关于抵偿高程面与移动中央子午线最佳选取问题的研究

针对建立区域工程平面控制网为限制投影长度变形△S，经常采用的抵偿高程面法与移动中央子午线法最佳值确定的问题，提出应在∑△S^2=min的条件下确定，进而分析、推证出最佳抵偿高程面之高程或相对于测区平均高程面之高程的公式，最佳移动中央子午线横坐标的公式，并视大、小不同测区情报予以分析。     

局部三维大地网的平面坐标与高程坐标的精度分析

本文从理论和实际两方面讨论了局部三维网的平面坐标与高程坐标的精度,分析了平面坐标与高程坐标的相关性问题,并用一局部测边三维网,计算和分析了测边三角高程在什么情况下能代替等级水准测量。     

顾桥矿区GPS基准网高程系统转换研究

在介绍顾桥矿区GPS平面基准网和三等水准高程基准网的数据处理和精度评价概况的基础上,根据水准联测点的高程异常,分析了测区的高程异常面形态,建立了基于多面函数的高程异常面的数学模型,实现了高程系统的转换。通过分析,所选择的数学模型适合于整个测区,转换后的GPS水准达到了三等水准的精度嘤求。     

关于抵偿高程面与移动中央子午线最佳选取问题的研究

针对建立区域工程平面控制网为限制投影长度变形ΔS ,经常采用的抵偿高程面法与移动中央子午线法最佳值确定的问题 ,提出应在∑ΔS2 =min的条件下确定 ,进而分析、推证出最佳抵偿高程面之高程或相对于测区平均高程面之高程的公式 ,最佳移动中央子午线横坐标的公式 ,并视大、小不同测区情况予以分析     

西霞院反调节水库控制网的布设及优化

采取平面网与高程网相结合的方法布设了施工控制网,并引用工程控制网优化设计的有关理论,结合实际对平面网的网形进行了机助优化.在网形确定的基础上,文中采用可靠因子为质量指标对网中的观测量进行优化,最终得到了满足精度和可靠性要求的最优布设方案.     

欧洲GPS垂直参考网1997会战与规划

欧洲GPS垂直参考网是为了统一欧洲不同的高程参考系统而设计的，在实践上和科学上的主要贡献是：－给出一个惟一的欧洲高程基准；－连接欧洲验潮站水准基点，监测海面绝对变化；－为确定欧洲大地水准面建立基准点，－为监测欧洲的地壳垂直运动网做准备。这个网由分布在整个欧洲的大约195个点组成，其中包括79个欧洲参考框架（EUREF）点，53个东欧和西欧的水准网结构点和63个验潮站，应用GPS于1997年5月21－29日观测，获得了在TERS89框架下的统一的大地高。     

对中国高程控制网现代化工作的思考

随着空间和信息技术的快速发展,我国测绘基准中的国家高程控制网现代化也迫在眉睫。它应包括两个部分,一是国家高精度水准网,即mm级一等水准网的更新;二是具有cm级精度的(似)大地水准面的确定。建议切实执行《中华人民共和国测绘法》中"基础测绘成果应当定期更新,国民经济、国防建设和社会发展急需的基础测绘成果应当及时更新"的规定,尽快组织施测国家三期一等水准网,以保证国家高程控制网mm级高精度的可靠性和现势性。另一方面,应结合GPS水准和重力测量精化我国大陆的(似)大地水准面至cm量级,以利用GPS (似)大地水准面的技术求解相当于二、三等水准测量精度的正常高,这不仅可以改变传统高程测量的作业模式,节约人财物和时间,而且获得的点位高程的精度比较一致。在海岛、山区等困难或无法传递水准测量高程的地区,采用这一技术可以快捷地测得高程,其成果与国家高程基准、高程系统是统一的和协调的。     

美国大地测量局科研工作的基本方向

现时,大地测量已进入一个转折时期,它由经典的定位技术向空间技术发展。到目前为止,美国建立的大地测量平面控制和高程控制是在不同的相对面上进行的:平面控制网中是在几十公里范围内进行角度和距离测量,并在采用的参考椭球面上进行处理;高程控制网中测量的是高差,而绝对高程是由大地水准面起算。这就需要对这两个系统进行相互位置的精确确定,以及与空间坐标之间的转换。     

桥梁施工测量GPS控制网布设的应用

桥梁施工控制网的质量是工程施工总体质量的基础。探讨了GPS控制网的方案设计,精度确定及外业布设流程与方法。重点研究了GPS坐标基准的选择与确定,内业数据处理。针对高程数据异常拟合模型参数估计,提出了两步抗差估计GPS高程拟合方法,有效地保证了似大地水准拟合模型的可靠性。     

一种精密三角高程上桥测量装置

针对高速铁路桥上CPⅢ控制网高程上桥测量特点,设计了一种精密三角高程上桥测量装置,削弱了大气折光误差对高程上桥测量精度的影响,免除了桥下过渡水准点的埋设,使三角高程上桥测量路线的选择更为灵活,前后视高差可实现同步、自动观测,测量精度和测量效率得到提高,该装置在哈大高铁桥梁CPⅢ控制网水准测量中取得了良好的应用效果。     

区域椭球面上数字高程模型的建立

提出了在局部区域的椭球面上建立数字高程模型的原理和方法。这种椭球面的DEM是在区域性椭球面上基于新大地坐标系建立的,不同于现有的基于投影平面的DEM。由于未经过从椭球面到平面的投影,从而杜绝了投影变形,也消除了平面位置与水准高程之间作为3维坐标的不兼容性。在具体建模中,直接基于与测区平均高程面最优拟合的区域性椭球面,采用格网DEM的建模方法来建立椭球面DEM。     

Helmert's projection of a ground point onto the rotational reference ellipsoid in topocentric cartesian coordinates

Summary In order to derive the ellipsoidal height of a point P_t, on the physical surface of the earth, and the direction of ellipsoidal normal through P_t, we presente here an iterative procedure rapidly convergent to compute, in a topocentric Cartesian system, the coordinates of Helmert's projection of the ground point P_t onto the reference ellipsoid of revolution .We derive as well the cofactor matrix of total vector of the topocentric coordinates of the above ground point and of its Helmert's projection so that to compute the variance of ellipsoidal height.     

On an Earth ellipsoid best-fitted to the Earth surface

Historically, the mean Earth ellipsoid is obtained by fitting an ellipsoid of revolution to the geoid. Such an ellipsoid, however, does not necessarily best fit the physical surface of the Earth due to the existence of topography outside the geoid. In this paper, we present a purely geometrically defined Earth ellipsoid that best fits the physical surface of the Earth so that the resulting ellipsoidal height attains minimum global mean square value. Using a global digital terrain model and a global geopotential model, the size, shape and position of such an Earth ellipsoid have been numerically estimated. Received: 6 September 1996 / Accepted: 1 April 1998     

A new method for computing the ellipsoidal correction for Stokes's formula

 This paper generalizes the Stokes formula from the spherical boundary surface to the ellipsoidal boundary surface. The resulting solution (ellipsoidal geoidal height), consisting of two parts, i.e. the spherical geoidal height N ₀ evaluated from Stokes's formula and the ellipsoidal correction N ₁, makes the relative geoidal height error decrease from O(e ²) to O(e ⁴), which can be neglected for most practical purposes. The ellipsoidal correction N ₁ is expressed as a sum of an integral about the spherical geoidal height N ₀ and a simple analytical function of N ₀ and the first three geopotential coefficients. The kernel function in the integral has the same degree of singularity at the origin as the original Stokes function. A brief comparison among this and other solutions shows that this solution is more effective than the solutions of Molodensky et al. and Moritz and, when the evaluation of the ellipsoidal correction N ₁ is done in an area where the spherical geoidal height N ₀ has already been evaluated, it is also more effective than the solution of Martinec and Grafarend. Received: 27 January 1999 / Accepted: 4 October 1999     

大地测量应用卫星的轨道设计 ——椭球谐引力场下卫星的运动

本文首先注意到近球面包络进动轨道(近圆)是大地测量应用卫星的共有特征;接着指出地球引力位的等势面非常接近共焦椭球面,其主项是严格的共焦椭球面,次项是10-6的摄动项;最后得出,在共焦椭球面成层分布引力场下,存在一条特殊的轨道——椭球面包络进动轨道,位于椭球面上,沿着大地线(测地线)作匀速、变曲率、均匀进动(升交点西退或东进)运动;这样一条特殊的轨道,是几何大地测量学、物理大地测量学和空间大地测量学与轨道理论的完美结合;若用椭球面包络轨道代替近球面包络进动轨道,因其严格顾及J2项,将更有利于大地测量应用卫星的轨道设计、卫星群分布设计、覆盖计算、入轨控制等。     

平坦地区GPS高程异常拟合研究

GPS测量所提供的高程为相对于WGS-84椭球的GPS大地高,而我国使用的是正常高。大地高等于正常高与高程异常之和,要使GPS高程在工程实际中得到应用,必须先求出高程异常,进而获得正常高。结合GPS测量和水准测量资料,用神经网络方法和二次多项式曲面拟合方法拟合高程异常,对拟合精度进行了分析比较,得出了有实用价值的结论。     

Height datum unification between Shenzhen and Hong Kong using the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem

The paper proposes a new algorithm to unify height datums in different regions, which is based on the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem. Compared with traditional methods, this method uses GPS ellipsoidal height and gravity disturbances on the surface of the earth to obtain a quasigeoid, which is not related to any local vertical datums. As an example, we calculate the height datum difference between Shenzhen and Hong Kong by applying this new method. The result shows that the height difference obtained by this new method is consistent with the ground leveling result to a few centimeters.     

GPS高程拟合精度探讨

利用GPS水准高程来实现GPS网点的大地高向正常高转换,其精度主要受所拟合的似大地水准面、已知点高程和GPS网点的大地高三种误差的影响.     

跨障碍GPS高程传递控制网布设方案研究

针对EGM2008重力场模型辅助跨障碍GPS高程传递控制网布设方案进行研究,分别对GPS高程传递控制网进行不同点数的椭球高约束计算,将传递高程与实测高程进行比较,结果表明:跨越2~3 km的障碍GPS高程传递的精度能够达到0.010 m,GPS高程传递控制网中以约束一点椭球高为宜,增加椭球高约束个数并不能提高高程传递的精度。     

Absolute seafloor vertical positioning using combined pressure gauge and kinematic GPS data

Knowledge of the position and motion of points on the seafloor can be critically important in both fundamental research (for example, global geodesy and plate tectonics) and for more practical applications such as seismic risk evaluation, off-shore construction and pipeline monitoring. In the Vanuatu subduction zone, for example, measuring deformation underwater could provide valuable information for modeling deformation and understanding the seismic cycle. We report a shallow water experiment in Vanuatu to measure the relative and absolute depth of seafloor points. The experiment differs from previous efforts mainly in that it uses the height of the sea surface determined by kinematic GPS, allowing us to locate the points in a global reference frame. The ITRF2005 ellipsoidal height of a seafloor benchmark was determined with a 1-sigma uncertainty of 0.7–2.1 cm. The estimated ellipsoidal height differs only by a few tenths of a centimeter between measurements made in 2004 and another set made in 2006. These results are encouraging and open new perspectives for vertical underwater deformation monitoring in shallow water areas. Sea-surface GPS measurements can also help to reduce the uncertainty in depth difference determination for relative measurements.