海水声速直接测量和间接测量结果分析

文中使用了2001～2003年问的海上调查的CTD和声速仪SVP数据,通过直接测量的声速与常用的三种利用CTD计算声速的经验公式所计算的声速剖面进行对比,并采用了相关运算和回归分析,结果表明:在三个经验公式中,Chen-Miller公式与实测声速吻合得最好;表明历史上大量的CTD资料(河口区除外)可直接用来换算声速剖面,进而用于声场预报。     

西南印度洋49°～56°E洋脊段的热液羽状流:来自深水中的氦同位素异常证据

海水中的氦同位素能对海底热液活动进行有效示踪。本文对在西南印度洋49°~56°E洋脊段采集的5条CTD拖曳剖面共14件深水样品进行了氦氖同位素分析。通过分析水体中存在的氦同位素异常,探讨调查区热液异常的特征和热液羽状流的分布。分析表明,5条CTD剖面均存在δ3He异常,其中CTD7-2(位置:37.927°S、49.412°E,水深2 140m,离底高度100m)的δ3He值最大,达到49.2%。根据δ3He分布特征,认为调查区内存在至少6处热液羽状流,其中37.927°S、49.412°E以西数千米范围内可能存在海底热液喷口。     

高精度CTD剖面仪应用研究

进行测量海水电导率 (Conductivity)、温度 (Temperature)和深度 (Depth)的高精度 CTD剖面仪是“九五”期间国家 86 3高技术发展计划的成果之一。本文叙述了剖面仪的快速、精确与稳定的特点 ,并对于应用前景进行了分析。     

基于镀铜镉柱海水中硝酸盐氮的检测技术的研究

镀铜镉柱还原——重氮偶氮染色法在检测海水领域具有重要的位置,算法的不断创新优化成为海水水质检测质量的的关键.本研究以硝酸钾作为标准溶液,海水作溶剂做相关实验,并且在实际海水检测应用中得到良好的效果.通过对实验原理的分析及实验过程的探究,确定了本研究的最佳还原与显色条件.并采用偏最小二乘法(partial least s...     

SZC15-2型CTD数据采集技术研究

SZC15-2型自容式CTD是"十五"863标准化定型研制项目,用于测量海水的电导率、温度和深度。文中介绍了仪器的整机特点,叙述了数据采集系统设计,并对2006年开放航次海上比测的数据进行了分析。     

船体固定式CTD及数据采集技术研究

船体固定式CTD是“十五”863研制项目之一,用于测量海水的电导率、温度和深度。文中论述了仪器的整机特点及数据采集系统设计,并给出了南海实验中与Seab ird 37 CTD进行数据比测的结果。     

A new extended Gibbs thermodynamic potential of seawater

A new and extended Gibbs thermodynamic potential function of seawater is proposed to overcome generally known weaknesses of the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 and its associated formulas (EOS80). It is valid for applied pressures up to 100 MPa (10,000 dbar), temperatures from −2-40°C, and practical salinities up to 42. At ambient pressure, it is applicable in heat capacity and density up to salinity 50. It includes the triple point of water for reference and is, over its range of validity, fully consistent with the current 1995 international scientific pure water standard, IAPWS95. In conjunction with an improved Gibbs potential of ice, it provides freezing temperatures of seawater for pressures up to 50 MPa (5000 dbar). It is compiled from an extensive set of experimental seawater data, rather than being derived from EOS80 equations. Older seawater data were specifically recalibrated for compatibility with the recent pure water standard. By this procedure, experimental high-pressure densities proved consistent with sound speeds confirmed by deep-sea travel time measurements. Temperatures of maximum density are described within their experimental uncertainty. For very low salinities, Debye-Hückel limiting laws are recompiled using latest physical and chemical constants. The potential function is expressed in the 1990 International Temperature Scale ITS-90.     

Conductivity/salinity/temperature relationship of diluted and concentrated standard seawater

The conductivity ratio of diluted and concentrated standard seawater has been measured very accurately in a salinity range from 0 to42permiland at temperature from -1 to30degC. All the data have been fitted into polynomials which are compared with previous data. The specific conductance of seawater is deduced and a polynomial for the full range of salinity and temperature is proposed. Data presented in this paper have been used, with those of Dauphinee presented in this issue, to elaborate the new "Practical Salinity Scale 1978."     

Detection of systematic errors in XBT data and their correction

Comparison experiment between XBT of T-7 probe and CTD was conducted at 15 stations in the sea area centered on 29°N, 135°E in December 1985. There were systematic errors in XBT temperature profiles in comparison with CTD temperature profiles. The main cause of errors was attributed to an error in the free-fall speed of the XBT probes which was provided by the XBT maker. A previous equation for depth correction proposed by Heinmilleret al. (1983) could not give effective correction for our data. A new equation between the probe depth and the elapsed time from landing of the probe on the water was obtained by the method of adjusting temperature gradients of XBT profiles to those of CTD profiles. This equation agreed with the theoretical result given by Seaver and Kuleshov (1982) much better than that of Heinmilleret al. (1983). Systematic errors due to a scatter of values of the reference resistance and variation of B-constant of thermistors used in XBT also seemed to exist. After an adjustment using the temperature difference between XBT and CTD in the mixed layer with depths of about 100 m, the standard deviation of temperature difference between XBT and CTD from the surface to the depth of 750 m was 0.14°C.     

SZC15-4型多参数剖面仪设计

CTD是测量海水温度、电导率和压力的仪器,在海洋科学考察、海洋资源调查开发、海洋环境监测预报和海洋军事研究中应用广泛。SZC15-4型多参数CTD是国产SZC15系列CTD最新型号,用于测量海水的温度、电导率、深度和叶绿素浓度,适用于近岸海洋调查。文中介绍了SZC15-4型多参数CTD剖面仪的性能、工作原理、系统组成和工作流程。并通过海上试验,与SBE19CTD在相同环境条件、相同采样速率下作比测,通过对实验数据做相关运算得出SZC15-4型CTD与SBE19在温度、盐度相关性优于0.999 9,表明两种仪器具有很高的相关特性。     

The Practical Salinity Scale 1978: Fitting the data

Three equations have been fitted to new data relating the electrical conductivity of seawater to the Practical Salinity Scale 1978. These equations have been designed for the reduction of in-situ measurements of temperature, pressure, and conductivity from anywhere in the world oceans. The standard deviation of the fit is roughly equivalent topm0.0015permilin salinity depending on the pressure at which the data is taken and, as such is commensurate with the best accuracy attainable with modern instruments.     

Identification of five strains of antarctic bacteria producing low-temperature lipase

1 IntroductionMicroorganism is an important constituentof the antarctic, arctic and deep sea ecosystemswhich are characterized as permanent lowtemperature. To adapt and survive in this ex-treme environment, these microorganisms pro-duce many distinctive substances such as poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), low-tempera-ture enzymes and novel pigments, etc. (Thomasand Dieckmann, 2002). Low-temperature en-zymes have a property of higher specific activ-ity (Kcat) at low temperature. Owing to…     

Calibration of a Seawater Sound Velocimeter

We calibrated a sound velocimeter to a precision of plusmn0.034 m/s using Del Grosso's sound-speed equation for seawater at temperatures of 2, 7.2, 11.7, and 18degC in a tank of seawater of salinity 33.95 at one atmosphere. The sound velocimeter measures the time-of-flight of a 4-MHz acoustic pulse over a 20-cm path by adjusting the carrier frequency within a 70-kHz band until the pulse and its echo are inphase. We used the adjustable carrier frequency to determine the internal timing characteristics of the sound velocimeter to nanosecond precision. Similarly, sound-speed measurements at four different temperatures determined the acoustic pathlength to micrometer precision. The velocimeter was deployed in the ocean from the surface to 4500 dbar alongside conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors (CTD). We demonstrated agreement of plusmn0.05 m/s (three parts in 10⁵) with CTD-derived sound speed using Del Grosso's seawater equation from 500 to 4500 dbar after removing a bias and a trend     

原位测量技术在黄海沉积声学调查中的应用

介绍了最新研制的基于液压驱动贯入的自容式海底沉积声学原位测量系统及其在南黄海中部海底沉积声学调查中的应用。该系统可以实现对海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数进行原位测量,通过液压驱动装置将四根声学探杆匀速贯入到海底沉积物中,减少了对沉积物的扰动,可按照预设的工作参数在海底全自动工作,无需甲板上人员实时控制,采集的声波信号自容式存储于存储单元。系统工作水深为500 m,测量深度为1 m,测量频率为30 kHz,采样频率为10 MHz。使用该系统在南黄海中部获得了40个站位不同类型沉积物的声学特性原位测量数据,并使用CTD剖面仪对该系统声速测量进行了标定,相对误差均小于0.5%,表明该系统测量数据准确、可靠。     

CPLD在数据采集系统中的应用

本文介绍了ALTERA公司的CPLD为核心的高精度CTD剖面仪采集系统设计实例，讨论了有关CPLD在应用中遇到的实际问题。     

Satellite-derived SST validation based on in-situ data during summer in the East China Sea and western North Pacific

Satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) is validated based on in-situ data from the East China Sea (ECS) and western North Pacific where most typhoons, which make landfall on the Korean peninsula, are formed and pass. While forecasting typhoons in terms of intensity and track, coupled ocean-typhoon models are significantly influenced by initial ocean condition. Potentially, satellite-derived SST is a very useful dataset to obtain initial ocean field because of its wide spatial coverage and high temporal resolution. In this study, satellite-derived SST from various sources such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) datasets from merged SSTs were compared with in-situ observation data using an indirect method which is using near surface temperature for validation of satellite derived SST. In-situ observation data included shipboard measurements such as Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT), and Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), and Argo buoy data. This study shows that in-situ data can be used for microwave derived SST validation because homogeneous features of seawater prevail at water depths of 2 m to 10 m under favorable wind conditions during the summer season in the East China Sea. As a result of validation, root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) are shown to be 0.55 °C between microwave SST and XBT/CTD data mostly under weak wind conditions, and 0.7 °C between XBT/CTD measurement and NGSST-O data. Microwave SST RMSE of 0.55 °C is a potentially valuable data source for general application. Change of SST before and after typhoon passing may imply strength of ocean mixing due to upwelling and turbulent mixing driven by the typhoon. Based on SST change, ocean mixing, driven by Typhoon Nari, was examined. Satellite-derived SST reveals a significant SST drop around the track immediately following the passing of Typhoon Nari in October, 2007.     

两型国产CTD海上比测试验结果分析

基于目前国内海洋仪器的现状,为了对国产温盐深剖面仪(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler,CTD)的性能和实际使用情况有个量化的结果,在我国南海东北部海域对国内较为成熟且具备产品化条件的两型国产CTD开展第三方独立检验与验证。比测过程中,采用同架捆绑,同步下放的方法进行测量。数据处理时,采用一种简便的移相相关法,对国产CTD的压力(P)、温度(T)、电导率(C)、盐度(S)与标准CTD进行对比分析。试验结果表明两者数据曲线趋势一致,线形基本吻合,参试的国产CTD基本上达到自身产品标称精度,但低于标准CTD精度。本次比测结果有利于促进技术成果的完善与固化,有利于进一步提高设备的可靠性、稳定性和批量一致性,为国产海洋环境监测设备的规模化应用和推广提供数据支撑。     

西南印度洋龙方斤热液区羽流信号的检测与通量估算

热液流体在物理化学特征方面与周围海水存在较大差异,探测温度异常和浊度异常是寻找热液羽状流信号的重要手段。本文采用“大洋一号”科考船第20航次的拖曳CTD数据和浊度数据,以及21航次的定点CTD数据,研究了西南印度洋龙方斤热液区的温度异常和浊度异常现象。研究表明热液区中性浮力层在水深2 550~2 650 m间,厚度约为100 m,温度异常达0.01 ℃;水深 2 750~2 800 m间亦有温度异常,最大可达0.08 ℃;温度异常水深处存在相应的浊度异常。深层背景海水位温和位密间存在简单线性关系。此外,经初步估计,热液活动区初始浮力通量为8.78×10^-4 m⁴/s³;通过中性浮力层估算热液热通量,约为130±43 MW。     

The influence of air and scale on wave impact pressures

Both laboratory and field tests that are described provide new information on the characteristics of wave impacts. Laboratory drop tests conducted using seawater and freshwater demonstrate that maximum impact pressures and rise times are influenced by both the level of aeration and the violence of the impact. A relationship is derived which enables the reduction in impact pressure caused by aeration to be estimated. This relationship is shown to provide a better means of predicting impact pressures in laboratory seawater wave tests from freshwater tests than either the Froude or Cauchy laws. Measurements are presented which show that, due to the different properties of seawater and freshwater, aeration levels are higher in seawater breakers than in freshwater breakers, even at a 1:25 model scale. The ways in which this affects the temporal variation in pressure and the scale relationships are discussed in some detail. Aeration and pressure measurements are also presented for full-scale wave impacts on a breakwater exposed to Atlantic waves. Attention is drawn to the likely role of expelled air and data included which indicate that the equivalent of up to 55% of entrained air does not necessarily prevent the occurrence of high impact pressures with short rise times.     

WOCE CTD校准标准和我国的WOCE CTD校准实验室

对温度、电导率和压力等物理变量的定义、单位，传感器的实验室校准标准和我国在九五863项目中建立的WOCE水平的CTD校准实验室进行了介绍。