小气候、雪盖及土壤湿度对高山生态系统功能的影响(英文)

1 Introduction High mountain landscapes above the tree-line are often regarded as close to nature, although human impact has obviously changed the environment, partly exceeding its carrying capac- ity (L?ffler, 2000). Due to their fragility regarding expe…     

高山湖泊生态系统气候响应研究进展

作为高山淡水生态系统主要载体,高山湖泊生态系统具有生态环境原始、环境承载力低、自净能力弱以及生物群落结构单一等特点,对于气候与环境变化响应敏感。围绕气候变化背景下高山湖泊生态系统结构与功能变化这一主线,系统分析了山区海拔依赖性增暖对高山湖泊热力特性、溶解氧分层以及生物过程的影响,阐述了辐射增强背景下高山水生生物适应对策及水下辐射特征变化,揭示山区降水变化对高山湖泊跨生态系统物质补贴及生物地球化学循环的影响机制。在今后研究中,需完善多气候因子变化下的湖泊生境综合响应实验,建立对高山湖泊生态系统全要素的系统监测与整合,以加强高山湖泊生态系统对气候变化的响应过程及适应机制的认知。     

陆地生态系统土壤呼吸、氮矿化对气候变暖的响应

土壤呼吸和氮矿化对气候变暖的响应是影响陆地生态系统碳收支的主要因素之一,也是当前全球变化研究的主要内容之一。短期内温度升高能明显提高土壤呼吸速率,随着温度的进一步升高和升温时间的延长,土壤呼吸速率对温度升高的敏感性可能逐渐降低。由于土壤呼吸的温度敏感性与土壤水分含量、气候、植被、凋落物等多种因素有关,并随时间和空间的变化而变化,因此,用一个固定的Q10（土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数）来计算土壤呼吸对温度升高响应的量,会给研究结果带来很大的不确定性。生态系统对气候变暖的响应除了直接的反应外,还具有复杂的适应性。尽管模拟研究表明未来气候变暖将使土壤呼吸增加,但是有关土壤呼吸对气候变化适应性的试验数据比较少,对未来气候变化背景下土壤呼吸的模拟仍有很大的不确定性。气候变暖将促进土壤氮素的矿化速率,其影响程度的强弱不仅与温度有关,而且与土壤基质的质量与数量、土壤水分、升温持续的时间等有关,这使目前有关研究结果出现了很大的不确定性。针对上述研究中存在的问题,今后应统一土壤呼吸的测定方法,区分土壤呼吸各组分对温度升高的响应,在研究土壤呼吸和氮矿化对温度升高的响应时结合考虑其它因素能在一定程度上减少研究结果的不确定性。     

中国高山林线的分布高度与气候的关系

通过研究我国高山林线的分布高度沿纬度、经度的变化格局,和对高山林线处的温度和基带降水等气候指标的分析,对我国高山林线分布高度与气候因子的关系进行探讨。结果表明：(1) 我国高山林线高度表现出明显的纬向和经向变化,总体趋势是：在北纬30^o以北,高山林线高度随纬度升高而下降,下降速率为112 m/度左右;在30^oN以南,则表现出较大的东西部差异：在东部,高山林线高度变化不明显,西部则随纬度增加呈上升趋势。在相似的纬度上,高山林线高度呈现出从东向西升高的趋势。高山林线在藏东南的洛隆、丁青、工布江达一带 (约29^o~32^oN,94^o~96^oE) 达到4 600 m,为世界最高林线高度,并以此为中心向四周降低。(2) 影响高山林线高度的主导气候因子为生长季温度条件。我国高山林线高度的温度指标为年生物温度3.5 ^oC,温暖指数14.2 ^oC·月,生长季平均温度8.2 ^oC。该指标相应海拔高度的地理差异,导致了我国高山林线高度的纬向、经向变化,和从沿海到内陆林线高度的差异。(3) 降水对高山林线高度有显著影响。在中高纬度地区,相同纬度上干旱区域的高山林线高于较湿润区域,降水量是通过温度间接作用于林线高度的。     

气候因素对土壤有机质组成和性质的影响

云南省哀牢山徐家坝自然保护区不同海拔的土壤有机质组成和性质与气候因素的相关分析结果表明，土壤有机质的组成（Ｈ／Ｆ），胡敏酸的光学特征（Ｅ＿４／Ｅ＿６）和ＣａＣｌ＿２的絮凝极限（ＦＬ值），除ＦＬ和Ｅ＿４／Ｅ＿６与年均降雨量不呈显著相关关系外，其它数值均与年均温、≥１０℃积温和年均降雨量呈显著（ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝７）的相关关系，并服从一元二次方程Ｙ＝Ａ＋ＢＸ＋ＣＸ￣２．由此证明了气候因素对土壤有机质组成和胡敏酸的性质有显著的影响。     

风电场对草地土壤湿度的影响

全球不可再生能源的日益短缺使风力发电场的陆地覆盖面积空前扩大,风力发电机的运行已经开始改变局地气候和环境.土壤湿度的细微变化能反映出气候和环境的重大变化,因此判断风电场建成前后土壤湿度的变化对评价风电场对局地气候和环境的影响具有重要作用.针对目前存在的数据空间分辨率低、没有与建成前土壤湿度进行对比、缺少土壤实测数据、实...     

未来气候对南疆东部的影响

本文通过对未来气候的变化趋势的分析，对东昆仑山区和南疆东部的局部气候进行推测，并对由此而产生的影响进行了评述。     

黄河上游水电工程对局地气候的影响

本文阐述了黄河上游段水电工程概况，并以刘家峡和龙羊峡水库为主对库周各站建加前后各５年或１０年的气象资料进行了对比分析，揭示了水库对周围地区各气候因子影响程度。     

邵武市气候特征及对农业的影响

邵武市是福建省重要农业区,也是全国重点林业县（市）。气候对农业生产的影响是极其深刻的。本文着重分析本区域气候与农业（包括林业）间的联系与影响。     

The influence of micro-climate, snow cover, and soil moisture on ecosystem functioning in high mountains

The dynamics of water and energy fluxes in the high mountains of central Norway was studied along micro-spatial topographic gradients in different altitudes and regions of the Scandes. Landscape ecological processes like snow accumulation during winter, snow melting, evaporation, percolation, soil moisture variability and temperature variations were quantified. Combining spatio-temporal data on physical environment functioning and vegeta-tion patterns resulted in a process-oriented characterisation of high mountain ecosystems. Extensive data from long-term measurements were synthesised illustrating the influence of micro-climate, snow cover, and soil moisture on high mountain ecosystem functioning. The results reveal that the micro-climatic impact on the vegetation is predominantly determined by snow cover overlaying soil moisture gradients. Water only becomes superior where near-surface water saturation and flooding occur. A lack of soil moisture availability was not found during any time of the year even under driest site conditions. Contrasting literature, the Norwegian mountain vegetation was found to be interpreted by environmental variable con-stellations excluding drought stress.     

近一千年来贺兰山积雪和气候变化

通过对历史文献中关于贺兰山积雪变化记录的研究,以及其他反映贺兰山气候变化的环境信息的分析,确认贺兰山地区西夏、元明时期为冷凉气候,积雪特征反映的气候变化与中国西部气候变化相一致。通过贺兰山与天山、太白山、点苍山积雪变化的比较,发现其时间变化过程和演化规律具有一致性,进而对12世纪寒冷期永久积雪下限进行推测。根据对一千年来贺兰山年日最低气温≤0℃日数的计算,认为12世纪寒冷期年平均气温较现代约低1.5²℃,推算当时贺兰山永久积雪下限为海拔3400³500m;以17世纪中叶为代表的小冰期年平均气温较现代约低1¹.5℃,推算当时贺兰山永久积雪下限为海拔3500³600m。     

祁连山干旱山地草地生物量对水分条件的响应

以祁连山排露沟流域干旱山地为研究对象,对海拔2 700~3 000 m典型草地群落的草本种类、高度和生物量等进行调查,并同步测定样地内的土壤水分,分析草地生物量随海拔高度的季节性变化特征以及草本生物量和土壤水分的关系。结果表明：（1）草地地上生物量平均值为135.36 g·m^-2,并随海拔升高呈先增加后降低的"单峰"变化模式,在海拔2 900 m时最高,为176.79±28.37 g·m^-2。地下生物量平均值为946.13 g·m^-2,并随海拔升高生物量呈递增趋势,在海拔3 000 m时最高,为1 301.19 ±68.24 g·m^-2。（2）草地地上、地下生物量在不同海拔高度间差异性显著（P<0.05）;该流域干旱山地草地根冠比在4.14~11.95之间变化。（3）在生长季5~9月份,干旱山地草地土壤含水量在9.23%~31.31%之间波动,平均值为14.94%。（4）草本地上、地下生物量与土壤平均含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,相关性系数分别为0.7784和0.7843。在不同海拔草地群落中,不同土层含水量对草地生物量的贡献不尽相同,但60 cm以上根系主要分布层内的水分对草地生物量具有重要的意义。     

Glacier and snow variations and their impacts on regional water resources in mountains

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Glaciers and snow are major constituents of solid water bodies in mountains; they can regulate the stability of local water sources. However, they are strongly...     

Modelling the dynamics of snow cover, soil frost and surface ice in Norwegian grasslands

Studying the winter survival of forage grasses under a changing climate requires models that can simulate the dynamics of soil conditions at low temperatures. We developed a simple model that simulates depth of snow cover, the lower frost boundary of the soil and the freezing of surface puddles. We calibrated the model against independent data from four locations in Norway, capturing climatic variation from south to north (Arctic) and from coastal to inland areas. We parameterized the model by means of Bayesian calibration, and identified the least important model parameters using the sensitivity analysis method of Morris. Verification of the model suggests that the results are reasonable. Because of the simple model structure, some overestimation occurs in snow and frost depth. Both the calibration and the sensitivity analysis suggested that the snow cover module could be simplified with respect to snowmelt and liquid water content. The soil frost module should be kept unchanged, whereas the surface ice module should be changed when more detailed topographical data become available, such as better estimates of the fraction of the land area where puddles may form.     

Numerical simulations of the influence of the seasonal snow cover on the occurrence of permafrost at high latitudes

It has repeatedly been reported that snow cover is a dominating factor in determining the presence or absence of permafrost in the discontinuous and sporadic permafrost regions. The temperature at the snow-soil interface by the end of winter, known as the bottom temperature of winter snow (BTS) method, has been used to detect the existence of permafrost in European alpine regions when the maximum snow depth is about 1.0 m or greater. A critical snow thickness of about 50 cm or greater can prevent the development of permafrost in eastern Hudson Bay, Canada. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of snow cover on the presence or absence of permafrost in cold regions through numerical simulations. A one-dimensional heat transfer model with phase change and a snow cover regime is used to simulate energy exchange between deep soils and the atmosphere. The model has been validated against the in situ data in the Arctic. The simulation results indicate that both snow depth and the onset date of snow cover establishment are important parameters in relation to the presence or absence of permafrost. Early establishment of snow cover can make permafrost disappear, even with a relatively thin snow cover. Permafrost may survive when snow cover starts after the middle of December even with a snow thickness >1.0 m. This effect of snow cover on the ground thermal regime can be explained with reference to the pattern of seasonal temperature variation. Early establishment of snow cover enhances the insulating impact over the entire cold season, thus warming and eventually thawing the permafrost. The insulating effect is substantially reduced when snow cover starts relatively late and snowmelt in the spring creates a huge heat sink, resulting in a favorable combination for permafrost existence.     

Impacts of snow cover and frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau on summer precipitation in China

This paper presents an analysis of the mechanisms and impacts of snow cover and frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau on the summer precipitation in China, using RegCM3 version 3.1 model simulations. Comparisons of simulations vs. observations show that RegCM3 well captures these impacts. Results indicate that in a more-snow year with deep frozen soil there will be more precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin and central Northwest China, western Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang, but less precipitation in Northeast China, North China, South China, and most of Southwest China. In a less-snow year with deep frozen soil, however, there will be more precipitation in Northeast China, North China, and southern South China, but less precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin and in northern South China. Such differences may be attributed to different combination patterns of melting snow and thawing frozen soil on the Plateau, which may change soil moisture as well as cause differences in energy absorption in the phase change processes of snow cover and frozen soil. These factors may produce more surface sensible heat in more-snow years when the frozen soil is deep than when the frozen soil is shallow. The higher surface sensible heat may lead to a stronger updraft over the Plateau, eventually contributing to a stronger South Asia High and West Pacific Subtropical High. Due to different values of the wind fields at 850 hPa, a convergence zone will form over the Yangtze River Basin, which may produce more summer precipitation in the basin area but less precipitation in North China and South China. However, because soil moisture depends on ice content, in less-snow years with deep frozen soil, the soil moisture will be higher. The combination of higher frozen soil moisture with latent heat absorption in the phase change process may generate less surface sensible heat and consequently a weaker updraft motion over the Plateau. As a result, both the South Asia High and the West Pacific Subtropical High will be weaker, hence causing more summer precipitation in northern China but less in southern China.     

The influence of snow cover on ground freeze-thaw frequency,intensity, and duration: An experimental study conducted in coastal northern Sweden

The impact of snow cover on seasonal ground frost and freeze-thaw processes is not yet fully understood. The authors therefore examined how snow cover affects seasonal ground frost in a coastal setting in northern Sweden. Air and soil temperatures were recorded in a paired-plot experiment, both with and without snow cover, during the frost season 2012–2013. The frequency, duration, and intensity of the freeze-thaw cycles during the frost season were calculated. The results showed that the freeze-thaw frequency was 57% higher at the soil surface and the intensity 10 °C colder in the spring of 2013, when the ground lacked snow cover. Furthermore, the duration of the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle was 30 days longer on average in cases where there was natural snow accumulation. The correlation between air and ground surface temperatures weakened with increased snow-cover depth. The authors conclude that continued increases in air temperature and decreases in snow in coastal northern Sweden might alter freeze-thaw cycles and thus affect natural and human systems such as geomorphology, ecology, spatial planning, transport, and forestry.