中祁连地块西段青白口系其它大坂组英安质凝灰岩LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄及其地质意义

新元古界青白口系其它大坂组是中祁连地块西段基底岩系之一,对研究中祁连地块元古宙地质构造演化具有重要意义。笔者等通过1∶5万区调工作在其它大坂组中发现了英安质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩夹层,并对凝灰岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学研究。测年结果表明样品中锆石年龄主要分3组。结合区域地质资料,笔者等认为第一组锆石(1456～1524 Ma)和第二组锆石(1018～1021 M)为外来锆石或/碎屑锆石,分别为物源区中元古代早期Columbia超大陆裂解事件和Rodinia大陆聚合事件(格林威尔造山作用)在中祁连地块中的响应;第三组锆石(946～964 Ma)的n(²⁰⁶Pb)/n(²³⁸U)加权年龄为958±3 Ma(MSWD=1.4),代表英安质凝灰岩的形成时代。岩石地球化学分析表明,其它大坂组英安质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩样品属于过铝质(A/CNK=1.37～1.75)、高钾(K₂O>Na₂O,K₂O=4.48%～4.86%)、钙碱性(σ=0.89～1.26)火山岩,稀土总量为(149....     

内蒙古克什克腾旗大石寨组凝灰岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文对内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子地区大石寨组安山质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、锆石原位Hf同位素分析及地球化学研究。测年结果表明样品中锆石年龄主要分七组:3140±19～2826±36 Ma、2761±36～2273±23 Ma、2025±27～1673±89 Ma、1036±144～673±17 Ma、574±19～422±11 Ma、392±11～312±10 Ma和224±18～133±2 Ma。结合锆石的原位微区Hf同位素结果ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-18.0～16.8,n(~(176)Lu)/n(~(177)Hf)和n(~(176)Hf)/n(~(177)Hf)分别为0.000235～0.005759和0.280524～0.283022,T_(DM2)=4291～293 Ma,我们认为大石寨组岩屑晶屑凝灰岩中第一组锆石(3140～2826 Ma)指示东北地区或其邻区可能发育过中太古代—古太古代的古老基底。第二组锆石(2761～2273 Ma)记录了Kenorland超大陆汇聚的地质事件,揭示了大兴安岭地区太古代—古元古代古老结晶基底的信息。第三组锆石(2025～1673 Ma)则是Columbia超大陆形成地质事件的响应。第四、五组锆石(1036～673 Ma、574～422 Ma)来源于东北地区,分别记录了区域新元古代Rondinia和泛非期Gondwana两期重大地质事件。第六组锆石(392～312 Ma)峰值年龄为347 Ma,加权平均年龄为350.0±6.5Ma(MSWD=4.0,n=43),占总数48%,代表凝灰岩的形成时代,属于早石炭世。第七组锆石(224～133 Ma)可能与后期流体改造有关。岩石地球化学分析表明,大石寨组岩屑晶屑凝灰岩大部分样品属于偏铝质(A/CNK=0.65～1.95)、钙碱性(δ=0.88～2.50)火山岩,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土相对亏损,无明显Eu异常,富集Ba、Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素的特点,与安第斯型活动大陆边缘火山岩相似。结合前人已发表地质资料,我们认为克什克腾旗大石寨组安山质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩为古亚洲洋俯冲过程中洋壳脱水产生的流体与上覆地幔楔相互作用后形成的。形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,指示古亚洲洋在早石炭世尚未闭合。     

延边闹枝铜金矿区中生代火山岩锆石U--Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

为探究延边地区闹枝铜金矿区是否发育多期火山作用,笔者对矿区发育的火山岩开展详细的地质学、岩相学和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究。结果表明:矿区出露的安山岩与英安质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩之间存在明显的沉积间断,即安山岩的形成时间应早于英安质凝灰岩。其中,安山岩的岩浆结晶锆石U-Pb年龄为(125.8±2.5) Ma,含有(179.9±4.6) Ma的捕获锆石;英安质角砾凝灰岩的形成年龄为(107.6±2) Ma,英安质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩的形成年龄为(107.5±1.5) Ma。地球化学特征表明两类火山岩均形成于活动大陆边缘板块俯冲环境下,由壳幔混合而成,分别对应于早白垩世屯田营组与金沟岭组。屯田营期岩浆与地壳物质的混染作用、火山喷发与次火山热液活动可能是导致闹枝中硫化型铜金矿床成矿的主要因素,金沟岭组的火山喷发与浅成作用是导致富金斑岩铜矿-浅成热液金矿床成矿的前提。     

内蒙古雅干地区晚石炭世白山组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造环境

弧火山岩对揭示俯冲过程中深部岩浆作用具有重要意义。内蒙古雅干地区白山组火山岩岩性主要为流纹岩、英安岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩、英安质晶屑凝灰岩。流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为309±1 Ma、308±1 Ma及300±2 Ma,时代为晚石炭世。地球化学分析显示,白山组火山岩具有较高的SiO₂(70.98%～75.45%)、Na₂O(2.90%～5.23%)含量,总体相对富钠,Na₂O/K₂O平均值为1.57。样品富集Rb、K、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾稀土元素配分模式,并且具有较明显的负Eu异常(δEu平均值为0.22),(La/Yb)_N值为3.24～9.99,(La/Sm)_N值为4.47～8.31。研究发现,白山组火山岩整体具有弧火山岩的地球化学特征,可能形成于大陆边缘弧构造环境,为晚石炭世古亚洲洋俯冲作用的产物。     

扬子陆块西缘陆良地区牛头山组火山岩的厘定及对Rodinia超大陆演化规律的指示

滇中地区位于扬子陆块西缘,发育有新元古代火山岩,是开展Rodinia超大陆演化研究的重要窗口。其中牛头山组是滇中地区重要的新元古代地层,由于缺乏精确的年代学依据,严重影响了区域地层格架的划分,并制约了对Rodinia超大陆构造演化时限的认识。本文对牛头山组的流纹质玻屑凝灰岩开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石原位Hf同位素、锆石微量元素等方面的研究,结果显示凝灰岩均由火山物质组成,锆石具明显岩浆震荡环带和自形程度高等特征;凝灰岩的锆石UPb年龄为817.9±7.7Ma、818.3±8.3Ma和822±13Ma,锆石εHf(t)值兼具正值和负值,岩浆源区伴有地幔物质的混入,及主要与古元古代(1523.9～2107Ma)陆壳物质的熔融有关;锆石研究显示凝灰岩形成于岩浆弧,属陆壳锆石类。岩石地球化学表明,凝灰岩属硅质火山岩类,具弧火山岩性质。综合研究认为,牛头山组是华夏陆块向扬子陆块俯冲末期的沉积-岩浆响应,形成于扬子陆块西缘的弧后盆地环境,该弧后盆地可能是华南新元古代康滇裂谷的初期阶段。牛头山组沉积作用的结束,指示了扬子陆块与华夏陆块已完成汇聚,Rodinia超大陆可能形成了统一板块,同...     

阿尔金南缘冰沟南组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其前寒武纪构造演化意义

在阿尔金南缘玉苏普阿勒克塔格北侧出露的冰沟组火山岩为一套与滨浅海相细粒陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩共生的中基性火山岩,主要岩石类型有蚀变熔结凝灰岩、安山质凝灰熔岩和强蚀变玄武安山岩。该火山岩作为Columbia超大陆裂解阶段的物质记录,对其年代学和产出的地质构造背景的探讨,有助于探讨阿尔金南缘前寒武纪构造演化过程。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究结果显示,强蚀变玄武安山岩样品具有两组锆石年龄,第一组年龄分别为944. 7±6. 4 Ma(n=8,MSWD=0. 057)和951. 2±6. 3 Ma(n=12,MSWD=0. 042),测点位于锆石震荡环带上,显示了典型的岩浆锆石的特征,代表火山岩的形成时代,属青白口纪早期;第二组年龄介于446±5～458±4Ma,与区域高压—超高压岩石的原岩的退变质时代(～450 Ma)一致,可能代表受该期陆壳深俯冲/折返事件改造。另外,228±6 Ma、229±4 Ma和130±1 Ma的年龄信息,可能代表火山岩还遭受了晚三叠世和早白垩世构造热事件改造。构造背景分析表明,该火山岩形成于板内裂谷环境,对应于Columbia超大陆裂解阶段的晚期,之后索尔库里群沉积盆地由拉张转换到汇聚的构造背景,转为Rodinia超大陆汇聚阶段。结合区域地质特征和该火山岩年龄信息,进一步制约了阿尔金南缘Columbia超大陆裂解和Rodinia超大陆汇聚的时限分别为945～1602 Ma和871～945 Ma。     

伊勒呼里山中生代火山岩:锆石U-Pb年代学及其对岩浆事件的制约

伊勒呼里山地区中生代火山岩由安山岩、粗面英安岩、流纹岩、流纹质凝灰岩和流纹质玻屑凝灰岩等组成。中生代火山岩中的锆石多呈半自形-自形晶,振荡环带发育,Th/U值略高（0.30~2.56）,为岩浆成因。锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究表明：塔木兰沟组安山岩年龄为（161.0±1.0）Ma（n=22）,形成于中侏罗世;满克头鄂博组流纹岩年龄为（157.8±2.3）Ma（n=24）,形成时代属于晚侏罗世;玛尼吐组火山岩2个样品的年龄分别为（154.0±2.0）Ma（n=23）和（151.7±1.4）Ma（n=25）,形成时代属于晚侏罗世;白音高老组火山岩2个样品的年龄分别为（124.1±1.1）Ma（n=25）和（125.1±0.7）Ma（n=23）,形成时代为早白垩世。捕获锆石的定年结果显示,本区存在前寒武纪岩浆事件（774 Ma）、加里东期岩浆事件（472 Ma）、印支期岩浆事件（214、210 Ma）,这与周边基底岩石中锆石U-Pb的定年结果相吻合。     

华南东部陆缘侏罗纪岩浆作用特征及其构造背景——来自浙东南毛弄组火山岩的新证据

华南东部内陆地区在侏罗纪处于陆内伸展背景已逐渐成为学术界共识,但对于该时期东部陆缘的构造环境仍存在争议。本文以浙东南毛弄组火山岩为对象,开展了岩石学、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石微量元素、全岩元素地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素等研究,为认识华南东部陆缘构造背景提供制约。浙江侏罗纪火山岩以松阳毛弄剖面较具代表性,总体上是一套以英安质晶屑凝灰岩和流纹质玻屑凝灰岩为主的火山岩组合。本次研究在毛弄组下段获得的流纹质玻屑凝灰岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为153±2Ma。综合前人研究表明,毛弄组火山岩主要形成于180～148Ma。毛弄组火山岩属于镁质钙碱性系列,且表现出明显的轻稀土元素富集特征,其中早侏罗世毛弄英安质凝灰岩Eu负异常不明显,而晚侏罗世毛弄流纹质凝灰岩具有显著的Eu负异常;两组凝灰岩均富集K、Rb和Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等高场强元素。毛弄英安质火山岩的源区残留相组合可能为"斜长石+石榴石+角闪石",而毛弄流纹质凝灰岩则可能为"斜长石+角闪石",这一差异可能代表它们具有不同的源区深度。毛弄组火山岩的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征与华夏陆块古元古代基底岩体相似,其可能主要起源于基底地壳物质的部分熔融,并有少量地幔新生物质的加入。结合构造背景分析认为,毛弄组火山岩等陆缘岩浆岩形成环境为相对低温的"安第斯型"俯冲环境。通过不同时代区域岩体锆石氧逸度计算发现,早侏罗世东南海域岩浆岩的氧逸度比大陆陆缘更高,且大陆陆缘岩浆岩的氧逸度从晚三叠世至晚侏罗世不断升高,可能标志着陆缘地区俯冲流体的影响有着从东南海域向大陆陆缘扩散的趋势。综合分析认为,在侏罗纪华南东部陆缘可能发育一个与古太平洋俯冲有关的"安第斯型"陆缘岩浆弧,其时代可能最早可以追溯到早侏罗世早期,并持续扩大到中-晚侏罗世。这一时期浙闽沿海地区总体处于弧后挤压主导的构造环境,与同期内陆地区构造伸展背景形成鲜明对比。     

内蒙古东部大石寨地区大石寨组火山岩的成因及其大地构造背景

内蒙古东部早二叠世火山岩的成因和动力学背景对于揭示兴安地块和松嫩地块的拼合作用具有重要意义.通过选取大石寨地区大石寨组基-中性火山岩为研究对象,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量和锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析,旨在讨论其岩石成因和构造背景,为制约兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合过程和探讨兴蒙造山带东段的构造演化提供更多信息.大石寨组基-中性火山岩包括变细碧岩、变玄武岩、碎屑岩化玄武安山岩、玄武安山质晶屑凝灰岩、绿泥石化安山岩、杏仁状安山岩、安山质晶屑凝灰岩等.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,变细碧岩和绿泥石化安山岩样品的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为286.0±4.3 Ma（MSWD=0.14）和286.0±3.3 Ma（MSWD=0.14）,说明大石寨组基-中性火山岩喷发于早二叠世,反映了早二叠世的构造岩浆作用事件.岩石地球化学研究表明,大石寨组基-中性火山岩为一套弱过铝质-偏铝质富钠质亚碱性玄武岩-玄武安山岩-安山岩岩石组合,以拉斑系列为主,部分兼具拉斑性和钙碱性特征,相对富集大离子亲石元素（LILE,Ba、U、K等）和轻稀土元素（LREE,La、Ce）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE,如Nb、Ta等）.锆石原位Lu-Hf资料显示,变细碧岩和绿泥石化安山岩具有较高的正ε_Hf（t）值（6.68~12.94,8.41~12.31）和相近的单阶段模式年龄（T_DM1=438~589 Ma和413~668 Ma）.综合研究表明,大石寨组基-中性火山岩来源于亏损地幔,在岩浆演化过程中经历了单斜辉石、橄榄石和铁镁氧化物的分离结晶作用,并遭受过较强烈的地壳混染作用.结合区域地质资料,大石寨地区大石寨组火山岩形成于陆内伸展的构造背景,而非俯冲背景的产物,这表明兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合事件发生在早二叠世之前.同时通过对比区域上早中二叠世火山岩的地球化学特征以及其他地质资料,认为内蒙古中东部早中二叠世火山岩是陆内伸展作用的产物,而区域上的伸展作用可能起始于早石炭世.      

内蒙古二道河子铅锌矿成因研究

基于矿床地质调查,并通过岩矿石地球化学和锆石U-Pb测年研究,探讨了二道河子铅锌矿床成因。该矿床赋存于中侏罗统塔木兰沟组中,受北西向断裂-裂隙构造控制,矿体多呈脉状,围岩以火山岩为主,夹有砾岩。据常量、微量、稀土元素和Pb、Sr、Nd同位素测试结果:火山熔岩中SiO2质量分数为48.01%～56.44%,岩屑晶屑凝灰岩中为69.09%～71.73%。前者稀土总量高于后者,两者稀土配分型式相似,均显弱负铕异常;而前者Pb、Zn、Cu等成矿元素的含量却远低于后者。火山岩富集Rb、U、Th等大离子亲石元素,Sr普遍亏损,相对亏损Nb、Ta以及Ti等高场强元素。火山岩ISr=0.704 925～0.706 632,εNd(t)=0.5～2.0,εSr(t)=8.5～32.8,tDM=619～730Ma。火山岩和矿石的Pb同位素组成十分接近,206Pb/204Pb=18.130～18.475,207Pb/204Pb=15.526～15.567,208 Pb/204 Pb=38.078～38.286,μ值为9.32～9.40。矿床主要围岩岩屑晶屑凝灰岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为(164.2±2.3)Ma,这表明火山岩为混有壳源物质的幔源岩浆形成。火山活动分为2期:早期表现为中(基)性火山喷发;晚期岩浆活动发生于中侏罗世晚期,形成酸性火山碎屑岩。成矿物质由与火山岩有关的岩浆系统提供,富集于晚期岩浆中。与成矿有关的侵入岩可能是晚期岩浆作用形成的次火山岩。矿床可能是岩浆分异的含矿热液沿火山岩中的断裂、裂隙充填交代形成,成矿时代为中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.