锡林郭勒积雪日数时空分布规律研究

利用1971-2015年锡林郭勒地区15个气象观测站近45 a的逐日积雪日数资料,采用滑动T检验、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和EOF方法对研究区的积雪日数时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：研究期内积雪日数在1996年发生了一次由多到少的突变,且日数变化存在7 a的主周期和11 a、22 a的副周期。积雪月际变化呈单峰型的分布特征,多雪期主要集中在12~2月,少雪期分布在10月份和4月份;研究区空间分布差异性显著,总体呈东多西少、南多北少的分布格局,区内大部地区属于稳定积雪区。对积雪日数及其影响因子进行聚类分析,将研究区划分为4种类型,分别为降雪量偏少-积雪日数偏高区、降雪量-积雪日数一致偏高区、降雪量-积雪日数中值区、降雪量-积雪日数一致偏少区。该区有3种异常分布型：第一模态为全区一致偏多（少）型;第二模态为北多（少）南少（多）型;第三模态为中西部多（少）,东南部少（多）型。     

气候因子对南疆浮尘日数变化的影响

利用1961-2003年南疆36个代表站逐日地面观测资料,分析了浮尘日数的分布特征,并构建多元线性回归影响因子模型,探讨了气温、气温日较差、地气温差、海平面气压、气压差、平均风速、降水量7个气候因子对浮尘日数变化的影响程度。结果表明:南疆浮尘日数具有明显的地域差异性和季节性;43 a内浮尘日数呈明显减少趋势,具有6~9 a的振荡周期,地气温差、平均风速、降水量的相继突变导致1986年浮尘日数突变;3~9月南疆浮尘日数变化的主要影响因子依次是平均风速、气温日较差和降水量,春季气温日较差占主导地位,6~8月是平均风速,9月为降水量。     

辽宁省大雨以上降水日数分布与趋势分析

大雨以上降水日数反映了降水的非平均状况,对于气候异常变化和预报预测都有非常重要的意义。以辽宁省作为研究区域,根据1957-2013年辽宁省内23个和省外4个雨量站点的逐日降水数据,利用趋势系数法计算大雨以上降水日数的变化趋势,通过Mann-Kendall检验法检测突变。采用Morlet小波技术分析年际与各季节的变化周期;借助ArcGIS软件工具的Kriging插值和IDW插值模块对研究区进行空间分析。结果表明：辽宁省大雨以上降水日数的空间变化表现为由东南向西北递减;年际以及春、夏两季的周期大约为38年,秋季周期约为15年;大雨以上降水日数的年际变化呈现微弱的减少趋势,不同季节略有差异。57年来,辽宁省大雨以上降水日数变化总体呈现下降趋势,辽中地区下降趋势略有滞后,辽西地区变化情况较其他区域相对复杂。     

华东雾和霾日数的变化特征及成因分析

基于华东449个气象站点1961-2007年的雾、霾、气温和露点温度数据、1980和2005年土地利用数据及2000-2007年MODIS气溶胶光学厚度数据,利用气候统计诊断、遥感和地理信息系统技术分析了华东雾、霾日数的气候变化特征及成因,结果表明:1961-2007年期间,华东雾日数在全年及四季都呈现出先增多后减少的年际变化特征,霾日数在全年及四季则呈现出逐渐增多的年际变化特征。在1961-1980年和1981-2007年期间,华东多数地区的雾日数分别呈现出增多和减少的变化趋势,霾日数则在两个时期都表现为增多趋势。华东雾日数和霾日数的变化特征与我国已有的研究结果一致,气象条件的变化、区域城市化和土地利用变化以及大气污染物排放量增加所导致的气温升高和城市热岛效应增强、空气湿度和风速降低、气溶胶光学厚度增加等是华东雾和霾出现频率变化的主要原因。     

青藏高原强降水日数的时空分布特征

 根据青海和西藏48个气象台站近48 a（1961-2008年）的逐日降水和气温资料,分别以日降水量超过5 mm和25 mm作为冬半年（11月～翌年3月）和夏半年（5～9月）强降水的临界值,分析了青藏高原冬、夏半年强降水日数的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）高原强降水日数与总降水量的空间分布型非常相似,夏半年均表现为由东南向西北递减,而冬半年则为由高原腹地向四周递减。（2）夏（冬）半年强降水主要集中在7月上旬～8月中旬（11月上旬和3月中下旬）。（3）夏（冬）半年强降水存在准6 a（5～6 a）的年际振荡以及准10～11 a（15 a）的年代际振荡。（4）强降水日数变化趋势的空间差异较大,夏半年高原北（南）部强降水日数普遍以增加（减少）趋势为主,而冬半年除雅鲁藏布江流域呈减少趋势外,高原大多数地区均表现出显著增加趋势。     

On the nature of abnormal quiet days in Sq(H)

Summary. It is well known that the time of occurrence of the minimum in the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field ( H _min) on quiet days at a mid-latitude station on the poleward side of the Sq focus shows considerable variability from day to day. This variability has previously been discussed in terms of the incidence of so-called 'abnormal quiet days'(AQD), arbitrarily defined for the station Hartland as quiet days when H _min occurred outside an interval of ± 2½ hr centred on the most common time of 1130 LT. AQDs have some interesting properties, which have been documented, but their precise nature and cause have not been elucidated. In this paper we report the results of a study of AQDs as identified at Hartland using a chain of Northern hemisphere stations situated approximately along the 0° longitude meridian and extending on both sides of the Sq focus. It is found that there are two effects on AQDs: (i) a northward component field varying in LT is superposed at all latitudes throughout the day, so reducing the amplitude of the normal Sq(H) variation at stations poleward of the focus and increasing it on the equatorward side, (ii) a southward perturbation field, of most probable magnitude 6.0 nT for the period studied, is imposed for about 4 hr at a fixed UT at all latitudes, so constituting an 'AQD event' which can lead to the occurrence of H _min at an anomalous local time for a station poleward of the focus. It is shown that the AQD event may be of large geographical extent and that it is related to the interplanetary magnetic field. All the main properties of AQD occurrences are explained, and it is suggested that much of the day-to-day variability in the amplitude and phase of the normal Sq(H) variation probably also arises from the occurrence of AQD events at times close to the diurnal turning points.     

1981-2010年西藏霜冻日数的变化特征

利用西藏38 个气象站点1981-2010 年的逐日最低气温资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比和R/S 分析等气候统计方法,分析了霜冻日数的年际、年代际、异常、突变等气候变化特征。结果表明：西藏霜冻日数都表现为不同程度的减少趋势,减幅为3.3~14.6 d/10a（37个站P < 0.01）;随着海拔高度的升高,霜冻日数减幅在增大。在10a 年际变化尺度上,大部分站点霜冻日数20 世纪80 年代为正距平、21 世纪初为负距平;90 年代霜冻日数以正距平居多。有8 个站点霜冻日数存在突变点,发生在20 世纪90 年代,以1997 年居多。特多霜冻日数发生频数为0~3 次,多发生在20 世纪80 年代;特少霜冻日数频数介于0~4 次,以21 世纪初居多。特多霜冻日数发生频次与经度、纬度和海拔高度的关系不密切,而特少霜冻日数发生频次与海拔高度呈极显著的负相关。     

中国西北近45a来夏季无雨日数的诊断分析

利用中国西北五省(区)1960-2004年125个台站夏季(6-8月)逐日降水资料,从中统计出夏季无雨日数,通过EOF、REOF、趋势分析、Morlet小波分析等方法进行了时空特征分析,结果表明：中国西北夏季无雨日数空间分布高值区在新疆的南疆地区,而低值区在青海南部;整个西北地区一致性异常特征是其夏季无雨日数的最主要的空间分布型,高原东部和新疆北部的少部分地区同其它地方呈反向变化的空间分布型也是比较重要的;中国西北夏季无雨日数的空间分型主要有：高原东部型、南疆型、北疆型、青海高原型、河西走廊型及西北东部型;在中国西北夏季无雨日数的6个主要空间异常分区中,近45a来其夏季无雨日数北疆区呈微弱的下降趋势,南疆区和青海高原区表现为较明显的下降趋势,河西走廊区、高原东部区呈较明显的上升趋势,西北东部区呈明显的上升趋势;中国西北夏季无雨日数的各主要空间异常分区中,近45a来其夏季无雨日数11 -13a和7-9a的周期震荡表现得比较明显,而3-5a的高频震荡大多分区也有所反映。     

An investigation of the causes of abnormal quiet days in Sq (H)

Summary. From a study of 'abnormal quiet days' (AQDs) along the 0° meridian between 14 and 60° N, it was found (Butcher & Brown) that the minimum in H at stations on the poleward side of the Sq ( H ) focus was formed by a small negative substorm event when the normal Sq ( H ) amplitude was reduced by a superposed northward field.
In this paper we consider both the AQD event and the superposed northward field as a function of longitude and also consider in more detail the latitude variation of the superposed northward field. From such a study it is concluded that: (1) the AQD event is definitely due to a small magnetospheric substorm event; (2) the superposed northward field varies smoothly with longitude falling to zero some 110° from the longitude of its maximum amplitude; (3) the superposed northward field has a variation with geomagnetic latitude tending to zero near 20° and 70°N with a maximum near 55° N in summer and 35° N in winter; (4) there is some evidence that the effect of the IMF penetrates into the mid-latitude E-region and its effect is latitude-dependent. Although the evidence supports the suggestion that the currents responsible for the superposed northward field flow in the E-region no suggestion as to the origin of the driving force of the currents is forthcoming.     

近50 a中国大陆无雨日的时空变化特征分析

利用中国大陆678个台站1958-2007年的50 a逐日降水资料,分析了年、季无雨日和不同干旱程度持续性无雨日的时空特征和气候变化.结果表明:我国无雨日的空间差异很大,局地无雨日变化受大地形影响明显,无雨日高值区在南疆盆地.低值区在四川盆地,年均最大持续无雨日在南疆高于130 d,四川盆地则少于15 d.近50 a无...     

Comparison and analysis of snow cover data based on different definitions of snow cover days

In order to analyze the differences between the two snow cover data, the snow cover data of 884 meteorological stations in China from 1951 to 2005 are counted. The data include days of visual snow observation, snow depth, and snow cover durations, which vary according to different definitions of snow cover days. Two series of data, as defined by "snow depth" and by "weather observation," are investigated here. Our results show that there is no apparent difference between them in east China and the Xinjiang region, but in northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau the "weather observation" data vary by more than 10 days and the "snow depth" data vary by 0.4 cm. Especially in the Tibetan Plateau, there are at least 15 more days of "weather observation" snow in most areas (sometimes more than 30 days). There is an obvious difference in the snow cover data due to bimodal snowfall data in the Tibetan Plateau, which has peak snowfalls from September to October and from April to May. At those times the temperature is too high for snow cover formation and only a few days have trace snow cover. Also, the characteristics and changing trends of snow cover are analyzed here based on the snow cover data of nine weather stations in the northeast region of the Tibetan Plateau, by the Mann-Kendall test. The results show significantly fewer days of snow cover and shorter snow durations as defined by "snow depth" compared to that as defined by "weather observation." Mann-Kendall tests of both series of snow cover durations show an abrupt change in 1987.     

塔里木盆地沙尘多发季节沙尘日数与前一年大气环流指数的关系研究

应用塔里木盆地14站逐月的沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘日数和中国气象局国家气候中心整理发布的74类大气环流月指数资料,分析了塔里木盆地4～6月沙尘暴、4～7月扬沙、3～5月浮尘日数与前一年大气环流月指数之间的关系。沙尘日数和环流因子序列均滤去了显著线性趋势,用滑动相关法提取了31组初始因子,分别建立回归模型,然后对回归结果进行两级集合。4～6月沙尘暴、4～7月扬沙、3～5月浮尘日数的集合回归拟合序列与实测序列的相关系数分别为0.9520、0.8124、0.8897。用逐级反推法,确定了与塔里木盆地沙尘多发季节3类沙尘日数有显著统计关系的前一年的大气环流指数因子数目分别为6个、7个和8个。有显著统计关系的前期环流因子对沙尘日数的异常偏多(少)年的预测能力存在不对称性。     

银川市雾霾天气的气象条件分析及概念模型建立

利用银川气象站1981-2013年逐时地面气象资料及探空资料,统计分析了不同季节影响大气扩散能力的静小风频率、逆温厚度强度、混合层高度等的差异。结果表明：雾主要出现在傍晚～夜间～第二天上午12：00之前,高峰期出现在07：00～09：00;霾主要出现在08：00～14：00,11：00前后最多,其他时间段相对较少;1981-1995年间,霾日数呈明显的下降趋势,1996年后呈明显的上升趋势,2013年达高峰。秋冬季是一年中浓雾-强浓雾及重度霾的多发季节,特别是夜间出现浓雾和强浓雾时,对应混合层高度均≤150 m,占比达100%;有霾出现时,污染潜在等级以2级为主,混合层高度在150< H≤ 350之间的占比达75%。小风条件下出现轻中度霾的概率比静风大,静风条件下出现重度霾的概率比小风大。雾霾天气时,大气稳定度以中性（D类）为主,其次是较稳定类（E类）。     

Classification of snow cover days in western China and comparison with satellite remote sensing data

The daily snow cover data from 232 meteorological stations to the west of 105°E in China for the period 1951–2004 were used to classify the snow cover and analyze decadal variations of snow cover types in western China, and comparison was made between the observational data and those retrieved from passive microwave remote sensing data (SMMR and SSM/I) in 1980–2004. The results show that stable snow-covered areas included northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau with more than 60 snow cover days; no snow cover was found in the center of the southern Xinjiang Basin, the Sichuan Basin, and southern Yunnan. In addition to the above-mentioned, there were unstable snow-covered areas in western China. Furthermore, the snow cover types in northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the vast areas from Chengdu to Kunming were unchanged. In the 1980s, the south-north dividing line between the major snow-covered area and snow-free area advanced to its most southern position. The snow cover days calculated from satellite remote sensing were generally longer than those from observational data in western China, mainly in the higher-altitude mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the western Sichuan Plateau.     

Distribution and trend on consecutive days of severe weathers in China during 1959–2014

Based on daily surface climate data and weather phenomenon data, the spatial and temporal distribution and trend on the number of consecutive days of severe weathers were analyzed in China during 1959–2014. The results indicate that the number of consecutive days for hot weathers increased at a rate of 0.1 day per decade in China as a whole, while that for cold weathers, snowfall weathers, thunderstorm weathers and foggy weathers showed significant decreasing trends at rates of 1.4, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.4 day per decade, respectively. Spatially, there were more consecutive hot days and rainstorm days in southeastern China, and more consecutive cold days and snowfall days in northeastern China and western China. Consecutive thunderstorm days were more in southern China and southwestern China, and consecutive foggy days were more in some mountain stations. Over the past 56 years, annual number of consecutive cold days decreased mainly in most parts of western China and eastern China. Consecutive thunderstorm days decreased in most parts of China. The trend of consecutive hot days, snowfall days and foggy days was not significant in most parts of China, and that of consecutive rainstorm days was not significant in almost the entire China.     

2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数变化及地形分异

基于积雪面积逐日无云遥感产品和气象观测资料,分析了2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数的水平、垂直分布特征及变化规律,并对积雪日数与气温和降水量进行了相关分析。结果表明：（1） 2001—2020年三江源地区积雪日数呈西高东低,高海拔山脉大于盆地平原的分布格局,高海拔山脉地区积雪日数均值普遍大于200 d,85.48%的区域积雪日数呈波动增加趋势,显著增加区域占比为16.59%,平均增加速率为0.98 d·a^-1。（2） 积雪日数及其变化趋势存在明显的海拔和坡向分异,积雪日数随海拔上升呈指数型增加,较低海拔（<3.0 km）区域积雪日数少、呈减少趋势且减少速率随海拔高度上升而加快;高海拔区域积雪日数较多且呈增多趋势,但海拔大于4.4 km后积雪日数增多速率随海拔上升而减缓,且5.5~6.0 km地区积雪日数呈减少趋势,高海拔地区积雪日数存在一定程度的“海拔依赖性”。积雪日数北坡大于南坡、西坡大于东坡,西北坡积雪日数最多,为78.30 d,不同坡向的积雪日数均呈增多趋势,其中西坡的增多速率最快,达1.04 d·a^-1。（3） 近20 a三江源地区明显的“暖湿化”气候特征是影响积雪日数变化的主要原因,其中降水量是主要驱动因素,积雪日数增多与降水量增加密切相关,且高海拔地区积雪日数对降水量的依赖性更强。     

东江流域枯水期最长连续无降水日数的变化特征

利用1956-2008年东江流域各降雨站点逐日降雨资料,建立枯水期最长连续无降水日数时间序列（LCDD）,采用经验模态分解（EMD）方法分析该序列的多尺度振荡变化及趋势变化,应用Mann-Kendall法识别突变点,采用R／S分析方法探讨变化趋势的持续性特征,并初步分析LCDD变化的可能原因。结果表明：近53年来,最长...     

基于CloudSat资料分析北疆强降雪天气的云结构特征

利用NASA发布的2008—2015年CloudSat卫星的2B-CWC-RO、2B-CLDCLASS、2C-SNOW-PROFILE和地面气象站的观测资料,对北疆沿天山及其周边区域内21次强降雪天气降雪前和降雪期间卫星过境时云宏微观特征进行了对比分析。本文将研究区域分为了北疆沿天山西部和中部地区,分析结果表明：（1）降雪前和降雪期间的云类型以层云、积云、高层云和深对流云为主。（2）降雪前冰粒子等效半径均值分布在58.65~67.29 μm之间,冰粒子数浓度的均值在41.2~76.5 L-1之间,冰水含量的均值在25.4~135.1 mg·m^-3之间,雪水含量均值在28.0~88.0 mg·m^-3之间,降雪强度均值在0.08~0.36 mm·h^-1之间。（3）降雪前冰粒子等效半径、冰粒子数浓度、冰水含量、雪水含量和降雪强度均值分别比降雪期间大2.9 %、6.2 %、34.4 %、36.4 %和18.7 %,且高值区主要集中在北疆沿天山西部地区。