中国红透山太古宙块状硫化物矿床集中区地质

中国辽宁省浑河断裂以北地区(以下简称辽北地区),是中国重要的太古宙块状硫化物矿床的集中区。全区集中分布着块状硫化物矿床、矿点和矿化点共100余处。在诸矿床中红透山矿床的规模最大—为一中型锌—铜块状硫化物矿床。 辽北地区由于集中分布着众多的块状硫化物矿床,因此称之为块状硫化物矿床集中区。在该集中区内,块状硫化物矿床按其工业利用价值可分为两类:锌—铜型块状硫化物矿床和块状硫铁矿矿床(也含黄铜矿、闪锌矿矿体),它们为同期同成因的矿床组合。 在本区块状硫化物不只是单纯的矿石具块状构造之意,而是用来描述硫化物矿物在矿石中占主导(大于50%)的同期同成因的矿床组合。     

岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE矿床研究现状及发展趋势

从全球视野分析研究了世界岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的大地构造分布和成岩成矿类型,特别是通过上世纪末新发现的加拿大Voisey′s Bay矿床与俄罗斯Noril′sk等世界级矿床特征的对比研究,突出强调了大火成岩省(LIPs)对大规模岩浆硫化物矿床形成的意义,从更加宏观的角度审视了世界级岩浆硫化物矿床形成的地质背景和岩浆作用条件,为中国金川等岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床的深入研究提供了参照背景。评述分析了当代岩浆硫化物矿床成矿研究中,幔源岩浆中硫化物液相不混溶(熔离)的演化轨迹,对岩浆萃取地壳中的硫改变硫化物饱和度促成不混溶作用发生的可能性和条件进行了探讨,进一步讨论了岩浆演化过程中,亲铜元素(Ni、Cu、Co、Pt和Pd等)进入硫化物液相成为金属硫化物或先期进入先结晶的橄榄石、辉石矿物成为氧化物的物理化学行为,并通过加拿大Sudbury陨石撞击构造成因矿床复合热液对硫化物矿体形成贡献的讨论,提出了热液作用对岩浆硫化物矿床成矿的可能贡献。分析判断了中国岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床的成矿特点和金川超大型岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE矿床外围的找矿潜力。     

博茨瓦纳赛莱比-皮奎铜镍硫化物矿床研究进展

文章对博茨瓦纳铜镍硫化物矿床的研究成果进行了总结,概括了赛莱比-皮奎铜镍硫化物矿床的区域地质背景、岩石地层划分,较系统地分析了矿床的地质特征和矿床成因;认为铜镍硫化物矿床的成矿物质来源多样,并且矿床形成后经历了强烈的褶皱和剪切作用。     

含铜黄铁矿型矿床研究中的几个问题

含铜黄铁矿型矿床包括块状硫化物型铜矿床及别子型矿床。一般认为其形成与海底火山喷气-沉积作用有关。但对这类矿床的认识却存在很多争议。 1.对含铜黄铁矿型矿床的新认识。过去很多人都把这类矿床与块状硫化物矿床联系在一起。近年来作者研究表明,很多这类矿床不仅有块状硫化物矿石,而且还含有浸染状、细脉状、网脉状以及条带状矿石。且这些矿石往往是属同一成因的,因此将这类矿床统统以块状硫化物矿床命名是不符合实际的。比如加拿大Gold-Stream地区与基性火山岩有关的铜锌矿床;其中包含两种矿石,一种是产于绿色和暗色钙质千枚岩中薄层浸染状硫化物矿石,另一种为产于绿岩带地层间隙中的块状硫化物矿石,其间含有磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿的薄层紧密混合     

膏盐层在Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床成矿中的作用 ——以俄罗斯诺里尔斯克矿床为例

与基性-超基性侵入体有关的Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床是镍-铜-铂族元素矿床的最重要类型。传统观点认为,Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床是由成矿岩浆分异演化、熔离形成的,与围岩性质关系不大。实际上,大部分基性-超基性岩浆是硫化物不饱和的,在岩浆自身演化过程中难以聚集大量硫化物而形成有经济价值的大型高品位NiCu-PGE硫化物矿床。因此,壳源硫的加入是基性-超基性岩浆中硫化物浓度达到过饱和,熔离形成Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床的关键。膏盐层是富含石膏等硫酸盐(SO24-)的蒸发沉积建造,除SO24-外,还富含Cl-、CO23-、Na+、K+等盐类物质,在自然界分布广、面积大,是地壳中重要的硫源层和氧化障。但膏盐层在Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床中的作用长期被忽视,制约了Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床成矿找矿理论的发展。文章以世界最大的俄罗斯诺里尔斯克Ni-CuPGE硫化物矿床为例,介绍了膏盐层与矿床分布的空间关系、石膏等硫酸盐矿物在矿床和蚀变围岩中的分布、成矿元素和硫同位素组成特征及变化规律,阐明了膏盐层在成矿中的作用和控矿机理。膏盐(SO24-)的加入,可以大幅度提高成矿系统的氧逸度,将成矿岩浆中Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,形成铁氧化物,SO24-自身被还原,向成矿系统提供还原硫S2-,与Cu2+、Ni2+等结合,形成铜镍硫化物等,使基性-超基性成矿岩浆由硫化物不饱和变为过饱和,形成硫化物小液滴,在岩浆房经聚集-熔离-富集,形成岩浆型Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床。除膏盐层外,富含硫化物的地层也是形成Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床的重要硫源层。     

中国西北海相火山岩地区块状硫化物矿床地质特征兼论青海锡铁山铅锌矿床成因

本文分三部分:(一)中国西北地区海相火山岩系特征与块状硫化物矿床的分布。介绍了我国秦岭、祁连、昆仑、阿尔泰、北山—天山各山系及东西准噶尔多时代时控火山岩石系列、岩石组合与块状硫化物矿床分布。并指出块状硫化物矿床与亚碱质钙碱系列细碧-石英角班岩岩石组合关系密切。(二)、中国西北块状硫化物矿床地质特征及其分类问题。本部分从我国西北海相火山岩地区块状硫化物矿床的岩石组分、岩石结构构造、岩体宏观特征、近矿围岩及蚀变等方面初步总结了我国西北海相火山岩地区的坎状硫化物矿床地质基本特征,并与国外同类型矿床进行类比。探讨     

内蒙西部硫化物矿床氧化带发育特征

硫化物矿床氧化带的研究,是评价下伏硫化物矿床矿化经济远景的一种不可缺少的方法. 我国近二十年来,在内蒙西部铁帽发育地区,进行了普查找矿,找到了几个大型铜、铅、锌硫化物层状矿床及黄铁矿矿床,积累了丰富的地质资料.本文是在上述资料及四个典型硫化物矿床氧化带研究的基础上,着重讨论内蒙西部干旱、半干旱气候条件下硫化物矿床氧化带的发育特征、生成条件及形成时代,并进一步扼要地将不同地区     

新疆阿尔泰山南缘产于泥盆纪火山-沉积盆地铅锌矿床地质特征--以可可塔勒铅锌矿为例

可可塔勒矿床位于新疆阿尔泰造山带南缘,产于泥盆纪火山-沉积盆地内铅锌矿(可可塔勒)体呈似层状、透镜状,矿石构造以条纹条带状、块状、斑杂状为主,矿物成分相对简单,矿体直接容矿围岩为火山-沉积岩.矿床属火山-沉积岩容矿的块状硫化物矿床.为介于典型的火山岩容矿的块状硫化物型矿床(VHMS)和典型沉积岩容矿的硫化物矿床(SEDEX型)之间的过渡类型(一种新类型块状硫化物矿床),其矿化特征与伊比利亚型矿床相类似.     

元古宙喷气块状硫化物矿床

引言本文主要评述元古宙与火山岩伴生的喷气块状硫化物矿床类型及其地质环境。层控喷气块状硫化物矿床在全世界元古宙地体中都有分布。这些矿床是铜、锌、铅、银、金、镉和锡的重要来源。有几个元古宙含镍块状硫化物矿床可能是属于这种矿床类型。用来说明这种矿床类型的例子有北美、澳大利亚、南非、斯堪的纳维亚和芬兰的矿床。但这种类型的矿床已知在某些其它元古宙地体中也有分布,例如苏联和印度的矿床。元古宙喷气块状硫化物矿床的金属比例是从富铜和贫铅及锌变到富铅及锌和贫铜。     

《岩浆硫化物矿床》译著简介

《岩浆硫化物矿床的地质、地球化学和勘查》一书的作者A.J.Naldret是加拿大多伦多大学的终身教授,加拿大皇家科学院院士,一生致力于岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的研究。这本书对全世界重要的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床和铂族金属矿床进行了阐释,并对该类矿床的研究进展进行了全面讨论.     

扬子陆块西缘石棉大水沟岩片变形变质特征

经近年研究，石棉大水沟岩片边界断裂为韧性剪切带，具逆冲-推覆性质，在中生代碰撞造山过程中逆冲叠置在扬子陆块之上。该岩片经历了晚二叠世裂谷变质、晚三叠世末至早中侏罗世滑脱-收缩动热变质和晚侏罗世热隆接触变质等三期主要变形、变质作用，尤其是后两期影响最深刻，奠定了现今热隆构造，并伴有赚矿床的形成。大水沟热隆，具陆陆碰撞地壳加厚，剪切增热，熔融岩浆底辟上隆的演化特点，属岩浆热隆。     

Dashuigou Tellurium Deposit in Sichuan Province, China: S, C, O, and H Isotope Data and Their Implications on Hydrothermal Mineralization

Abstract: Dashuigou, a unique tellurium‐dominated deposit over the world, is located in the western margin of the Yangtze cra‐ton in southwestern China. It is characterized by high‐grade tellurium accompanied by bismuth, gold, silver, and sulfur, and occurs in the area of less than one km². The mineralization is divided into three stages, i.e. (1) tellurium‐bearing pyrrhotite–pyrite stage, (2) tetradymite stage, and (3) auriferous quartz veins stage. Tellurium mineralization coexisting with bismuth, silver, selenium, and gold predominantly develops in the stage 2, while the stage 1 is enriched only in sulfur and iron, and the stage 3 is very weakly mineralized with gold. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the ore of the deposit vary in a narrow range of –3.1 ‐ +2.8 per mil with –3.1 ‐ +2.8 per mil for the stage 1 and –0.5 ‐ +2.1 for the stage 2, showing the isotopic characteristics of mantle derived sulfur. The δ¹³C values of vein dolomites vary from –5.3 to –7.2 per mil, with –5.3 ‐ –6.6 per mil for the stage 1 and –5.3 ‐ –7.2 per mil for the stage 2, which are significantly different from those of surrounding Triassic marble with δ¹³C values of –0.3 ‐ +2.8 per mil, and show characteristics of mantle derived carbon. The δ¹⁸O values of vein dolomites range from +10.2 to +13.1 per mil, which are higher than those of carbonatite, but lower than those of the marble. Their corresponding δ¹⁸O_water values are +0.6 ‐ +3.9 per mil, with +2.7 ‐ +3.8 per mil for the stage 1 and +0.6 ‐ +3.9 per mil for the stage 2. The data implies that these vein carbonates were formed by the mixing fluids of magmatic or mantle source with meteoric or formation water. The δ¹⁸O values of ore‐forming fluids responsible for the formation of vein quartz are estimated to be +3.2 to +6.8, the δD values of inclusion fluids of the quartz are measured to be –54 to –82 per mil. All those stable isotopic data suggest the involvement of the fluids from mantle and/or mantle‐derived magmas through fault system in the forming process of the Dashuigou tellurium deposit.     

Ore prospecting model and targets for the Dashuigou tellurium deposit,Sichuan Province,China

The Dashuigou tellurium (Te) deposit in Shimian city, Sichuan Province is the only known independent Te ore deposit in China. Samples were collected by 1/50,000 stream sediment survey and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, emission spectrometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. An ore prospecting model for the Dashuigou Te deposit was then established. In the Dashuigou area, bismuth (Bi), Te, and gold (Au) concentrations in stream sediment samples displayed weak-positive anomalies, while silver (Ag) displayed a weak-negative anomaly. Bi, Te, Ag, and Au anomalies are regarded as indicators of Te deposits; the greater the ratio of Te?+?Bi/Au?+?Ag, the larger the possibility of an independent tellurobismuthite deposit. The ratio calculated from our samples is 7.288. Five locations were identified for prospecting for Te minerals by this model, including the northern part of the Dashuigou Te deposit, Majiagou, Tizigou, southeastern Miaoping, and northern Baishuihe. These five regions are within the Dashuigou dome anticline, the exposed strata of which are controlled by tracing the tensile shear fracture; the metallogenic geological conditions and geochemical characteristics are the same as those of the known Dashuigou Te deposit. Already, Te–Bi veins have been found in some of these areas.     

石棉县大水沟脉型碲化物矿床地球化学──世界首例独立碲矿床成因

四川省石棉县境内发现的世界首例独立碲矿床，它位于大渡河韧性剪切带中段，受大水沟岩浆动热穹隆体控制，以碲为主成矿元素，伴生Ｂｉ、Ｓｅ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ等。矿体呈（硫）铋碲化物脉型充填于三叠系绿片岩内，斜交地层产状。本文通过地球化学研究，认为成矿作用经历早期碲的富集，成矿流体与深成作用有关；晚期发生金矿化，受古大气降水影响。大水沟碲化物脉型牙床属于中深成、中高温岩浆热液充填型独立碲矿床。     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Dashuigou Tellurium Deposit,Western Sichuan,China

The Dashuigou tellurium deposit, located on the western margin of the Yangtze platform, is unique. The deposit is hosted by Triassic metabasalt 50 to 80 meters thick. The orebodies occur as a group of NNE-striking parallel veins. Mineralization developed in three stages: Stage I— pyrrhotite-pyrite, Stage II—tetradymite, and Stage III—chalcopyrite-pyrite. Stage II is the principal tellurium mineralization stage and the tellurium-bearing minerals are mainly tetradymite, tsumoite, tellurbismuth, joseite, calaverite, stuetzite, and native tellurium. The general ore grade of the tellurium in Stage II ranges from 0.2 to 5 wt%, and it reaches 15 to 25 wt% for the massive ores. The dominant gangue minerals are calcite and dolomite, with minor biotite, muscovite, albite, quartz, and chlorite.

Fluid-inclusion studies of calcite, dolomite, and quartz from Stages I, II, and III yield homogenization temperatures of 356° to 260° C (mean = 320° C), 295° to 198° C (mean = 240°), and 235° to 152° C (mean = 170° C), respectively. Salinities of primary fluid inclusions in all three stages are 1.5 to 5.8 wt% NaCl equivalent, 9 to 15.2 wt% NaCl equivalent, and 2.8 to 3.0 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively.

Isotopic studies show that δ34 values of sulfides range from -2.2 to +2.8 per mil. δ¹³C values of calcites and dolomites in the ore veins range from -5.3 to -7.42 per mil, and δ¹⁸O values range from +10.9 to +13.1 per mil, which are quite different from the δ¹³C values of+1.0 to +2.8 per mil and δ¹⁸O values of +16.8 to +28.5 per mil for the calcites from the Triassic carbonates in the deposit. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of muscovite and quartz were measured to be -61 to -54 per mil and +9.9 to +13.0 per mil, respectively. Values of δ¹⁸O_water computed from fluid-inclusion trapping temperatures are +3.9 and +7 per mil.

A date of 93 Ma was obtained through measurement of muscovite from the No. 12 ore vein. Sulfur-, oxygen-, carbon-, and hydrogenisotope data indicate that the ore-forming substances of the Dashuigou tellurium deposit were derived from deep-seated sources, and the mineralizations probably are associated with Late Mesozoic alkaline or alkaline granitic magmatism. The estimated sulfur fugacities (fs₂) are 10^?16.7 for Stage I and 10^?14 to 10^15.5 for Stage II, whereas the tellurium fugacities (f_Te2) are 10^?15 to 10^?14 and 10^?11.2 to 10^?10.5, respectively.     

四川石棉地区碲成矿地质背景、地球化学特征及其地质意义

大水沟碲矿床作为世界唯一碲独立成矿矿床,从它的偶然发现至今,一直倍受关注,但一直缺乏相关的探寻与对类似碲矿床的地球化学理论方法研究。石棉地区主要富集与基性岩浆活动有关的亲基性场元素或氧化物,Te、Bi成矿元素的整体含量不高,发生不同程度的贫化,碲在二叠系、志留系通化岩组、奥陶系大河边组、震旦系及二叠—三叠纪侵入岩中具有较好的局部富集和成矿潜力。虽然碲矿区内各元素含量水平不高,但Te、Bi平均含量高于石棉地区平均含量,接近西南五省背景值。根据碲成矿地质背景、石棉地区与碲矿区的地球化学特征,建立碲矿的地球化学找矿模型,运用模型为石棉地区提供了最具潜力的碲找矿靶区与方向,部分靶区已发现碲矿脉或矿化。     

新疆和田县雪凤岭锂矿床、雪盆锂矿床和双牙锂矿床地质特征及伟晶岩脉群分带初步研究

作为战略性关键金属矿产,锂矿勘查与研究已成为当今矿产勘查和地学研究的热点。项目组2017年以来通过多次野外勘查、系统取样与室内化验分析,确认在新疆和田县白龙山锂多金属矿床东部的雪凤岭一带发现了雪凤岭、雪盆和双牙3处花岗伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床。雪凤岭锂矿床由3个含矿伟晶岩脉群共计47条锂多金属矿体组成,矿体长32~360 m,厚0.9~8 m,走向110°~120°,倾角49°~78°。对雪凤岭矿区伟晶岩脉群研究,发现含矿伟晶岩脉群‒含白云母伟晶岩脉群‒块体石英长石伟晶岩脉群‒含黑色电气石伟晶岩脉群‒块体石英长石伟晶岩脉群‒含白云母伟晶岩脉群‒含矿伟晶岩脉群具对称分带特征,进而在距雪凤岭1550 m南部的双牙山和雪盆沟发现较好的锂矿体,其中双牙锂矿床主矿体长850 m,厚12 m,出露最宽处近100 m;雪盆锂矿床3条锂矿体,长800~1200 m,厚4~8 m,向西合成一个矿体,厚12~20 m。各矿体Li2O品位0.6%~4.02%。伴生BeO品位0.04%~0.15%,Rb2O品位0.10%~0.23%,Nb2O5品位0.007%~0.047%,Ta2O5品位0.003%~0.046%。预测雪凤岭、雪盆、双牙3个矿床334资源量共计Li2O为7.1886×105 t,BeO为2.648×103 t,Rb2O为1.433×103 t,Nb2O5为3.387×103 t,Ta2O5为1.727×103 t,雪凤岭一带有望成为一个超大型锂多金属稀有金属矿产基地。     

黑龙江六九山铜银矿床地质特征

黑龙江六九山铜银矿床位于大兴安岭成矿带中东部,是近年发现的浅成低温热液型矿床.矿床产于爆破角砾岩带中,矿带东西长约1200 m,南北宽约500 m.矿带分布范围与角砾岩带基本一致,产于晚侏罗世花岗闪长岩和白音高老组火山岩中.共圈定24条矿体,其中工业矿体19条.矿体呈不规则脉状、透镜状,总体走向61°,倾向北西,倾角20~35°.矿体长度不大于780 m,一般在300 m左右,平均厚度7.18 m.矿体平均品位Cu 0.59%~1.01%,伴生Ag 3×10^-6~5×10^-6.矿床平均品位Cu 0.73%,伴生Ag 5.87×10^-6.六九山地区火山-岩浆活动强烈,在方圆20余平方千米内发育有9座中心式火山.六九山铜银矿床与中生代火山-岩浆活动关系密切,其形成大致可分为3个阶段：早二叠世成矿物质准备阶段,晚侏罗世成矿物质初步富集阶段和早白垩世成矿阶段.     

四川石棉县大水沟碲矿床地质与成因

四川石棉大水沟碲矿是我国发现的世界首例独立磅矿床，并具Ｔｅ、Ｂｉ、Ｓｅ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ多元素矿化。通过对该矿床的地质特征、矿石学与流体包裹体、同位素地球化学进行分析研究后，指出该矿床受韧性－脆性剪切带构造岩片和隐伏花岗岩底辟热穹隆的双重控制，以中下三叠统动热变质大理岩－绿片岩－千枚岩组合地层为赋矿围岩，热液蚀变发育碳酸盐化、硅化等。流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学研究表明，流体属低氧逸度、高二氧化碳逸度，深成中温热液成矿作用，物质来源于地壳深部，后期受大气降水影响。Ｋ－Ａｒ法测年与铅同位素两阶段模式年龄一致，成矿时代属燕山早期（１４４．２－１５０Ｍａ），与区域分布的花岗岩关系密切。     

Gold-Related Sulfide Mineralization and Ore Genesis of the Penjom Gold Deposit, Pahang, Malaysia

The Penjom gold deposit lies on the eastern side of the Raub‐Bentong Suture line within the Central Belt of Permo‐Triassic rocks, near Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The geology of the deposit is dominated by a sequence of fine‐ to coarse‐grained rhyolitic to rhyodacitic tuff, tuff‐breccia and a minor rhyolitic–rhyodacitic volcanic series, associated with argillaceous marine sedimentary rocks consisting of shale with subordinate shalely limestone of Padang Tungku Formation and Pahang Volcanic Series. Fine‐ to coarse‐grained tonalite and quartz porphyry intruded this unit. The main structural features of the area are north–south‐trending left‐lateral strike‐slip faults and their subsidiaries, which generally strike north–south and dip moderately to the east (350°–360°/40°–60°). Mineralization at the Penjom gold deposit is structurally controlled and also erratic laterally and vertically. The gold mineralization can be categorized as (i) gold associated with carbonate‐rich zones hosted within dilated quartz veins carrying significant amount of sulfides; (ii) gold disseminated within stockwork of quartz–carbonate veins affiliated with tonalite; and (iii) gold often associated with arsenopyrite and pyrite in quartz–carbonate veins and stringers hosted within shear zones of brittle–ductile nature in all rock types and in brittle fractured rhyodacitic volcanic rocks. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and pyrrhotite are the minerals accompanying the early stage of gold mineralization. These minerals also suffered from local brittle deformation. However, most of the gold mineralization took place after the deposition of these sulfides. Galena appears somewhat towards the end of gold mineralization, whereas tellurium and bismuth accompanied gold contemporaneously. The gold mineralization occurred most probably due to the metamorphogenic deformational origin concentrated mostly in the shear zone. The mineralization is strongly controlled by the wall rock (e.g. graphitic shale), the sulfide minerals and fluid–rock interaction.