2012 年6 月30 日新疆新源-和静MS 6. 6地震序列震源机制解

利用CAP方法反演了2012年6月30日新源-和静Ms6.6地震序列震源机制解.反演得到Ms6.6地震节面Ⅰ的参数为:走向299°,倾角68°,滑动角164°;节面Ⅱ的参数为:走向35°,倾角75°,滑动角23°;P轴方位角166°,倾角5°,T轴方位角258°,倾角26°;矩震级Mw为6.3;矩心深度为21km.此次地震序列破裂优势方向为NWW,倾角以60°～90°为主,滑动角以±180°±30°为主;P轴方位的优势取向为近NS向,T轴优势取向为近EW向.初步分析表明,主震节面Ⅰ为发震断层,是走向为NWW、近乎直立的左旋走滑断层.此次6.6级地震震源断错性质和主压应力方向以及序列P轴优势方位与震源区周围构造应力场特征基本一致.     

2007年云南宁洱M_S6.4地震震源过程

通过反演全球范围内20个地震台的宽频带波形资料,获得了2007年6月3日在云南宁洱发生的MS6.4地震的矩张量解、震源时间函数和断层面上滑动随时间和空间的变化过程.根据反演结果,这次地震的标量地震矩为5.51×1018Nm,相当于矩震级MW6.4.震源机制解中,最佳双力偶对应的节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为152°,54°和166°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为250°,79°和37°.结合震后考察得到的烈度等震线分布特征以及当地的地质构造,可以判定这次地震的发震断层的走向为152°,倾角为54°,滑动角为166°,是一次以右旋走滑为主的地震.从震源时间函数的形态来看,震源破裂持续时间为14s,地震矩的释放主要集中在前11s,在11~14s之间释放的地震矩很少.震源的时空破裂过程图像表明,破裂过程分为3个阶段,在前4s的时间段内,破裂主要沿着走向方向和朝深处发展;在4~7s间,破裂呈扇形向着深处扩展;在7s之后的时间段,破裂点比较零散.地震破裂总体上表现为双侧破裂方式,但在走向方向和深度方向上的滑动略占优势.破裂较强的区域呈菱形,长约为19km.地震断层面上最大滑动量为1.2m,平均滑动量为0.1m,最大滑动速率为0.4m/s,平均滑动速率为0.1m/s.由反演得到的静态位错模型计算的震中区地表位移场的特征与地震的烈度分布特征具有很好的一致性.     

2007年云南宁洱Ms6．4地震震源过程

通过反演全球范围内20个地震台的宽频带波形资料,获得了2007年6月3日在云南宁洱发生的Ms6．4地震的矩张量解、震源时间函数和断层面上滑动随时间和空间的变化过程．根据反演结果,这次地震的标量地震矩为5．51×10^18 Nm,相当于矩震级Mw6．4．震源机制解中,最佳双力偶对应的节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为152°,54°和166°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为250°,79°和37°．结合震后考察得到的烈度等震线分布特征以及当地的地质构造,可以判定这次地震的发震断层的走向为152°,倾角为54°,滑动角为166°,是一次以右旋走滑为主的地震．从震源时间函数的形态来看,震源破裂持续时间为14s,地震矩的释放主要集中在前11s,在11-14s之间释放的地震矩很少．震源的时空破裂过程图像表明,破裂过程分为3个阶段,在前4S的时间段内,破裂主要沿着走向方向和朝深处发展;在4～7s间,破裂呈扇形向着深处扩展;在7s之后的时间段,破裂点比较零散．地震破裂总体上表现为双侧破裂方式,但在走向方向和深度方向上的滑动略占优势．破裂较强的区域呈菱形,长约为19km．地震断层面上最大滑动量为1．2m,平均滑动量为0．1m,最大滑动速率为0.4m／s,平均滑动速率为0．1m/s．由反演得到的静态位错模型计算的震中区地表位移场的特征与地震的烈度分布特征具有很好的一致性．     

2010年4月14日青海玉树地震快速矩张量解

北京时间2010年4月14日7时49分37秒,在中国青海省玉树县发生了MW7.0地震.作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带P波波形资料得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向119°、倾角83°、滑动角-2°的节面是本次地震的发震断层面.     

2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震与部分余震的震源机制解

采用区域和远台Pn或Pg初至波初动符号, 利用下半球等面积投影, 求解了2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震和截止到2008年12月10日发生的部分4级以上余震的震源机制解。 汶川8.0级地震的震源机制为: 节面Ⅰ的走向为5°, 倾角为48°, 滑动角为39°; 节面Ⅱ的走向为247°, 倾角为62°, 滑动角为131°。 P轴方位角为309°, 仰角为8°, T轴方位角为208°, 仰角为54 °, B轴方位角为44°, 仰角为35°。 结合地质构造和余震空间分布, 可以确定节面Ⅱ为发震断层面。 根据震源机制解, 引发本次地震的断层活动主要表现为逆冲, 主破裂面为S67°W与该地震所在断层的走向基本一致(断裂总体走向N45°E)^[1]; 主压应力轴P轴为N51 °W, 主压应力轴P轴方位与该区域构造应力场方向基本一致。 根据余震震源机制解结果, 龙门山断裂带南段发生的余震与北段发生的余震的震源机制都具有优势分布, 且两者差异明显。 早期发生在南段的余震的破裂是以逆倾滑动为主, 兼有走向滑动; 而随着时间的推移, 余震向北段迁移, 在龙门山构造的北段地震震源的破裂方式以走向滑动为主, 兼有一定的逆倾滑动; 龙门构造带南段震源应力场受主震应力场的控制, 而龙门构造带北段震源应力场不仅受区域应力场的影响, 还受主震应力场的影响。     

2009年12月19日台湾花莲地震快速矩张量解

2009年12月19日13点2分16秒协调世界时(UTC),在台湾花莲海域发生了MW6.7地震.作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球地震台网的宽频带P波波形资料得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向4°、倾角75°、滑动角76°的节面是本次地震的发震断层面.     

2009年8月3日加利福利亚湾地震快速矩张量解

2009年8月3日17点59分56秒协调世界时（UTC）,在加利福利亚湾发生了Mw6.9地震．作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带P波波形得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向127deg;、倾角81deg;、滑动角179deg;的节面是地震发生的断层面．      

2013年1月29日哈萨克斯坦MS6.1地震序列的震源机制解分析

北京时间2013年1月29日,哈萨克斯坦发生MS6.1地震,为了提高对地震震源机制解的认识,并进一步了解震源区的应力场特征,利用CAP方法反演了此次地震序列震源机制解.反演结果表明,MS6.1地震节面Ⅰ的参数：走向241°,倾角80°,滑动角7°;节面Ⅱ的参数：走向150°,倾角84°,滑动角170°;P轴方位为196°,倾角2°,T轴方位为105°,倾角12°;矩震级MW为6.1;矩心深度为13km;震源类型是左旋走滑型.此次地震序列破裂优势方向为NEE—SWW,倾角以30°～60°居多,滑动角以60°～120°、-60°～-120°居多;P轴方位的优势取向为近NE—SW向,接近水平的居优;T轴优势取向为近SEE—NWW向,接近垂直的居优;震源机制类型以倾向滑动型为主.反演结果与断层的分布、余震分布及哈萨克斯坦中天山（伊犁盆地西部）NEE—SWW向应力场有很好的一致性.     

2010年1月12日海地地震快速矩张量解

2010年1月12日21点53分9秒协调世界时(UTC),在加勒比海域的海地发生了MW7.2地震.作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球地震台网的宽频带P波波形资料得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向253°、倾角74°、滑动角17°的节面是本次地震的发震断层面.     

2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L＇Aquila)地震快速矩张量解.

2009年4月6日1点32分42秒协调世界时（UTC）,在意大利中部地区发生了MW6.4地震．作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带P波波形得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向132deg;、倾角53deg;、滑动角——103deg;的节面是地震发生的断层面．      

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.