Ambient noise data logger buoy

A buoy for measuring wind speed and the ambient noise sound pressure level from 10 to 1500 Hz with 1-Hz resolution is described. The measurement buoy was deployed in a remote fjord in southeastern Alaska from October to December, 1989. The results from the data collected show that, for a wind speed of 5 kn, the measured ambient noise level at 900 Hz lies well below the Knudsen curve for open-ocean, wind-generated noise. As the wind speed increases from 5 to 10 kn, the measured ambient noise level approaches the Knudsen curve, increasing at 4 dB/kn compared to 1 dB/kn for the Knudsen curve. Above 10 kn, the measured ambient noise level matches the Knudsen curve     

Digital waveform codings for ocean acoustic telemetry

M-sequence waveform coding with a single long codeword has been considered as the basis for long-range underwater acoustic telemetry for one user. (An m-sequence is a periodic, binary, linear-law maximal-length sequence. If the span of the law is n, the maximal length L-2ⁿ=1). For a given law, a single m-sequence transmits a maximum of log₂ (L) bits of source information per channel word. To increase the number of bits per word, families of m-sequences and Gold codes are considered and compared to a single m-sequence. A hypothetical idealized multipath channel with added white Gaussian noise is assumed. Coding using families of m-sequences is recommended because it requires a smaller bit-energy-to-noise ratio than other waveform codes to achieve an equivalent codeword error probability     

Observations of the von Karman constant over open-ocean waves

Forty-six open-ocean observations of the von Karman constant k , estimated from the momentum flux, wind velocity, and air temperature differences observed at the Argus Island tower, yielded an average value of 0.40±0.18 for |Ri|⩽0.014, where Ri is the gradient Richardson number. This average value agrees with the determinations of k over land by U. Hogstrom (1988) and S.F. Zhang et al. (1988). Scatter in these oceanic data sets may be due in part to ocean-wave influence as well as to instrumental and statistical variability     

Depth dependence of noise resulting from ship traffic and wind

Under conditions of distantly generated noise, the noise level is found to decrease with depth in the mid-northeastern Pacific. These data show a decrease in noise level greater than 25 dB between critical depth and the ocean bottom. A result of this decrease is that locally wind-generated noise can be detected on near-bottom receivers for wind speeds less than 10 kn. It is shown that the noise level generated form local sources such as wind and nearby shipping is almost independent of receiver depth. The differences in spectra shape between the distant shipping noise and wind-generated noise and the low noise levels detected near the ocean bottom allow the measurement in the frequency band at 200-500 Hz of local wind noise level for wind speeds less than 10 kn     

Inverted echo sounder measurement of dynamic height through an ENSOcycle in the central equatorial Pacific

A four-year record from an inverted echo sounder deployed near Palmyra Island at 6°N in the central Pacific Ocean is compared with a simultaneous record of subsurface pressure from this island lagoon. A factor m, converting round-trip acoustic travel time to surface dynamic height relative to a deep pressure level, was estimated from the ratio of the spectra of the two records in the energetic synoptic oscillation band. Year-to-year variation in m was not statistically significant. For the overall record, m was found to be -70±8 dynamic m/s, where the error bounds represent a 90% confidence interval. This is consistent with first-baroclinic-mode excitation     

Broadside resonance scattering from elastic spheroids

The authors study the scattering of monochromatic plane acoustic waves incident at 90° angles relative to the axis of symmetry (i.e. broadside or beam aspect) on solid elastic spheroids. In this analysis, the aspect ratios of the spheroids vary in the range 2⩽L/ D⩽5 in steps of one. The nondimensional frequency kL /2 is kept within the band 2⩽kL/2⩽24. A numerical solution based on a modification of the T-matrix method is generated. The authors generate predictions for the backscattered echoes and graphically display their frequency dependence in order to study the resonance features present within them. In this three-dimensional study, the authors identify the (leaky) Rayleigh-type resonances consistent with those present in infinite cylinders     

VLF propagation loss to a buried seismometer

The propagation loss from a shallow underwater explosion to a buried vertically polarized seismometer over the frequency band between 3 and 15 Hz was measured during the 1983 Ngendei Experiment. The data was recorded in 5.5-km-deep water in the southwest Pacific with a triaxial borehole seismograph emplaced 50 m within the basaltic basement. It is found that the average power decays as r^-3 (r is slant range) beyond 30 km and that the propagation loss is minimal between 6-9 Hz. At shorter ranges, the propagation loss is more complicated and exhibits a stronger frequency dependence. Power in the first water wave is estimated for both buried and ocean-bottom sensors. The ocean-bottom power is approximately 7 dB higher than that recorded by the buried sensor, and both exhibit similar decay rates     

南海某海域海洋环境噪声谱级风关特性分析

为探索南海某区域海洋环境噪声谱级与风场的相关特性,结合潜标海洋环境噪声数据及对应海域的海面风场再分析数据,计算各频段噪声级与风速相关系数及线性拟合函数。分析结果表明:400～1 000 Hz频段,海洋环境噪声谱级与海面风速的相关系数在0.5～0.8之间,达到中等相关。1 000～5 000 Hz频段,两者互相关系数大于0.8,达到高度相关。对海洋环境噪声谱级与对数风速的回归分析结果显示,1000～5 000 Hz频段,两者的线性函数关系显著;并且在1 000 Hz附近的拟合斜率最大,海洋环境噪声谱级对海面风速变化的灵敏度最高。     

西沙北部海域海洋环境噪声频谱特性

Ambient noise is very important in the prediction system of a sonar performance, because it determines the detection ranges always in a passive sonar and usually in an active sonar. In the uncertainty issue for the so-nar performance, it is necessary to know this factor＇s statistical characteristics that are only obtained by data processing from the underwater ambient noise measurements. Broad-band ambient noise signals from 16 hydrophones were amplified and recorded for 2 min every 1 h. The results show that the ambient noise is essentially depth independent. The cross correlation of the ambient noise levels （1, 6 and 12 h average） with a wind speed is presented. It was found that the correlation is excellent on the upper frequency band and the noise levels correlate better with high wind speed than with low wind speed.     

基于潜标测量的海洋环境噪声谱特性分析

利用海洋环境噪声测量潜标系统对南海典型海域开展了为期3个月的海洋环境噪声测量,16通道海洋环境噪声测量系统每小时测量两分钟噪声信号。数据处理结果表明,800~5 000Hz范围内,噪声谱与风速相关性最好,且风速越大相关性越好,噪声谱与风速的相关性好于与浪高的相关性。风关噪声谱级在海水中部基本不随接收深度发生变化,但由于测量水听器阵长度未能覆盖整个水深,因此未给出海面和海底处谱级变化规律。在400Hz以上的高频段整个风速范围内噪声谱级都随风速发生变化,且噪声谱级与对数风速具有很好的线性关系。     

Acoustic wave scattering from two solid boundaries at the oceanbottom: reflection loss

An acoustic wave scattering model is formulated and solved for three homogeneous layers consisting of a thin solid sediment layer sandwiched by semi-infinite water and solid basalt media. The model is applied to two cases to analyze both the physical parameters affecting reflection loss and the effects of interface roughness scattering. It is shown that effects of attenuation in the sediment layer, especially of S-waves, combine with conversion and scattering processes of the basalt interface to constitute the dominant mechanism of reflection loss, especially in the small grazing angle directions. The scattering process is found not only to produce the well-known acoustic energy loss from specular to nonspecular directions, but also to alter the conversion efficiency between P and S waves with a resulting loss or gain     

两种ASCAT 散射计风产品的比较及评估

基于浮标和步进频率微波辐射计(SFMR,Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer)数据对NASA JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)和RSS(Remote Sensing Systems)公司分别发布的已广泛应用于全球海面风场观测的ASCAT(Advanced SCATterometer)散射计风产品进行了比较和分析。结果表明,两者风速在中低风速(15 m/s)时基本一致;高风速(15 m/s)时RSS风速整体高于JPL风速。通过浮标数据对比,风速15 m/s时两者风速精度一致;风速15 m/s时两者风速RMS相当,但JPL和RSS风速分别低估和高估。利用SFMR数据检验表明RSS风速与SFMR风速一致性更好。两者风向精度在低风速(5 m/s)时较低,但随风速增加而提高并趋于稳定。该研究结果对相关科研人员的ASCAT散射计风产品选择具有重要的指导意义。     

SPECIAL FEATURE OF UNDERWATER AMBIENT NOISE IN NORTHERN HUANGHAI SEA AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON WIND SPEED

The local special feature of underwater ambient noise in the northern Huanghai sea has been investigated. The results obtained from the analysis of data measured for six days and nights have shown that the time-varying characterization of ambient noise spectrum level is remarkable and its fluctuation at every analyzed frequency band presents an equiform periodicity varying with time synchronously. The dependence of average ambient sea noise spectrum level on logarithmic wind speed within the middle range (16-30 knot) appears in "V" form.The current Crouch's conclusion (1972) has been developed by us to be a mathematical model based on the segment correlation regression. Using this model to describe and expain the characterization of local ambient sea noise is available.     

海上风电打桩水下噪声测量及其对大黄鱼的影响

海上风电场建设期风机打桩会产生高强度的水下噪声,研究水下冲击打桩噪声的监测方法、特性分析及对海洋生物的影响是非常重要的.采用自容式水下声音记录仪,多点同步测量了福建省兴化湾海上风电场二期工程建设期单次完整的水下冲击打桩噪声,从时频域特性进行了分析,并利用最小二乘法拟合得到了打桩声源级和声暴露级.结果表明:水下冲击打桩噪...     

Sequential Filtering for Surface Wind Speed Estimation from Ambient Noise Measurement

Many research results show that ocean ambient noise and wind speed are highly relevant, and the surface wind speed can be effectively inverted using ocean noise data. In most deep-sea cases, the ambient noise of medium frequency is mainly determined by the surface wind, and there is a conventional relationship between them. This paper gives an equation which shows this relationship firstly, and then a surface-wind inversion method is proposed. An efficient particle filter is used to estimate the speed distribution, and the results exhibit more focused close to the actual wind speed. The method is verified by the measured noise data, and analysis results showed that this approach can accurately give the trend of sea surface wind speed.     

Large aperture digital acoustic array

A digital array of 120 acoustic channels 900 m in length has been constructed to study low-frequency (20-200 Hz) ambient noise in the ocean. The array may be deployed vertically or horizontally from the research platform FLIP and the array elements are localized with a high-frequency acoustic transponder network. The authors describe the instrumentation, telemetry, and navigation systems of the array during a vertical deployment in the northeast Pacific. Preliminary ambient noise spectra are presented for various array depths and local wind speeds. Ambient noise in the frequency band above 100 Hz or below 25 Hz increases with local wind speed. However, in the frequency band 25-100 Hz, ambient noise is independent of wind speed and may be dominated by shipping sources     

近海海上风电场水下噪声传播模型适用性研究

通过现场采集近海海上风电场工程区运营期风机水下噪声和背景噪声数据,计算了噪声信号的倍频带声压级,功率谱级和峰值声压级,确定了海上风电场水下噪声总声源级为148.3 d B,以此开展近海海上风电工程风机水下噪声频域特性、功率密度谱特性等研究。在此基础上使用Kraken简正波模型和Bellhop射线模型对风电场运营期风机水下噪声在水平与垂直方向上的传播进行模拟,模拟了噪声在不同频带内的衰减程度,结果显示模型模拟结果在不同频率下的衰减趋势有着很大差异,产生了明显的多途干涉现象,通过实测数据对建立的噪声传播模型进行验证,发现Kraken简正波模型在500 Hz以下,Bellhop射线模型在500 Hz以上适合模拟实际水下噪声传播情形,同时海区本身背景噪声的存在会对预测的准确性产生影响。这些结论可用于进一步对近海海上风电场水下噪声传播的研究。     

极低频海洋噪声与风的相关性研究

风通过影响海洋表面从而产生200 Hz以上的深海环境噪声,但有研究指出,通过风生表面波之间的非线性相互作用产生的驻波,能够与海床共振构成海底微震,从而产生10 Hz以下的噪声。针对这一新型风生噪声机制,本研究对威克岛海域10 Hz以下的极低频噪声进行了分析。比较了不同频率下海洋环境噪声功率谱级与风速的相关性,并讨论了风速和风向对设立在威克岛南北部二组水听器三联体信号的影响,结果表明2 Hz处的海洋环境噪声级与风速相关性最好,而风速和风向变化越剧烈海洋环境极低频噪声与风速风向的相关性越好。     

海洋环境噪声垂直分布测试和分析

采用船舷法对某海域海洋环境噪声垂直分布进行了测量.数据处理与分析结果表明,在6种接收深度下,当地的海面风生破碎波浪噪声对环境噪声有显著贡献.给出了所测海域环境噪声在0.1～20.0kHz频段的宽带声级和接收深度以及多种频率谱级与风速的对数之间的关系.1.0～4.0kHz频段的谱级与风速的对数呈良好的线性关系,且基本上不受接收深度的影响.     

3种海面风场资料在台湾海峡的比较和评估

本文对3种海面风场资料(CCMP、NCEP、ERA)在台湾海峡风场的平面分布和时间变化特征进行了相互比较,并应用2011年浮标观测的风速和风向资料分别对3种风场的误差进行了分析及评估。主要结论如下:(1)3种资料风场的平面分布、季节变化和年际变化特征基本一致,差异主要表现在冬季NCEP资料在海峡中部和南部的风速相对CCMP和ERA资料较大;(2)CCMP资料的风速偏差、风速均方根误差和风向均方根误差分别为-0.62m/s、1.67m/s和31°,NCEP分别为0.15m/s、1.64m/s和31°,ERA分别为-1.36m/s、2.4m/s和33°;NCEP资料的风速整体略偏大、CCMP略偏小、ERA偏小明显,CCMP和NCEP资料比ERA资料更接近观测;(3)在西南季风影响期以及风速较小时(风速不大于10m/s)CCMP资料的风速可信度较高、NCEP资料的风速偏大;在东北季风影响期以及风速较大时(大于10m/s)NCEP资料的风速可信度较高、CCMP资料的风速偏小;(4)3种资料的风向误差接近,均在低风速时(风速小于5m/s)误差较大。本文的结论可以为台湾海峡的海洋和大气科学研究选择合适的海面风场资料提供借鉴和参考。