非一致地震激励地下综合管廊振动台模型试验研究(Ⅲ)——数值模拟

根据非一致地震激励地下综合管廊振动台模型试验结果,以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,定义了约束方程来考虑层状剪切砂箱的模型箱效应。土体采用线性扩展Drucker-Prager本构模型,并采用主从接触面模型考虑土-结构相互作用,建立了三维有限元模型。对各种试验输入工况下土-综合管廊体系的地震反应进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:数值模拟结果与模型试验结果吻合较好。文中所提建模方法合理,可用于后续的分析。     

悬挂式层状多向剪切变形模型箱的研制

现有模型箱不能满足开展复杂地下结构水平双向地震反应的振动台模型试验的要求,设计了由钢索吊起的模型箱体、悬挂支架和底板组成的悬挂式层状多向剪切变形模型箱,并对该模型箱进行振动台试验研究,结果表明:模型箱的固有频率远远低于模型地基的固有频率;模型箱能保证模型地基沿水平任意方向产生层状剪切变形;模型地基的加速度反应与深度有关与水平位置无关,模型箱能有效模拟原型水平土层的侧向变形边界条件。该模型箱既消除了现有柔性模型箱在水平地震激励作用下产生的土体拱效应现象,也克服了现有层状剪切模型箱仅能单向输入水平地震激励的不足,能满足开展水平双向输入振动台模型试验的要求。     

土工振动台试验连续体模型箱的适用性研究

为更加合理地模拟地下结构多台阵振动台试验中场地的连续性,作者所在课题组研制了用于长线性地下结构振动台试验的连续体模型箱装置,该装置是由端部刚性箱、软连接箱及中间刚性箱组成的空间结构体系.运用有限元软件ABAQUS对其进行三维数值模拟,模态分析论证了可不与模型土发生共振的连续箱体构造的合理性,三维数值试验分析了该连续体模型箱在一致、非一致地震激励作用下的“边界效应”及工作中的稳定性.数值试验结果表明,所设计的连续体模型箱性能良好,为本次试验获得成功打下了坚实的基础.     

基于静力试验的体外预应力自复位框架地震响应数值模拟

一般在进行振动台模型试验时,由于试验引起结构构件损伤,很难在试验前或试验后实测构件或节点的力学参数,但是对于整体弹性模型或部分弹性模型,可以事后对其力学性能进行实测,将实测数据用于修正计算模型,经过修正的计算结果与振动台试验结果有更好对比性。体外预应力自复位框架(EPSCF)是一种新型抗震结构,将预应力筋设置在梁柱构件体外,达到易施工、易监测、可更换的目的。在振动台试验中,EPSCF主体结构保持弹性,耗能装置损坏。振动台试验后,进行EPSCF主体结构低周反复静力试验,实测结构在侧向力作用下的滞回曲线与骨架曲线,并计算出结构每层的抗侧刚度及等效阻尼比。将实测参数代入有限元模型中进行地震响应数值模拟,并与振动台试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,经过静力试验校准的计算模型能更好地模拟振动台试验结果。     

非一致地震激励下综合管廊接头响应数值模拟

以横向有接头地下综合管廊非一致激励振动台试验为基础,基于有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了土-地下综合管廊结构数值模型,采用非线性弹簧单元模拟地下综合管廊的接头。分析了模型箱的边界效应、加速度响应、位移响应、以及管廊接头响应,有限元计算结果与试验实测结果进行对比分析,二者对比结果呈一致趋势,非线性弹簧单元可为生命线工程结构接头数值模拟提供了新思路。     

横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道的动力响应分析

为研究埋地管道在地震激励时管-土相互作用的动力响应问题,研发双向层状剪切连续体模型土箱,建立管G土相互作用有限元分析模型,对横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道地震响应进行数值模拟分析,并与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:数值模拟和振动台试验结果中的管道应变峰值均呈现出沿管道中间大两端小的现象,管道中间应变峰值最小达到两端的1．6倍左右;管道加速度、 土体加速度峰值均随着加载等级的提高而增大,涨幅愈加明显,多峰频率由0~10Hz逐渐向10~ 20Hz频域扩散,管道运动更为自由;土体位移随着加载等级的提高呈现逐级增大的现象,在加载等级增加到0．4g 时位移曲线斜率减小,土体非线性表现明显.数值模拟和振动台试验对比分析的结论表明数值模拟分析的合理性和试验结果的可靠性,为研究横向非一致激励对埋地管道地震响应的影响提供了依据.     

钢筋沥青隔震层振动台试验及其在不同高度砌体结构电力用房中的地震响应分析

为弥补试验的不足,对试验室里难以实现的情况进行研究,如大比例甚至足尺模型的动力试验,利用大型有限元软件MSC.MARC对钢筋-沥青复合隔震层建立了非线性有限元模型。利用钢筋非线性子程序UBEAM和非线性弹簧子程序USPRNG,分别模拟了钢筋和砖墩-上梁之间相互作用关系的非线性情况,引入了沥青油膏的温度影响系数。为验证该模型,在钢筋沥青隔震层试件振动台试验的基础上,对振动台试验中各试件的模态进行了计算、对各工况进行了三维有限元时程分析,并将分析结果与试验结果对比,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了该模型的准确性和合理性。最后利用该模型,建立了不同高度的砌体结构有限元模型,设计并建立了相应的墙下条形隔震层模型,对钢筋沥青复合隔震层在不同高度的砌体结构中的动力性能和隔震效果进行了数值模拟,并对计算结果进行了归纳和分析,得出了一系列有用的结论。     

考虑SSI效应的隔震结构体系振动台模型试验与数值模拟对比研究

基于考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应的隔震结构体系振动台模型试验,以ABAQUS软件为计算平台,考虑土体的非线件特性,建立了将土体一桩基-隔震结构视为共同工作整体的三维有限元模型,对各种试验工况下的地震反应进行了数值模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:数值模拟和振动台模型试验结果基本一致,两者得到的SSI效应对隔震结构地震反应的影响体现出相似的规律性,印证了数值模型的正确性.     

软弱场地地铁车站结构地震反应的数值模拟与模型试验对比分析

根据软弱场地土上地铁车站结构大型振动台模型试验结果,以软件ABAQU S为平台,采用记忆型嵌套面黏塑性动力本构模型和动塑性损伤模型,分别模拟土体和车站结构混凝土的动力特性,建立了土-地铁车站结构非线性动力相互作用二维和三维有限元分析模型,对各种试验工况下地基土-地铁车站结构体系的地震反应进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：二维、三维数值模拟与振动台模型试验结果基本一致,三维模型可更好地模拟软弱场地与地铁车站结构的动力相互作用及模型结构的动力反应。数值模拟结果和振动台试验结果可相互验证其可靠性。     

PHC管桩单桩振动台试验与数值模拟对比分析

利用振动台对PHC管桩进行单桩承台模型试验;同时将土体PHC管桩-上部结构视为共同工作整体,建立三维有限元模型,再以ABAQUS软件为计算平台,对单桩试验工况下的地震反应进行数值模拟计算,并将试验结果与数值模拟计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：数值模拟和振动台模型试验基本吻合,两者得到的地震反应影响体现出相似的规律性,印证了模型试验的可靠性和数值模型的合理性。     

Design and commissioning of a laminar soil container for use on small shaking tables

This paper describes the design, fabrication and commissioning of a single axis laminar shear box for use in seismic soil–structure interaction studies. A laminar shear box is a flexible container that can be placed on a shaking table to simulate vertical shear-wave propagation during earthquakes through a soil layer of finite thickness. The laminar shear box described in this paper was designed to overcome the base shear limitations of a small shaking table at The University of Western Ontario. The design details of the box are provided in addition to results of dynamic tests performed to commission the box. A synthetic clay comprising sodium bentonite mixed with diluted glycerin was used as the model soil and 1-G similitude theory was employed to maintain model to prototype similarity. The model soil was compacted into the container in lifts to achieve soil stiffness that increased with depth. A series of shaking table tests and numerical analyses that were performed to study the performance of the laminar box and non-linear seismic behavior of the model clay are described. The results of this study show that the laminar box does not impose significant boundary effects and is able to maintain 1-D soil column behavior. In addition, the dynamic behavior of the model clay during scaled model tests was found to be consistent with the behavior measured during cyclic laboratory tests.     

Shaking table test of utility tunnel under non-uniform earthquake wave excitation

A series of shaking table tests were conducted on scaled utility tunnel models with and without construction joints under non-uniform input earthquake wave excitation. Details of experimental setup are first presented with particular focuses on: design and fabrication of double-axis laminar shear box with a rectangular hole opened on its side walls; design of two devices for measuring the slippage between the interface of test soil and the structure, and the relative deformation and rotation between joints of the structure model; and procedure for construction of input earthquake wave. The experiments were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 is free-field test. A 2-norm index is suggested to quantify the boundary effect and it is found that the designed laminar box does not impose significant boundary effect. Phases 2 and 3 are model tests in longitudinal and transversal directions, respectively. Test results are discussed in items of shear force–slip relationship at the soil–model structure interaction surface, movement and rotation of the construction joint, and effect of non-uniform earthquake input. The comparison shows that structural response under non-uniform earthquake excitation is larger than that under uniform excitation. The effect of spatial distribution of earthquake excitation should be considered in the seismic design of utility tunnel.     

非一致地震激励地下综合管廊振动台模型试验研究(I)——试验方法

针对浅层软土中埋设的矩形截面地下综合管廊进行了非一致地震激励下的振动台模型试验研究。作为首个此种类型结构非一致激励的振动台试验工作,本文主要介绍试验方法,重点包括试验方案设计、开洞试验模型箱与模型结构设计,根据试验的特殊要求而开发的土体滑移传感器和地下结构接头位移测量装置,以及人工合成输入地震波动时程的方法与步骤。上述试验设计方法可供今后类似试验工作参考。试验结果分析及数值模型验证结果将在后续系列论文中介绍。     

振动沉管碎石桩大型振动台试验的实现

目前有关碎石桩复合地基在动荷载作用下的研究主要是针对其排水作用,而对其密实作用的研究很少,碎石桩复合地基在动荷载作用下沉降计算理论落后于工程实践.为了在碎石桩复合地基的动力模拟试验中模拟碎石桩的密实作用,设计了大型堆叠式剪切模型箱,并采用振动沉管法在振动台模型箱中进行了碎石桩的震后沉降试验研究,结果表明其能较好地模拟碎石桩振动沉管施工工艺.     

Response of a scale-model pile group for a jacket foundation of an offshore wind turbine in liquefiable ground during shaking table tests

To investigate the seismic response of a pile group during liquefaction, shaking table tests on a 1/25 scale model of a 2 × 2 pile group were conducted, which were pilot tests of a test project of a scale-model offshore wind turbine with jacket foundation. A large laminar shear box was utilized as the soil container to prepare a liquefiable sandy ground specimen. The pile group model comprising four slender aluminum piles with their pile heads connected by a rigid frame was designed with similitude considerations focusing on soil–pile interaction. The input motions were 2-Hz sinusoids with various acceleration amplitudes. The excess pore water pressure generation indicated that the upper half of the ground specimen reached initial liquefaction under the 50-gal-amplitude excitation, whereas in the 75-gal-amplitude test, almost entire ground was liquefied. Accelerations in soil, on the movable frames composing the laminar boundary of the shear box, and along the pile showed limited difference at the same elevation before liquefaction. After liquefaction, the soil and the movable-frame accelerations that represented the ground response considerably reduced, whereas both the movable frames and the piles exhibited high-frequency jitters other than 2-Hz sinusoid, and meantime, remarkable phase difference between the responses of the pile group and the ground was observed, all probably due to the substantial degradation of liquefied soil. Axial strains along the pile implied its double-curvature bending behavior, and the accordingly calculated moment declined significantly after liquefaction. These observations demonstrated the interaction between soil and piles during liquefaction.     

砂土自由场地震响应的离心机试验研究

离心机模型试验是研究岩土地震工程问题的有效手段。本文使用层状剪切箱,通过干落法制备了均匀的砂土模型,进行了离心机振动试验;观测了振动过程中孔隙水压力的发展,土体的加速度响应、侧向变形以及竖向沉降。结果表明,土体的运动和变形与孔隙水压力的发展密切相关,但离心机中的试验现象和现场观测的现象存在显著区别。研究结果增强了对振动过程中土-水之间相互作用机理的理解,同时为自由场地震响应分析方法的验证提供了基础数据。     

Laboratory study of seismic free-field response of sand

This paper describes a new soil-structure interaction test box for use on a moderately large shaking table. The test box is designed to replicate, as nearly as possible, the free-field seismic response of a soil layer overlying a rigid base. Results from shaking table testing are presented which demonstrate the ability of the test box to serve as a large-scale shear device. The test box is unique in its ability to determine dynamic shear modulus for both high- and low-amplitude shear strain, and also to study the dynamic response of sand under low levels of confining stress. Dynamic shear modulus for standard Ottawa sand was measured over a wide range of shear strain amplitude and compared with data from the existing literature. Finally, based on results from the test box, a constitutive model is proposed which describes the free field response of a sand layer overlying bedrock and subjected to vertically propagating SH waves. The model is simple in form with a single parameter uniquely related to the friction angle of the sand.     

Identification of dynamic soil properties through shaking table tests on a large saturated sand specimen in a laminar shear box

Many laminar shear boxes have recently been developed into sliding-frame containers that can reproduce 1D ground-response boundary conditions. The measured responses of such large specimens can be utilized to back-calculate soil properties. This study investigates how the boundary effect in large specimens affects the identified soil properties through shaking table tests on a soil-filled large laminar box conducted at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan. The tested soil-box system is unique because only 80% of the container is filled with soil. This system can be regarded as a two-layer system: an empty top and soil-filled bottom. The dynamic properties of this two-layer system are identified through various approaches, including theoretical solutions of wave propagation, free vibration, and nonparametric stress–strain analyzes. Therefore, the coupling effect of the box and soil can be evaluated. Results show that, compared with the two-layer system considering the influence of the box, the conventional approach with a single-layer system slightly underestimates shear wave velocity but obtains the same damping ratio of the soil layer. In addition, the identified modulus reduction and damping curves in the two-layer system are consistent with those obtained in a laboratory test on a small specimen. Furthermore, based on detailed acceleration measurements along different depths of soil, a piecewise profile of shear wave velocity is built. The identified shear wave velocity increases with depth, which is not uniform and differs from the constant velocity typically assumed for the specimen.     

饱和软土自由场地地震反应特性振动台试验

为了解软土自由场地地震反应特性,开展饱和软土自由场地地震反应特性大型振动台模型试验。分别从模型体系自振特性、震陷位移及不同土层深度测点的加速度、动孔压比等动力响应指标方面,较为深入和全面地分析饱和软土自由场地地震反应规律、破坏机理。同时还分析模型箱的"边界效应"以验证试验土箱的合理性、有效性和测试仪器性能,并由此进一步确定模型地基有效工作区域。研究表明:(1)地震动作用下,饱和软土自由场地特征频率降低,阻尼增大;(2)饱和软土自由场地对水平输入地震波具有短周期滤波、长周期放大效应,且强震作用下地基失效并表现为减隔震作用;(3)饱和软土自由场地动孔压比优势区域位于浅埋土层,并随着输入地震动强度的增大,该区域动孔压比优势逐渐减弱。该研究可为非自由软土场地试验研究提供必要的技术经验。     

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of scoured bridge pier with pile foundation

This study investigated the seismic performance and soil‐structure interaction of a scoured bridge models with pile foundation by shaking table tests using a biaxial laminar shear box. The bridge pier model with pile foundation comprised a lumped mass representing the superstructure, a steel pier, and a footing supported by a single aluminum pile within dry silica sand. End of the pile was fixed at the bottom of the shear box to simulate the scenario that the pile was embedded in a firm stratum of rock. The bridge pier model was subjected to one‐directional shakes, including white noise and earthquake records. The performance of the bridge pier model with pile foundation was discussed for different scoured conditions. It is found that the moment demand of pile increases with the increase of scoured depth whereas the moment demand of the bridge pier decreases, and this transition may induce the bridge failure mechanism transform from pier to pile. The seismic demand on scoured pile foundations may be underestimated and misinterpreted to a certain degree. When evaluating the system damping ratio with SSI, the system response may not be significantly changed even if the soil viscous damping contribution is varied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.