Traditional agrodiversity management: A case study of central himalayan village ecosystem

Environmental, biological, socio-cultural and economic status variation existing in the Central Himalaya have led to the evolution of diverse and unique traditional agroecosystems, crop species and livestock, which facilitate the traditional mountain farming societies to sustain themselves. Indigenous agroecosystems are highly site specific and differ from place to place, as they have evolved along divergent lines. For maintenance of traditional agrodiversity management the farmers of the Central Himalaya have evolved various types of crop rotations in consonance with the varied environmental conditions and agronomic requirements. In irrigated flat lands two crops are harvested in a year with negligible fallow period but in rainfed conditions if a cropping sequence is presumed to be starting after winter fallow phase then four major cropping seasons can be identified namely first kharif season (first crop season), first rabi season (second crop season), second kharif season (third crop season) and second rabi season (fourth crop season). Highest crop diversity is present in kharif season in comparison to rabi season. Traditionally the fields are left fallow after harvest of the second kharif season crop. Important characteristics of agrodiversity management are the use of bullocks for draught power, human energy as labour, crop residues as animal feed and animal waste mixed with forest litter as organic input to restore soil fertility levels. Women provide most of the human labour except for ploughing and threshing grain. The present study deals with assessment of traditional agrodiversity management such as (i) crop diversity, (ii) realized yield under the traditional practices and (iii) assess the differences of realized yields under sole and mixed cropping systems. It indicated that crop rotation is an important feature of the Central Himalayan village ecosystem which helps to continue the diversity of species grown, as are the distribution of crops in the growing period and the management of soil fertility. The cropping diversity existing and the sequences practiced by the traditional farmers seems to have achieved high degree of specialization and thus even when the yield/biomass variations are about 60%, the farmers continue to practice these sequences as they need to maintain diversity and synergistic relationships of crops in addition to manage the food and labour requirements for crop husbandry. Crop yields are generally higher in irrigated systems than rainfed systems and in sole cropping as compared with mixed cropping. However, gross biological and economic yields are higher in mixed cropping than sole cropping systems.     

东北地区农业需水动态调控模型设计与应用

一个地区水量的充足与否直接影响该区农作物产量的高低。利用空间信息技术(RS和GIS)建立的东北地区农业需水动态调控模型,可服务于不同地区农业(农作物)的合理发展。文中以东北地区黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3省主要农作物及其分布现状为研究对象,依据区内水资源的供需平衡原理和水资源与农业的相互耦合关系,运用RS和GIS手段,进行了东北地区农业需水动态调控模型系统的概念设计。东北农业需水动态调控GIS不仅可以实现对现有数据查询、检索、修改和分析,还可对农业未来的发展做出预测,对未来20年内东北地区作物单产、作物耗水量、作物需水量以及作物产量变化等趋势做出评价。据此可为一些重大水利工程规划布局决策提供参考依据,从而实现东北地区农业稳定、快速的可持续发展。     

Elevation,slope aspect and integrated nutrient management effects on crop productivity and soil quality in North-west Himalayas,India

On farm bio-resource recycling has been given greater emphasis with the introduction of conservation agriculture specifically withclimate change scenarios in the mid-hills of the north-west Himalaya region（NWHR）. Under this changing scenario, elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） may affect significantly soil quality and crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 at the Ashti watershed of NWHR in a rainfed condition to examine the influence of elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） on soil resource and crop productivity. Two years of farm demonstration trials indicated that crop productivity and soil quality is significantly affected by elevation, slope aspect and INM. Results showed that wheat equivalent yield（WEY） of improved technology increased crop productivity by -20%-37% compared to the conventional system. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-17%. North aspect and higher elevation increased crop productivity by 15%-25% compared to south aspect and low elevation（except paddy）. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-15%. Irrespective of slope, elevation and cropping system, the WEY increased by -30% in this region due to INMtechnology. The influence of elevation, slope aspect and INM significantly affected soil resources（SQI） and soil carbon change（SCC）. SCC is significantly correlated with SQI for conventional（R2 = 0.65＊）, INM technology（R2 = 0.81＊） and for both technologies（R2 = 0.73＊）. It is recommended that at higher elevation.（except for paddy soils） with a north facing slope, INM is recommended for higher crop productivity; conservation of soil resources is recommended for the mid hills of NWHR; and single values of SCC are appropriate as a SQI for this region.     

同化叶面积指数和蒸散发双变量的冬小麦产量估测方法

同化遥感信息到作物生长过程模拟模型,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。同化变量的选取对同化结果精度至关重要。本文在标定WOFOST作物模型参数的基础上,优化了WOFOST模型的默认灌溉参数。利用ET和LAI作为同化变量,分别构建了时间序列趋势信息的代价函数和四维变分代价函数;采用SCE-UA算法最小化代价函数, 重新初始化WOFOST模型初始参数——作物初始干物质重、作物35 ℃生命期和灌溉量。最后利用MODIS LAI产品（MCD15A3）、MODIS ET产品（MOD16A2）,同化到作物模型估测产量,并对比分析了水分胁迫模式下同化单变量（ET或LAI）和同化双变量（ET和LAI）的估产精度。结果表明：同化双变量ET和LAI的策略,优于同化单变量LAI或ET,双变量策略的冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.432,RMSE=721 kg/hm²;单独同化高精度LAI对提高估产精度具有重要作用,其冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.408,RMSE=925 kg/hm²;单独同化ET的趋势信息改善了WOFOST模型模拟水分平衡的参数,但是,产量估测精度（R²=0.013,RMSE=1134 kg/hm²）与模型模拟估测产量精度（R²=0.006,RMSE=1210 kg/hm²）相比改善效果有限。本研究为其他区域的遥感数据与作物模型的双变量数据同化的作物产量估测研究提供了参考价值。     

黑河中游地区作物用水效率比较及种植结构调整方向研究

黑河流域地处西北干旱区,水资源短缺是限制其中游绿洲农业发展、下游生态环境保护的首要原因。该流域的中游绿洲农业用水约占总用水量的80%,因此农业节水对流域发展至关重要。在干旱区绿洲农业节水探索中,众多学者主张通过节水技术来提高用水效率,而关于农业种植结构调整对农业节水影响的定量研究较少。本文采用2012年黑河流域蒸散发数据、土地利用数据、降水数据和农业经济统计数据,定量分析黑河中游主要作物需水特征和用水效率差异,尝试从调整作物种植结构角度为其绿洲农业节水提供依据。结果表明：(1)研究区4种主要作物中,玉米生长期需水量最大,其次为小麦、油菜和大麦;(2)考虑降水补给,发现大麦和油菜生长需水可很大程度上依赖降水,而小麦和玉米则需要灌溉,且玉米灌溉需水量远超小麦;(3)作物用水效率由高到低依次为大麦、油菜、小麦和玉米。从用水效率角度而言,考虑种植区位,在黑河中游适当扩大小麦种植规模更有利于提高中游农业用水效率。     

京津唐地区城市扩张对地表蒸散发的影响

以京津唐地区为例,基于SEBS模型,利用MODIS遥感数据和气象数据,计算了2000、2005和2010年四季代表月份的平均日蒸散发量,并结合3期土地利用图,定量评估了由城市扩张引起的日蒸散发量的变化。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的日蒸散发量在不同季节表现出不同的分布规律,春、夏和秋季的日蒸散发量分布规律为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,冬季的日蒸散发量在三年的分布不一致:2000年为林地>草地>水域>城市用地>耕地,2005年为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,2010年为林地>水域>草地>城市用地>耕地。以研究区土地利用变化不明显的区域为背景区域,评估了除土地利用/覆被变化外的其他因素对京津唐地区夏季日蒸散发的影响。除去该影响后得出土地利用/覆被变化,对日蒸散发的影响,结果表明,各土地利用类型转化为城市用地会使日蒸散发降低,且水域转化成城市用地后,其日蒸散发量降低最多,2000-2005年降低了0.977mm,2000-2010年其降低值为0.983mm。     

Study on model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield

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Study on model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield

Through analysis of perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) from combination of visible and near-infrared spectrums reflecting the feature of crop reflectance, we come to the conclusion that the index can better indicate crop instantaneous photosynthesis whereas people generally regard it as the representation of crop leaf area index (LAI). Exploration of crop photosynthesis within a day and its period of duration leads to production of photosynthetic vegetation index (PST) that can reflect the whole crop accumulated photosynthesis, which means the total biomass produced by crop, moreover the method simulating PST is put forward by employment of multi-temporal spectrum parameters. On the basis of the achievements mentioned above, a new comprehensive model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield is established, which can comprehensively show major physiological actions of maize and the course of its yield formation, organically integrate various effective ways of crop yield estimation. It lays a solid foundation for carrying out remote sensing estimation of maize yield on a large scale.     

A new rainwater harvesting and recycling system for transforming sloping land into terraced farmland

Transforming sloping land into terraced land is an effective approach to cope with the problems including farmland shortage and severe soil erosion.This paper introduces a new system based on rainwater harvesting and recycling technology,which may effectively improve farmland productivity rainwater use efficiency and reduce water and fertilizer inputs.The new system consists of three subsystems：1） A plough layer with the dual function of crop cultivation and rainwater harvesting; 2） A tank below the plough layer for storing water; 3） An irrigation-drainage subsystem.The plough layer and the storage tank,both treated for reducing seepage,are connected through the irrigation and drainage system.Results showed that,compared with the traditional paddy fields,rice evapotranspiration（ and crop coefficient） in the test field remained at a similar level,while the irrigation amount was reduced by 44.3% under the condition of basin irrigation,and the drainage amount decreased by 86.6%,and the non-point source pollution was reduced to 67.7%~87.9%,and the rainwater utilization efficiency increased by 30% and reached 95.4%,and crop yield of middle-season rice reached 9,975 kg/hm2,which was only 0.4% lower than that in the traditional paddy field in the terms of dry matter.The new technology sheds light on new possibilities for transformation of hilly sloping land.     

Effect of potassium on soil conservation and productivity of maize/cowpea based crop rotations in the north-west Indian Himalayas

Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium (K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize (Zea mays L)/cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage (MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K (120 kg K₂O ha^-1) than recommended K (40 kg K₂O ha^-1). The five years’ average yield data showed that higher K application (120 kg K₂O ha^-1) produced 16.4% (P<0.05) more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2% (P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon (SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize (by 9.5%) and cowpea (by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.     

双频多极化SAR数据与多光谱数据融合的作物识别

本文以北京昌平为研究区域,针对农作物的分类特点,结合ASAR的VV极化、新型PALSAR的HH、HV极化以及TM的多光谱数据进行细化分类.首先,使用MIMICS模型对该地区主要农作物玉米和果林的后向散射特性进行了模拟分析,并跟SAR实际观测数据进行对比.在充分认识农作物后向散射的机制和数值大小关系的基础上,构建一种基于BP神经网络和正态模糊分布函数的模糊神经网络模型,结合双频多极化SAR数据和多光谱数据进行农作物类型的识别.研究结果表明:双频多极化SAR数据能够提供有利于作物类型识别的信息,并产生重要的可分离性,其结合多光谱数据进行作物类型识别是一种有效的途径,具有较大的优势.     

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER—SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development in Northwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65.94×10⁸m³ of water resources available in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43.33×10⁸m³. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss of evaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25.69×10⁸m³. So net use efficiency of water resources is 59%. Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecological environment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system where irrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of water resource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extend irrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83.3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9%. The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production. Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrow and border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover and techniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. cansave more than 60% of irrigated water. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has been estimated as 56% – 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developed from water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China in large scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-saving measures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation of water resources in three river systems. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Key innovation Project Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZcx-1-10-03) Biography: GAO Qian-zhao (1942 –), male, a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu, Professor and supervisor of Ph. D students. His research interests include hydrology and rational utilization of water resources in the arid zone.     

泰安上泉泉域边界特征与泉水保护

泰安市西南25km处的大汶口盆地东部出露泰山南麓最大的上泉岩溶泉群。上泉泉域边界清晰,受断裂构造、地层岩性控制。泉域东部云亭山、南山一带丘陵区寒武-奥陶纪碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩裸露地表,接受大气降水直接入渗补给,西部山前倾斜平原地带浅覆盖或半裸露,除接受大气降水下渗补给外,还接受南留河渗漏和胜利水库季节性放水农灌回渗水补给,地下水动态受补给作用影响明显。泉域多年平均大气降水补给资源量约190万m~3,南留河渗漏补给资源量约259万m~3,农灌回渗水补给资源量约52万m~3,合计约501万m~3,扣除上泉泉群排泄量34万m~3,工农业和生活用水开采量约222万m~3,剩余约245万m~3在向泉域下游径流中逐渐向上顶托越流排泄于第四系松散岩类孔隙含水层中。为保护上泉泉群景观资源,本着"先看后用"的原则,应禁止在泉群上游增采岩溶地下水,可在泉群下游隐伏寒武纪炒米店组灰岩、张夏组灰岩分布区适当布井,夺取部分径流排泄资源量对泉群喷涌不会产生大的影响。     

Evaluating mountain water scarcity on the county scale: a case study of Dongchuan District,Kunming, China

Mountain water, which contributes 50% to 90% to the lower reaches of the watershed, has a considerably low utility efficiency. The water accessibility could be a quantitative measure of water scarcity in the mountains. It can be used effectively for emergency water shortage planning and water resource management. In the present study, Dongchuan District, a typical county in the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province of Southwest China, was selected as the study area, and the minimal cumulative resistance(MCR) model was used to simulate the least-cost path(LCP) from 1255 point features of natural villages, as well as 12,368 dryfield centroids, to their respective surrounding river systems, which serve as a source for emergency drinking water and irrigation during droughts. The average length of the LCP for each administrative village was calculated to represent the accessibility to water sources for agricultural production and daily life in these mountain villages. The distribution of population and dryfields, as well as other geographic elements, were analyzed to classify the degree of water scarcity in these villages. The results indicate that the area facing the highest risk of water shortage for agricultural irrigation is located in northern Dongchuan, in particular along the two sides of the Xiaojiang Valley, and that the area with the highest risk of water shortage for daily life needs is located along the Xiaojiang Valley.     

Water resource management in the intermountain Izeh Plain, Southwest of Iran

Ever growing demand for water for agricultural activities in the Izeh Plain has enhanced the use of groundwater. Due to enormous groundwater abstraction since 1985, the overall static water level has receded by more than 5 meters reflecting that the aquifer is under stress condition. As a result, interest is focused on application of artificial recharge as an option for groundwater management to augment water supply in this area. Therefore, in the present investigations, suitable sites for artificial recharge were selected by an integrated surface and sub-surface assessment of the area. On the basis of the data collected from four target points, it was realized that the selected sites for artificial recharge could not meet water demand of the area. In this study attention was also paid to utilization of the existing Miangran Lake water as an alternative to combat water shortage for irrigation. The study further indicated that the available Miangran Lake water could be used for irrigation of the reclaimed agricultural land and enabling to convert 20o0 hectares of rain-fed land into irrigation. The total cost to utilize lake water is US$ 2,756,729 and it was estimated that the project could recoup the investment within 5 years which is quite reasonable in this water scarcity prone area.     

Response of snow hydrological processes to a changing climate during 1961 to 2016 in the headwater of Irtysh River Basin,Chinese Altai Mountains

With changing climatic conditions and snow cover regime, regional hydrological cycle for a snowy basin will change and further available surface water resources will be redistributed. Assessing snow meltwater effect on runoff is the key to water safety, under climate warming and fast social-economic developing status. In this study, stable isotopic technology was utilized to analyze the snow meltwater effect on regional hydrological processes, and to declare the response of snow hydrology to climate change and snow cover regime, together with longterm meteorological and hydrological observations, in the headwater of Irtysh River, Chinese Altai Mountains during 1961-2015. The average δ~(18) O values of rainfall, snowfall, meltwater, groundwater and river water for 2014–2015 hydrological year were-10.9‰,-22.3‰,-21.7‰,-15.7‰ and-16.0‰, respectively.The results from stable isotopes, snow melting observation and remote sensing indicated that the meltwater effect on hydrological processes in Kayiertesi River Basin mainly occurred during snowmelt supplying period from April to June. The contribution of meltwater to runoff reached 58.1% during this period, but rainfall, meltwater and groundwater supplied 49.1%, 36.9% and 14.0% of water resource to annual runoff, respectively. With rising air temperature and increasing snowfall in cold season, the snow water equivalent(SWE) had an increasing trend but the snow cover duration declined by about one month including 13-day delay of the first day and 17-day advancement of the end day during 1961–2016. Increase in SWE provided more available water resource. However, variations in snow cover timing had resulted in redistribution of surface water resource, represented by an increase of discharge percentage in April and May, and a decline in Juneand July. This trend of snow hydrology will render a deficit of water resource in June and July when the water resource demand is high for agricultural irrigation and industrial manufacture.     

水稻种植环境综合适宜性评价方法研究

开展特定区域水稻种植产业布局是科学制定区域农业种植产业规划的重要内容,而水稻种植适宜性评价是水稻种植产业布局的前提。本文以中国好粮油示范县——福建省浦城县为研究区,基于层次分析模型构建土壤条件、立地条件、灌排条件、气候条件和机械耕作条件5大类共21个指标的水稻种植适宜性评价体系,利用地学模型、回归模型和空间插值等方法计算、模拟评价指标空间分布数据,形成5 m×5 m分辨率的评价指标栅格数据集,基于经验指数法建立适宜度指数模型,开展精细尺度下的水稻种植环境综合适宜性评价。利用实测样点水稻产量与水稻种植环境综合适宜度指数进行分析,发现二者呈显著正相关,验证了本研究评价工作的正确性和可行性。最后利用K-means属性聚类法识别研究区水稻种植多维环境适宜性的空间模式。结果表明：① 研究区水稻种植高度适宜、较适宜、中度适宜耕地面积占全县耕地面积的84.4%,次适宜耕地仅占15.6%,耕地整体适宜性较高;② Ⅰ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性和各类指标适宜性均较高;Ⅱ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较高,但灌排条件适宜性很低;Ⅲ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较高,但立地、土壤条件适宜性较低;Ⅳ类集聚区水稻种植综合适宜性较低,灌排条件适宜性最低。本研究可为水稻种植适宜性评价提供方法借鉴,并为浦城县更合理科学地开展农业种植规划提供依据。     

数字农业——数字地球的应用之一

本文描述了数字农业的概念和内容, 目前的状态和趋势。信息技术、空间技术和微电子技术使传统农业产生了革命性的变化。数字农业是以大田耕作为基础, 以先进的高技术为支撑的集约化和信息化的农业技术系统。它是指从耕作、播种、灌溉、施肥、中耕、田间管理、植物保护、产量预测到收获、保存、管理等过程实现数字化、网络化和智能化, 应用遥感、遥测、遥控、全球定位系统和计算机等先进技术, 以及智能化的农业设备, 实现农业生产和管理的数字化。使每一平方米的土地得到最优化的使用。形成一个包括对农作物、土地、土壤从宏观到微观的监测、预测农作物生长、发育状况以及环境要素的现状和动态分析、诊断预测、耕作措施、管理方案的决策支持在内的信息农业技术系统。本文首先描述遥感和遥测技术在农业监测和预报中的作用, 介绍了GPS、GIS和自动化农机的一体化技术以及数字农业技术系统的构成。     

敦煌西湖自然保护区湿地演化及驱动力分析

西湖国家级自然保护区位于河西走廊西端,是敦煌盆地人工绿洲的天然屏障。近几十年来,由于气候变化和人类水土资源过度开发,保护区生态环境持续恶化,湿地退化和沙漠化趋势日趋严重。本文运用多时相资源卫星遥感影像,解译分析了保护区湿地演化规律。结果表明：1980-2013年间有23个年份湿地处于快速退化状态,保护区湿地面积由1.72×10⁴ hm²减少到0.99×10⁴ hm²,减少了42.4%;保护区湿地的斑块数从32个增加到51个,平均斑块面积由537 hm²减少为213 hm²,湿地演化呈破碎化趋势。湿地分布质心向西南方向移动了11.59 km,湿地呈整体向西南缓慢移动的趋势。运用因子分析法对湿地演化的驱动因子进行了分类,并利用投影寻踪模型分析各驱动因子对湿地演化的贡献率,结果表明：下游湿地退化的根本原因是大规模引地表水和开采地下水灌溉,其次是气候变化引起的冰川退缩、径流量衰减。20世纪90年代,西湖保护区湿地处于相对稳定状态,建议敦煌地区耕地维持在20世纪90年代初的2.7×10⁴ hm²水平,或通过节水、调整作物结构和跨流域调水等措施,压缩引地表水和开采地下水水量,灌溉用水需控制在20世纪90年代初的用水水平。该研究成果可为自然保护区湿地保护和流域综合开发提供依据。