Using Airborne Electromagnetic Survey to Solve Hydrogeological Problems

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Abstract—The technology of ground-based and airborne helicopter-based electromagnetic survey measurements aimed at the assessment of prospective areas...     

Optimization of Cell Parameterizations for Tomographic Inverse Problems

—?We develop algorithms for the construction of irregular cell (block) models for parameterization of tomographic inverse problems. The forward problem is defined on a regular basic grid of non-overlapping cells. The basic cells are used as building blocks for construction of non-overlapping irregular cells. The construction algorithms are not computationally intensive and not particularly complex, and, in general, allow for grid optimization where cell size is determined from scalar functions, e.g., measures of model sampling or a priori estimates of model resolution. The link between a particular cell j in the regular basic grid and its host cell k in the irregular grid is provided by a pointer array which implicitly defines the irregular cell model. The complex geometrical aspects of irregular cell models are not needed in the forward or in the inverse problem. The matrix system of tomographic equations is computed once on the regular basic cell model. After grid construction, the basic matrix equation is mapped using the pointer array on a new matrix equation in which the model vector relates directly to cells in the irregular model. Next, the mapped system can be solved on the irregular grid. This approach avoids forward computation on the complex geometry of irregular grids. Generally, grid optimization can aim at reducing the number of model parameters in volumes poorly sampled by the data while elsewhere retaining the power to resolve the smallest scales warranted by the data. Unnecessary overparameterization of the model space can be avoided and grid construction can aim at improving the conditioning of the inverse problem. We present simple theory and optimization algorithms in the context of seismic tomography and apply the methods to Rayleigh-wave group velocity inversion and global travel-time tomography.     

积分方程法复杂介质可控源电磁勘探快速正反演研究现状及发展方向

复杂介质可控源电磁勘探数值模拟及反演算法的研究一直是国内外地球物理学者研究的热点。本文对复杂介质可控源电磁勘探快速正反演算法研究进行综述,重点对复杂介质快速正反演算法及应用进行分析,指出高效并行、特殊边界条件或将是其真正实用化的关键,当前仍然是极具挑战的研究方向。着重对未受关注的可控源电磁法复杂介质积分方程法正反演算法及其应用研究,如二维、2.5维快速正反演算法;地面、井筒电磁勘探实例、起伏地形异常场模拟等进行讨论。指出国内积分方程法的研究相对滞后,但应用前景较可观;特别是大尺度隐伏资源勘探领域,高精度、高效电磁勘探正反演需求较迫切。通过体积分方程法快速正反演算例分析,表明该方法可适用于大尺度勘探生产,具有较好实用性。复杂地形模拟,高效正反演算法等是积分方程法实用化的关键。      

Direct and Inverse Problems in a Variational Concept of Environmental Modeling

A concept of environmental forecasting based on a variational approach is discussed. The basic idea is to augment the existing technology of modeling by a combination of direct and inverse methods. By this means, the scope of environmental studies can be substantially enlarged. In the concept, mathematical models of processes and observation data subject to some uncertainties are considered. The modeling system is derived from a specially formulated weak-constraint variational principle. A set of algorithms for implementing the concept is presented. These are: algorithms for the solution of direct, adjoint, and inverse problems; adjoint sensitivity algorithms; data assimilation procedures; etc. Methods of quantitative estimations of uncertainty are of particular interest since uncertainty functions play a fundamental role for data assimilation, assessment of model quality, and inverse problem solving. A scenario approach is an essential part of the concept. Some methods of orthogonal decomposition of multi-dimensional phase spaces are used to reconstruct the hydrodynamic background fields from available data and to include climatic data into long-term prognostic scenarios. Subspaces with informative bases are constructed to use in deterministic or stochastic-deterministic scenarios for forecasting air quality and risk assessment. The results of implementing example scenarios for the Siberian regions are presented.     

Simulating a Highly Parameterized Groundwater Model for a Tropical Eogenetic Karst Aquifer Using Physically-Based Numerical Modeling and Inverse Method

Water Resources - Formulation of effective water management based on the understanding of the interaction between climate and sub-surface components as well as its causative consequences to...     

Deep Artificial Neural Networks as a Tool for the Analysis of Seismic Data

The number of seismological studies based on artificial neural networks has been increasing. However, neural networks with one hidden layer have almost reached the limit of their capabilities. In the last few years, there has been a new boom in neuroinformatics associated with the development of third-generation networks, deep neural networks. These networks operate with data at a higher level. Unlabeled data can be used to pretrain the network, i.e., there is no need for an expert to determine in advance the phenomenon to which these data correspond. Final training requires a small amount of labeled data. Deep networks have a higher level of abstraction and produce fewer errors. The same network can be used to solve several tasks at the same time, or it is easy to retrain it from one task to another. The paper discusses the possibility of applying deep networks in seismology. We have described what deep networks are, their advantages, how they are trained, how to adapt them to the features of seismic data, and what prospects are opening up in connection with their use.     

国家台网地震速报综合信息发布系统研究

针对目前国家地震台网地震速报现状,提出了一种地震速报综合信息发布系统,并对其进行了应用开发,该系统结合实时的地震信息与GIS数据(GIS数据有震中地区的各种基础地理信息数据和地震行业数据),并和Google Maps所提供的全球范围的地图资源有机融合,通过Intemet为用户提供快速服务.每当有较大地震发生时,系统还可以通过彩信为特定用户自动发送相关图片,这对实时地震灾害评估和地震应急救援提供了极大便利.现在,该系统网站已经成为一个访问量很大的地震网站,尤其在四川汶川8.0级特大地震发生后,发挥了巨大的社会效益.     

Integrating Hydrogeological and Geophysical Methods for the Characterization of a Deltaic Aquifer System

Groundwater management needs detailed aquifer characterization, especially in semiarid costal aquifer systems that are under hydrological pressure. Our study area is in the Tordera delta, northeastern coast of Spain, where a detrital fluvio-deltaic aquifer system has been developed above granitic basement. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the complex lithological structure and the seawater intrusion state by combining hydrological information, audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) and seismic reflection and refraction models. This allowed us to provide spatially continuous information about aquifer properties and processes. Thus, we have determined the thickness and continuity of the aquifer units, as well as the morphology and depth to the basement. The models revealed that the main seawater intrusion main path is found in the western deltaic area that coincides with an existing buried paleochannel. This new result explains the anomalously high chlorine concentrations observed in the deep semiconfined aquifer more than 1,500 m inland.     

Using Vertical Electrical Soundings for Characterizing Hydrogeological and Tectonic Settings in Deir El-Adas Area,Yarmouk Basin,Syria

The present study is aimed at characterizing the subsurface geological and tectonic structure in Deir El-Adas area, by using Vertical Electrical Sounding survey (VES) and hydrogeological investigations, in order to determine the causes of the failure for the majority of the wells drilled in the area. The survey data was treated in three different approaches including direct VES inversion, pseudo-2D method and horizontal profiling, in order to maximize the reliability of the data interpretation. The results revealed the presence of a local faulted anticline structure at the top of the Paleogene formation, underneath the basaltic outcrops where Deir El-Adas village is situated. The appearance of this subsurface anticline structure has complicated the local hydro-geological situation, and most likely led to limitation of the groundwater recharge in the area. Moreover, the performed piezometric and discharge maps indicated the presence of a notable groundwater watershed, in addition to feeble water productivity of the wells drilled adjacent to Deir El-Adas, mostly related to the subsurface geological and tectonic settings in the area.     

Inverse problems of gravity prospecting as a decision-making problem under uncertainty and risk

A new class of algorithms for solving the inverse problems of gravity prospecting is considered. The best interpretation is selected from the set Q of the admissible versions by the optimality criteria that are borrowed from the solution-making theory and adapted for the geophysical problems. The concept of retrieving the information about the sources of gravity anomalies, which treats the result of the interpretation as a set of locally optimal solutions of the inverse problem but not as a single globally optimal solution is discussed. The locally optimal solutions of the inverse problem are sort of singularity points of set Q. They are preferable to the other admissible solutions by a certain criterion formulated in terms of the geologically important information about the anomalous bodies. The admissible versions of the interpretation of the gravimetry data that meet the criteria of the decision-making theory are the primary candidates for the singularity points. The results of the numerical calculations are presented. The set of the admissible solutions from which the locally optimal versions of interpretation are selected is formed by the modifications of the assembly method developed by V.N. Strakhov.     

Solution of the Inverse Problem of Gravimetry for a Spherical Planetary Body Using the Decomposition of the Interior Potential into a Series of Polyharmonic Functions

The interior potential of a spherical planetary body (and the corresponding density distribution) is expressed as the sum of two parts, the first given uniquely by the external gravity field and the surface density and the second depending on an arbitrary function. The first part of the potential (density distribution) is shown to be a 3-harmonic (biharmonic) function, while the second part can be expressed as a series whose i-th term (for i 0) is an (i + 4)-harmonic ((i + 3)-harmonic) function. From this general solution a single solution is then chosen: this is done by imposing certain natural conditions on it, among others that this particular solution is an n-harmonic function for n as small as possible. The paper explains shortly this method of solving the inverse problem of gravimetry; details are presented in Pohánka (1993).     

Improving Approaches to Estimating Hydrogeological Investigations as a Part of Engineering Survey in Megacities: Case Study of St. Petersburg

Urban subsurface space is considered to be a dynamic multicomponent system, which includes sandy-clayey soils, groundwater in different state, microbiota, gases, and underground facilities (either as foundations or as surrounding walls), or engineering structures (tunnels of different purpose, hazardous industrial-waste storages, etc.). Special attention is paid to the significance of hydrogeological studies, primarily, to the influence of hydrodynamic and physicochemical conditions and aquifer chemistry on soils, stress and strain state of the stratum, deformation of structures, and the formation of corrosiveness of subsurface medium. The main factors that govern groundwater composition within zones with different contamination level in megacity territory are analyzed. Results of studying the effect of various aquifers on the conditions of construction and operation of above-ground and subsurface structures are presented. Recommendations for assessing the hydrogeological conditions as a part of geotechnical survey are given.     

一类广义Radon变换的反演算法:GSIRT法

对一类广义Radon变换的反演问题,从平均值思想出发,研究用GSlRT法做图像重建。数值模拟结果反映了图像的分布趋势。     

Inverse modelling of elastic thickness by convolution method - the eastern Alps as a case example

An unconventional scheme is used to estimate the flexural rigidity, or equivalently the elastic thickness of the lithosphere, given the topography and gravity data. The flexural rigidity is the parameter that governs the flexural response of the lithosphere in the frame of the thin plate flexure model. The scheme is an alternative to the widely used calculation of admittance of topography (sea-floor or continental topography) and gravity, bearing some advantages which are explained in the paper. The scheme involves the inversion of the gravity data in order to formulate a model of the crust-mantle interface (CMI) undulations. In a second step the flexure parameter is then evaluated from the relation between topography and CMI variations. Instead of calculating the admittance function using a spectral analysis, a set of point-load response functions are used in order to retrieve the optimal flexure parameter. This has two main advantages: instabilities of the numerical admittance evaluation at wavenumbers with low spectral energy in the topography are overcome and the analysis can be made over an area which is not necessarily rectangular, as required for the spectral analysis. The proposed method allows a higher space resolution of elastic thickness than any spectral method. For validation, the numerical strategy is applied to the situation of a realistic synthetic model, where all inputs and outputs are known a priori. Finally the spatial variations of the elastic thickness are studied in an area across the Eastern Alps.