统清理并分析了西南划分的五个预报区[1]中的强震发生前的前兆震群和显著性地震特征。在西南划分的五个预报区中,各区域的前兆震群和显著地震存在共性特征,但又具有明显的区域个性。从共性特征上看,西南划分的五个预报区的前兆震群和显著性地震发生后1-2年可能发生强震,强震一般发生在前兆震群或显著性地震附近地区或相关联构造带上;川滇往往是块体内部构造较复杂的区域,发生的强震会有前兆震群或显著性地震发生。从个性特征上看,西南划分的五个预报区的前兆震群和显著性地震发生与西南地区的地震地质构造具有一定关系,也就是说特殊的构造使得各区域的前兆震群和显著性地震具有明显的个性特征。     

滇西地区强震与地形变异常的前兆特征

以形变(倾斜、应变)观测资料,采用经过实效检验分析后有效率较高的形变前兆参量及异常判别方法,以近年来发生在滇西地区的6级以上地震：武定地震、丽江地震、宁蒗地震以及姚安地震的震例,用滇西及川滇交界地区形变观测网的资料进行综合分析,重点对该地区强震前兆异常的时空演化及特征进行分析研究,对其在强震前中短阶段的前兆异常变化的基本特征进行了探讨。     

三种震群活动

震群是一种地震序列,在地震活动性问题研究中占有重要地位,具有特殊意义。文章讨论了三种震群：小震群、中强震群和强烈震群的地区分布特征及其前兆意义,并提供三种震群的世界分布图。     

礼县震群与岷县-临潭-卓尼县5.2级地震

对1970年以来甘肃地区发生的13次小震群进行分析研究,发现它们均不同程度的表现出前兆性震群特征,其中10次震群之后在震中或其附近地区发生了中强以上地震。在深入研究这些震群的时、空、强特征和性质的基础上,对甘肃礼县震群进行了重点研究,该震群的h、k、μ、ρ值均为异常,在震群结束2月后就发生了岷县-临潭-卓尼县5．2级地震。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.