Modeling the Dynamic Gravity Variations of Northeastern Margin of Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau by Using Bicubic Spline Interpolation Function

INTRODUCTIONThe study of earthquakeforecast based on gravity measurement has been carried out for almost30yearsin China,and remarkable progress has been made(Jia Minyu,et al.,2000;Zhu Yiqing,etal.,2001).However,constrained byobservationtechniques and moni…     

用双三次样条函数模拟青藏高原东北缘重力场动态图像

用双三次样条模拟了1992～2001年间青藏高原东北缘重力变化时空分布信息，初步研究了本区的重力变化与地震活动及构造活动的关系。结果表明：①在地震孕育过程中，区域重力场出现有规律的变化并产生重力变化异常区或重力变化密集带。②在重力变化显著时段，以兰州为界，测区西北、东南和东北具有不同的重力变化特征。③重力变化与测区主要断裂构造带走向基本一致，重力变化等值线与断裂分布关系密切。     

The Rotational Structure along the Eastern Segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault and Its Implications in Dynamics

As a result of the left-lateral strike-slipping of the Altyn Tagh fault in Neotectonic period, a contra-rotational structure, namely the Zhaobishan vortex structure, has developed at the juncture of the main Altyn Tagh fault and the northern fringe fault of the Qilian Mountains.Preliminary analysis on the deformation and evolution of the Zhaobishan vortex structure. In combination with the previous data, suggests that the tectonic transform between the Altyn Tagh fault and the northern fringe fault of the Qilian Mountains attributes to the deformation of the rotational structure. The existence of a series of rotational structures along the Altyn Tagh fault and on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) plateau indicate that as the substance in the northern Qinghal-Xizang (Tibet) plateau moves clockwise around the eastern tectonic knot of the Himalayas, rotational structures become the principal mode on the northern marginal zone of the Plateau of transforming and absorbing tectonic deformation.     

Crust Shortening of the Daliangshan Tectonic Zone in the Cenozoic Era and Its Implications

The Daliangshan tectonic zone is a rhombic area to the east of the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault zones in the middle segment of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system along the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Since the Cenozoic era, the neotectonic deformation in the Daliangshan tectonic zone has presented not only sinistral slip and reverse faulting along the Daliangshan fault zone, but also proximate SN-trending crust shortening. It is estimated that the average crust shortening in the Daliangshan tectonic zone is 10.9±1.6 km, with a shortening rate of 17.8±2.2% using the method of balanced cross-sections. The crust shortening from folding occurred mainly in the Miocene and the Pliocene periods, lasting no more than 8.6 Ma. Based on this, a crust shortening velocity of 1.3±0.2 mm/a can be estimated. Compared with the left offset along the Daliangshan fault zone, it is recognized that crust shortening by folding plays an important part in transferring crustal deformation southeastward along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system.     

Late Cenozoic Normal Faulting on the Western Side of Wenquan Graben, Central Qianghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau

INTRODUCTION ThesustainedcollisionoftheIndiaplateintotheEurasiaplatesince50MaBPgaverisetotheintenseCenozoictectonicdeformationandupliftingofmountainsintheQinghai Xizang(Tibet)Plateauanditsvicinityandhadafar reachingimpactonthegeomorphicpatternsandenvironm…     

Focal Fault of the 1999 Datong Ms5.6 Earthquake in Shanxi Province

Several earthquakes with Ms≥5.0 occurred in the Datong seismic region in 1989,1991 and 1999,The precise focus location of the earthquake sequence was made by the records of the remote sensing seismic station network in Datong.Using that data together with macro-intensity distribution and focal mechanism solutions,we analyze the difference among three subsequences.The results show that the focal fault of the 1999 Ms 5.6 earthquake was a NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip fault.It is 16km long and 12km wide.It developed at the depth of 5km and is nearly vertical in dip.The two previous earthquake subsequences,however,were generated by activity along NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault.It can be found that the rupture directioin of the 1999 earthquake has changed.It is generally found that a rupture zone has more than two directions and has different strength along these two directions.The complicate degree of focal circumstance is related to the type of earthquake sequences.There is the NE-trending Dawangcun fault and the NW-trending Tuanbu fault in the seismic region,but no proof indicates a connection between focal faults and these two tectonic faults.The feature that focal faults of three subsequences are strike-slip is different from that of the two tectonic faults.It is suggested that the 1999 earthquake subsequence was possibly generated by a new rupture.     

青海拉脊山断裂带新活动特征的初步研究

拉脊山断裂带由拉脊山北缘断裂和拉脊山南缘断裂两条向NE凸出的弧形断裂所组成，分别长约230km和220km。它们是介于NNW向的热水一日月山右旋走滑断裂带和NWW向的西秦岭北缘左旋走滑断裂带之间的一个大型挤压构造区和构造转换带，也是分隔拉脊山南北两侧的西宁一民和盆地和循化一化隆盆地的重要边界断裂。沿断裂带的追踪考察，发现了其新活动的部分地质地貌证据。其最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期(仅局部为全新世早期)，性质以挤压逆冲为主稍具左旋特征。该断裂的新活动可能导致了该区20余次5级左右中等地震的发生。可以说，拉脊山地区既是反映构造活动，又是反映地震活动的地震构造窗。     

A Preliminary Study on the New Activity Features of the Lajishan Mountain Fault Zone in Qinghai Province

INTRODUCTIONThe Lajishan Mountainlies onthe northeastern margin of Qinghai_Xizang(Tibet)plateau.It is ageomorphic gradient zone,separatingthe hinterland of Tibetfromthe Loess plateau.The Lajishanfaultis a product of Caledonian movement,havingexperienced m…     

Evolution of Chinese mammalian faunal regions and elevation of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau

Mammals multiplied rapidly with the coming of Cenozoic era. They took the dominant position occu-pied by reptiles during the Mesozoic and became a superior group of vertebrates during the Cenozoic. Fossil mammals are useful for subdivision and dat-ing of Cenozoic terrestrial deposits, by virtue of their high evolutionary rates and high probability for being fossilized. The widespread Chinese Cenozoic sedi-ments, mainly pertaining to continental facies, contain abundant remains of mammals. T…     

青海大通断裂带初步研究

青海大通断裂带是青藏高原北部压性盆地带内的一条NE向断裂,构成西宁盆地与大通城关盆地的边界。该断裂带主要由麻子营-庙沟断裂(F1)和老爷山-南门峡断裂(F2)2条次级断裂段构成,沿该断裂带有明显垂直断错的地貌现象。野外调查表明,断裂具有长期活动特征,基岩中发育10余米宽的断层破碎带,且沿断裂带一些地段有岩脉侵入。断裂最新活动表现为寒武纪地层逆冲到早第四纪砖红色砾石层之上,沿断层面发育数厘米厚的断层泥。但断层带上覆坡积黄土未被断错。断层泥测年(ESR)结果为(610±61)kaBP;上覆黄土测年(OSL)结果为(14.6±1.5)kaBP。根据测年结果和地质地貌现象判定该断裂带在中更新世有过明显活动。大通盆地内部地层以长轴NW向的褶皱变形为主,根据断层与褶皱变形的关系认为,在NEE向区域挤压应力作用下NE向的大通断裂是断层两侧褶皱带之间不同段落压缩不均匀而形成的横向撕裂。这一特征可能代表了青藏高原东北部一系列NE向断裂的共同特征。这些NE向断裂规模不大,被围限在活动块体内部,与褶皱和压性盆地轴向近垂直     

Linkage of liquid conductivity of glacier ice with its alkalinity over the north Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau--Implication to the past dust recovery

Liquid conductivity (EC) measurement was conducted for the samples collected from several snow pits and ice cores over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, with their time range covering seasonal, decadal and centennial scales. Unlike the previous attention mostly focused on the acidity (H+) responding to the solid conductance (ECM) of glacial ice, we introduce the alkalinity (OH?) of snow and ice to show how it responds to EC. Strong linear relationship was established between EC and OH? for these snow pits and ice cores. Positive correlation is also established between EC and major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+). Since the cations are known as the proxies for the intensity of mineral dust influx onto glaciers of the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, we believe that EC could be used as an indicator for the history of dust input in deep ice core study. In fact, records in Guliya ice core since the Little Ice Age (LIA) indicate that dust load in glacier may depend on the combination of temperature and humidity. "Cold-dry" combination favors the dust arising, and results in higher EC and OH- values, while "warm-wet" combination prevents dust form and EC and OH- values are lower. In the past century, with the atmospheric warming and precipitation increasing over the northern plateau, which means an atmospheric condition of dust decreasing, both EC and OH- displayed rapid decline.     

A Preliminary Study of Palaeoearthquakes on the Maqu Fault of East Kunlun Fault Zone

INTRODUCTIONThe east Kunlun active fault is an important NWWtrending boundary fault on the northeasternmargin of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.The fault extends fromthe northside of the Qiangtangmassif in the west,runs eastward through the Kusai Lake,Dongdatan,Xidatan,Tuosuo Lake andMaqu to the north of Zoig毢(Van Der Woerd,et al.,2002;Ma Yinsheng,et al.,2005;Seismological Bureau of Qinghai Province,et al.,1999;Li Chunfeng,et al.2004).The intenseleft-lateral strike-slip move…     

A Preliminary Study on a Seismotectonic Model for the Active Faults in the Xining Urban Area

On the basis of the Xining active urban fault survey, we studied the relationship between the active urban fault and fold deformation. The result of this research shows that the Huangshuihe fault and the NW-striking fault on the northern bank of the Huangshulbe River are tensional faults on top of an anticline, the Nanchuanhe fault is a transverse tear fault resulting from differential folding on two sides of the fault, the east bank of the Beichuanhe River fault is a compressional fault developed on the core or climb of a syncline. By balance profile analysis of fold deformation and inversion of gravity anomaly data, we obtained the depth of the detachment plane and established the seismotectonic model of the ）fining urban area. Based on the seismotectonic model, we analyzed the earthquake potential of the active urban fault.     

Linkage of liquid conductivity of glacier ice with its alkalinity over the north Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau

Liquid conductivity (EC) measurement was conducted for the samples collected from several snow pits and ice cores over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, with their time range covering seasonal, decadal and centennial scales. Unlike the previous attention mostly focused on the acidity (H⁺) responding to the solid conductance (ECM) of glacial ice, we introduce the alkalinity (OH⁻) of snow and ice to show how it responds to EC. Strong linear relationship was established between EC and OH⁻ for these snow pits and ice cores. Positive correlation is also established between EC and major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺). Since the cations are known as the proxies for the intensity of mineral dust influx onto glaciers of the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, we believe that EC could be used as an indicator for the history of dust input in deep ice core study. In fact, records in Guliya ice core since the Little Ice Age (LIA) indicate that dust load in glacier may depend on the combination of temperature and humidity. “Cold-dry” combination favors the dust arising, and results in higher EC and OH⁻ values, while “warm-wet” combination prevents dust form and EC and OH⁻ values are lower. In the past century, with the atmospheric warming and precipitation increasing over the northern plateau, which means an atmospheric condition of dust decreasing, both EC and OH⁻ displayed rapid decline.     

东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究

东昆仑活动断裂是青藏高原东北部一条重要的NWW向边界断裂。 玛曲断裂位于东昆仑断裂带的最东段。 根据野外考察结果认为玛曲断裂全新世以来活动强烈, 主要表现为左旋走滑运动, 并伴有正倾滑运动性质。 断错地貌特征明显, 断裂过玛曲县城以后, 沿黑河南岸穿过若尔盖草地向东, 直至岷山北端求吉附近。 通过两处断错地貌的全站仪器实测和测年资料讨论了玛曲断裂新活动特征和全新世滑动速率, 玛曲断裂全新世早期以来的平均水平滑动速率为6.29～5.71 mm/a, 全新世晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为4.19～4.03 mm/a。     

南北地震带与华北地块强震间的相关迁移

地震震源机制解和地应力实测结果表明, 我国大陆地区存在近似于辐射状的区域应力场, 其辐射中心位于青藏地块东部. 本文首先定义我国大陆应力场近似辐射中心(35°N、 100°E)为动力源点, 在此基础上计算了1900年以来我国大陆东部地区(30°N—44°N、 104°E—125°E)所发生的34次M_S≥6.0地震震中到动力源点的距离与地震发生时间的关系. 结果表明, 20世纪南北地震带中北段发生M_S≥7.0地震后, 华北地块陆续发生了一系列M_S≥6.0地震, 且有随时间从南北地震带附近大体向东迁移的规律. 据此说明, 华北地块的地震主要受控于印度板块作用下青藏地块向我国大陆东部挤压的影响, 在其作用下产生了华北地块M_S≥6.0地震的系列东向迁移活动. 总体来看有4组明显的地震迁移活动, 每组地震“序列”的迁移视速度约为80 km/a. 华北地块首发M_S≥6.0地震距南北地震带中北段最近一次M_S≥7.0地震的时间间隔约为1个月至11.8年, 且60%的M_S≥6.0地震发震地点在(39°N±1.5°)区域内. 据此推测, 2008年汶川M_S8.0和2013年芦山M_S7.0地震后, 华北地块近年存在发生M_S≥6.0地震的可能, 晋冀蒙交界和环渤海及其附近地区值得重点关注.      

长岭山北麓断裂晚第四纪活动性及构造稳定性研究

通过野外调查表明,长岭山北麓断裂晚第四纪以来表现出强烈的新活动性.沿断裂年青冲沟以及最新阶地发生水平左旋位移,通过测量及位移量的分组分析并结合相关年代计算得到,该活动断裂晚更新世以来水平滑动速率为5.1mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.19mm/a;全新世以来水平滑动速率3.53±0.34 mm/a,垂直滑动速率0.29±0.03 mm/a.沿断裂全线进行分析并结合断层剖面得到,小红山一带断层上覆0.4～1.2 m的坡洪积层(底部TL年龄6.1±0.7 kaBP)未被错动,而且Ⅰ级河流阶地及河漫滩相沉积物均未发生变形变位.1927年古浪8.0级地震形成的地表破裂向东抵达下井子沟地区,但未通过陶家山北的明代长城.区域分析表明,长岭山北麓断层构成古浪活动断裂带的东延段,和前人已经确定的天桥沟断层、黄羊川断层一起构成古浪左旋走滑兼逆冲活动断裂带.1927年古浪8.0级地震形成大破裂--贯通型的地震地表破裂带,说明该断裂所在地区为破裂的成熟地段.通过计算,并考虑到古浪大地震的离逝时间以及结合区域资料分析表明,该活动断裂所在地区至少500a内是相对稳定的,1000a的预测时段内发生强、大地震的概率也很低,但是不排除发生中强地震的可能.     

北天山西段库松木楔克山山前断层新活动特征初探

库松木楔克山山前断层是位于北天山西段再生造山带北缘一条重要的边界断层,是本次新发现和确定的一条活动断层。断层分为东、中、西三段:东段主要由4条断层斜列组合而成,单条断层长度为9~13 km,在晚更新世~全新世仍在强烈活动,晚更新世以来的垂直错动量为3~4 m,垂直活动速率为0.23~0.33 mm/a,全新世以来的垂直错动量为0.5~0.8 m;中段断层活动错断了中更新世至全新世地貌,形成多级断层陡坎和长约8~10 km的地震形变带,晚更新世以来垂直活动速率为0.5 mm/a;西段自晚更新以来无活动显示。     

西宁城市活动断裂地表特征初步研究

在详细的野外地质调查基础上, 通过开挖探槽剖面揭露了断层的基本性质, 初步展示了西宁市北川河东岸断裂、 南川河断裂和湟水河断裂的地表特征。 结合前人的阶地测定年代结果初步判断, 北川河东岸断裂错断相当于湟水河Ⅱ至Ⅲ级阶地, Ⅱ级阶地形成不晚于0.05 Ma, Ⅲ级阶地形成不晚于0.12 Ma, 说明该断裂是晚更新世活动断裂; 南川河断裂错断相当于湟水河Ⅳ、 Ⅴ级阶地, Ⅳ级阶地形成不晚于0.54 Ma, Ⅴ级阶地形成不晚于0.78 Ma, 说明该断裂是早中更新世活动断裂; 湟水河断裂错断其Ⅱ、 Ⅲ级阶地砾石层, 说明该断裂是晚更新世活动断裂。 这些断裂规模小、 活动性弱, 可能为盖层断裂。