一种结合颜色特征的PolSAR图像分类方法

为了提出一种颜色特征与极化特征相结合的极化SAR图像分类方法,首先,通过极化目标分解得到极化特征向量;然后,采用最佳指数模型方法生成极化SAR的假彩色合成图像,并提取颜色特征向量;最后,将这2种特征组成综合特征向量,利用SVM方法进行分类。利用Radar Sat-2的Pol SAR数据进行了SAR图像分类实验,并对分类结果进行定性和定量比较分析。实验结果表明,颜色特征的加入能有效提高极化SAR图像的分类精度。     

综合多特征的极化SAR图像随机森林分类算法

为抑制相干斑噪声对极化SAR图像分类结果的干扰,本文提出一种综合多特征的极化SAR图像随机森林分类方法。该方法首先利用简单线性迭代聚类(SLIC)算法生成超像素作为分类单元;然后,基于高维极化特征图像,利用训练好的随机森林模型,统计决策树的分类投票数,计算各超像素的类别概率;最后,利用超像素间的空间邻域特征,采用概率松弛算法(PLR)迭代修正超像素的类别后验概率,并依据最大后验概率(MAP)准则得到分类结果;实现综合利用超像素和空间邻域特征,降低相干斑噪声干扰的极化SAR图像分类方法。实验对比结果表明:本文方法能得有效抑制极化SAR图像中相干斑噪声的干扰,得到高精度且光滑连续的分类结果。     

ALOS PALSAR双极化数据水稻制图

以江苏省海安县为研究区,使用2008年获取的日本ALOS卫星PALSAR双极化模式数据,分析水稻在L波段SAR图像上的后向散射特征,并提出相应的水稻制图方法。水稻在L波段上表现出了和C波段相同的时相变化特征。HH极化后向散射依赖于水稻植株的空间分布结构,某些机械插秧区域的布拉格共振现象引起水稻后向散射严重增强,给利用PALSAR数据水稻制图带来了困难。而HV极化不存在布拉格共振现象。在考虑布拉格共振影响的条件下,提出了联合PALSAR双极化模式HH和HV极化数据、基于时相变化特征进行水稻制图的方法,获得了88.4%的制图精度。     

一种结合分水岭与决策树C5.0的极化SAR分类方法

提出了一种利用多种极化特征并结合分水岭算法与决策树C5.0分类器的极化SAR数据分类方法。首先对极化SAR数据进行极化精致Lee滤波,接着对其进行极化分解得到多个极化通道与Pauli RGB图像,改进梯度图生成法并进行形态学分水岭分割与区域合并,最后选择样本构建决策树C5.0分类器并进行分类。实验结果表明,该方法与传统基于像素的分类方法相比精度有显著提高,同时由于使用了较多的极化特征,也使分类精度在一定程度上得到了提高。     

结合视觉特征的极化SAR图像分类

为充分提取极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture Radar,SAR)图像中的信息,提高图像分类精度,提出结合视觉特征的极化SAR图像分类方法。首先,通过极化目标分解方法提取极化参数组成极化特征向量;然后,通过灰度共生矩阵和假彩色合成图像提取极化SAR图像中的纹理和颜色特征参数构成视觉特征向量;最后,将视觉特征向量与极化特征向量组合成新的特征向量,并利用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法进行分类。对RADARSAT-2的全极化SLC数据进行分类实验,结果表明,与仅使用极化特征向量相比,视觉特征的加入能有效提高极化SAR图像的分类精度。     

基于SAR数据的森林生物量估测研究进展

森林生物量是地表碳循环研究的重要组成部分,对其进行准确估测对区域乃至全球的森林状况和气候环境问题有重要意义.合成孔径雷达(SAR)以其独特的成像机制、全天候全天时的成像特点以及对森林冠层的穿透能力,在森林资源调查和森林制图研究领域发挥着巨大的作用.该文首先总结了林业上传统的森林生物量估测方法和基于光学遥感和激光雷达(LiDAR)数据的森林生物量估测方法;然后重点阐述了利用SAR后向散射(不同极化方式)、干涉相干性及极化干涉等信息进行森林生物量反演的方法;最后总结了利用SAR数据进行森林生物量估测的发展趋势.     

基于高分三号极化SAR数据的农作物散射特性分析及分类

高分三号卫星是我国首颗多极化的高分辨率C波段SAR卫星,其于2017年1月正式交付用户使用后,主要被用于海洋遥感方面的研究。而极化SAR对于农作物的结构特征十分敏感,适合于农作物监测及分类。文中首次利用高分三号的极化SAR数据分析不同农作物的极化散射特性,然后利用H/α-wishart分类和H/A/α-wishart分类方法对湖南省岳阳县洞庭湖实验区域的高分三号极化SAR数据进行分类。整体分类精度高于85%,Kappa系数大于0.8。实验结果表明,高分三号全极化数据能够较好地表征农作物的散射特性,并可用于极化SAR农作物分类研究。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据的临高县早稻面积提取

为了探讨双极化Sentinel-1A雷达影像数据识别提取早稻面积分布信息的能力,在分析典型地物后向散射系数的基础上,沿用极化差分合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture Radar,SAR)图像和极化比值SAR图像对典型地物分类有着重要作用的思路,提出水体归一化参数,随后采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)分类方法和阈值分类方法选取单时相、多时相水体归一化极化SAR数据(2017年3月10日、3月22日、4月3日、4月15日、4月27日)提取早稻面积。结果表明,阈值分类方法优于SVM分类方法,其总体精度为89.01%,Kappa系数为0.823 1,早稻的制图精度和用户精度分别为92.68%和82.26%;种植面积为1.29万hm~2,与临高县主要的早稻生产基地在空间分布上基本一致。由此可得,多参数的极化SAR数据可以提高识别提取地物的精度,提取早稻面积的最佳监测数据为多时相水体归一化VH极化SAR数据。     

综合多特征的极化SAR图像建筑物U-Net分类方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像不同类型建筑物的区分问题,该文提出了一种基于U-Net的极化SAR图像建筑物分类方法。该方法将极化SAR数据的Pauli分解参数、规范化圆极化相关系数和G⁰统计纹理参数作为U-Net的输入,建立建筑物分类U-Net模型,同时考虑建筑物的高度和单体面积的情况下,将建筑物分为高层、中层、低层小面积、低层厂房类大面积建筑物4类。对武汉市城区GF-3极化SAR数据的各类建筑物分类精度均在80%以上,最高达94.2%。该方法与仅使用单类别特征的U-Net网络方法以及卷积神经网络方法相比,分类结果更完整、建筑边界更准确,也更适合于复杂中心城区的不同类型建筑物的分类。     

结合贝叶斯理论和MRF的主被动遥感数据协同分类

提出一种基于贝叶斯理论和马尔科夫随机场MRF(Markov Random Fields)的主被动遥感数据协同分类方法。该方法依据光学与微波遥感数据在地物提取中的各自优势,首先对ASAR后向散射系数进行入射角归一化,然后构建一种基于贝叶斯理论和MRF的分类器,以归一化后的ASAR双极化数据与TM7个波段共同参与分类。分别对ASAR入射角归一化的有效性和主被动协同的必要性进行验证,结果表明,采用本文方法的分类精度达到89.4%,较未进行角度校正的主被动数据协同分类的精度提高了4.1%,较单独TM分类的精度提高了11.5%,体现出主被动遥感数据协同在分类上的潜力。     

Pan-European forest/non-forest mapping with Landsat ETM+ and CORINE Land Cover 2000 data

This paper describes a simple and adaptive methodology for large area forest/non-forest mapping using Landsat ETM+ imagery and CORINE Land Cover 2000. The methodology is based on scene-by-scene analysis and supervised classification. The fully automated processing chain consists of several phases, including image segmentation, clustering, adaptive spectral representativity analysis, training data extraction and nearest-neighbour classification. This method was used to produce a European forest/non-forest map through the processing of 415 Landsat ETM+ scenes. The resulting forest/non-forest map was validated with three independent data sets. The results show that the map’s overall point-level agreement with our validation data generally exceeds 80%, and approaches 90% in central European conditions. Comparison with country-level forest area statistics shows that in most cases the difference between the forest proportion of the derived map and that computed from the published forest area statistics is below 5%.     

Estimating regional forest cover in East Texas using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data

This study tested the degree to which single date, near-nadir AVHRR image could provide forest cover estimates comparable to the phase I estimates obtained from the traditional photo-based techniques of the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. FIA program is part of the United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service (USFS). A six-county region in east Texas was selected for this study. Manual identification of ground control points (GCPs) was necessary for geo-referencing this image with higher precision. Through digital image classification techniques forest classes were separated from other non-forest classes in the study area. Classified AVHRR imagery was compared to two verification datasets: photo-center points and the USFS FIA plots. The overall accuracy values obtained were 67 and 71%, respectively. Analyses of the error matrices indicated that the AVHRR image correctly classified more forested areas than non-forested areas; however, most of the errors could be attributed to certain land cover and land use classes. Several pastures with tree cover, which were field-identified as non-forest, were misclassified as forest in the AVHRR image using the image classification system developed in this study. Recently harvested and young pine forests were misclassified as non-forest in the imagery. County-level forest cover estimates obtained from the AVHRR imagery were within the 95% confidence interval of the corresponding estimates from traditional photo-based methods. These results indicate that AVHRR imagery could be used to estimate county-level forest cover; however, the precision associated with these estimates was lower than that obtained through traditional photo-based techniques.     

Accurate mapping of forest types using dense seasonal Landsat time-series

An accurate map of forest types is important for proper usage and management of forestry resources. Medium resolution satellite images (e.g., Landsat) have been widely used for forest type mapping because they are able to cover large areas more efficiently than the traditional forest inventory. However, the results of a detailed forest type classification based on these images are still not satisfactory. To improve forest mapping accuracy, this study proposed an operational method to get detailed forest types from dense Landsat time-series incorporating with or without topographic information provided by DEM. This method integrated a feature selection and a training-sample-adding procedure into a hierarchical classification framework. The proposed method has been tested in Vinton County of southeastern Ohio. The detailed forest types include pine forest, oak forest, and mixed-mesophytic forest. The proposed method was trained and validated using ground samples from field plots. The three forest types were classified with an overall accuracy of 90.52% using dense Landsat time-series, while topographic information can only slightly improve the accuracy to 92.63%. Moreover, the comparison between results of using Landsat time-series and a single image reveals that time-series data can largely improve the accuracy of forest type mapping, indicating the importance of phenological information contained in multi-seasonal images for discriminating different forest types. Thanks to zero cost of all input remotely sensed datasets and ease of implementation, this approach has the potential to be applied to map forest types at regional or global scales.     

无人机高分辨率影像的森林株数密度制图

本文以大兴安岭无人机遥感数据为基础进行森林密度制图,并提出了一种局部阈值算法,通过与传统的Otsu方法去除背景噪声相比,得出了该方法在中等或较低森林株数密度地区能很好地去除噪声背景。结合局部最大值法取得很好的单木提取精度,其查全率达到了100%。传统的Otsu去除背景方法在较高森林株数密度地区具有较好的识别效果,但对非林分的空地信息存在错提取的现象。通过对以上两种方法的对比研究,得到大兴安岭森林株数密度制图结果,该研究可为稀疏森林区域的株数密度制图提供参考。     

Coupling high-resolution satellite imagery with ALS-based canopy height model and digital elevation model in object-based boreal forest habitat type classification

We developed a classification workflow for boreal forest habitat type mapping. In object-based image analysis framework, Fractal Net Evolution Approach segmentation was combined with random forest classification. High-resolution WorldView-2 imagery was coupled with ALS based canopy height model and digital terrain model. We calculated several features (e.g. spectral, textural and topographic) per image object from the used datasets. We tested different feature set alternatives; a classification accuracy of 78.0% was obtained when all features were used. The highest classification accuracy (79.1%) was obtained when the amount of features was reduced from the initial 328 to the 100 most important using Boruta feature selection algorithm and when ancillary soil and land-use GIS-datasets were used. Although Boruta could rank the importance of features, it could not separate unimportant features from the important ones. Classification accuracy was bit lower (78.7%) when the classification was performed separately on two areas: the areas above and below 1 m vertical distance from the nearest stream. The data split, however, improved the classification accuracy of mire habitat types and streamside habitats, probably because their proportion in the below 1 m data was higher than in the other datasets. It was found that several types of data are needed to get the highest classification accuracy whereas omitting some feature groups reduced the classification accuracy. A major habitat type in the study area was mesic forests in different successional stages. It was found that the inner heterogeneity of different mesic forest age groups was large and other habitat types were often inside this heterogeneity.     

GF-6影像应用于林地与非林地识别的潜力分析

为研究我国首颗携带红边波段的高分六影像(GF-6)在林地与非林地上的识别贡献,本文选择复杂林地类型的安徽省黄山市作为研究区,采用特征优选(RFE)与随机森林(RF)相结合的方法开展了林地与非林地识别潜力研究。首先根据实地调查、Google Earth影像及林地"一张图"样本数据构建了样本库;然后基于DEM、多时相光谱特征、植被指数、红边指数等特征开展分类,并比较不同模型精度及不同变量的重要度。结果表明:GF-6红边信息对林地非林地识别较为重要,引入红边信息可将总体分类精度提升2%,其他新增波段及地形特征对林地与非林地识别贡献并不明显;多时相数据的运用相比单时相数据可整体提高林地类型的分类精度2.93%～4.1%,单时相分类结果 6月最好,9月次之,12月最差;特征优选可以有效减少数据输入维数(46到15),并取得最高分类精度,在不牺牲精度的同时保证了运算数据量的减少且明确了不同变量的贡献,具有较强的应用意义。     

全景立体视觉的快速近区重力地形改正方法

重力地形改正是区域重力测量工作中的一个关键步骤,目前重力地形改正的主要挑战是如何快速地重建测站附近高精度的三维地形。本文提出了一种基于全景立体视觉和摄影测量技术的快速近区重力地形改正方法,设计和开发了相应的快速测图系统。为了使该系统硬件尽量小型化并满足精度需求,我们进行了系统的理论精度分析和设计优化。所开发的研究系统可以从获取的全景立体图像自动生成DEM并计算重力地形改正值。该系统已经过野外多站多种地形的实验验证,结果表明其效率和精度明显优于传统的野外测量方法。     

利用激光雷达和多角度频谱成像仪数据估测森林垂直参数

植被的结构参数如植被高度、生物量、水平和垂直分布等，是影响陆地与大气能量交换乃至生物圈多样性的重要因素。多数遥感系统虽然可以提供植被水平结构的图像，但是不能提供植被成分垂直分布的信息。大尺度激光雷达仪器如LVIS产生的激光雷达信号，已成功地用于估计树高和森林生物量，然而大多数激光雷达仪器不具备图像能力，只能提供一个区域内的采样数据。其他的遥感数据如多角度高光谱、多频率多时相辐射计或雷达数据，可根据GLAS（Geoscience Laser Altimeter System）采样的测量用来推断出连续的森林结构区域覆盖参数。 MISR（Multi-angle Imaging Spectrometer）对陆表多角度的成像能力，可以通过BRDF的各向异性提供植被的结构信息。结合激光雷达的垂直采样和MISR的图像，区域内乃至全球性的森林空间参数的成像是可能的。ICESat卫星上的GLAS数据、Terra卫星上的MISR数据为区域或全球性森林结构参数提供了可能。本文的研究目的是评估GLAS数据，分析类似于MISR的数据对森林结构参数的估计能力。本文中使用了LVIS、AirMISR和GLAS数据。通过对GLAS树高的测量与GLAS像元内来自LVIS的平均树高对比，发现它们是高度相关的。同时还探讨了多角度频谱成像仪数据预测树高信息的能力，这将在今后区域内森林结构参数映射加以研究。     

激光雷达回波模型辅助的坡地森林冠层高度反演

大光斑激光雷达数据已广泛应用于森林冠层高度提取,但通常仅限于地形坡度小于20°的平缓地区。在地形坡度大于20°的陡峭山区,地形引起的波形展宽使得地面回波和植被回波信息混合在一起,给森林冠层高度提取带来巨大挑战。本文利用激光雷达回波模型和地形信息,提出了一种模型辅助的坡地森林冠层高度反演算法。该方法以激光雷达回波信号截止点为参考,定义了波形高度指数H50和H75,使用激光雷达回波模型与已知地形信息模拟裸地的激光雷达回波,将裸地回波信号截止点与森林激光雷达回波信号截止点对齐,利用裸地回波计算常用的波形相对高度指数RH50和RH75,对森林冠层高度进行反演。并与高斯波形分解法和波形参数法的反演结果进行了比较。研究结果表明:(1)利用所提取的波形指数RH50和RH75对胸高断面积加权平均高(Lorey’s height)进行了估算,在坡度小于20°时,高斯波形分解法、波形参数法和模型辅助法的估算结果与实测值线性拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.70,0.78和0.98,对应的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.90 m,2.48 m和0.60 m,模型辅助法略优于其他两种方法;(2)在坡度大于20°时,高斯波形分解法、波形参数法和模型辅助法的R2分别为0.14,0.28和0.97,相应的RMSE分别为4.93 m,4.53 m和0.81 m,模型辅助法明显优于其他两种方法;(3)在0°—40°时,模型辅助法对Lorey’s height估算结果与实测值的R2为0.97,RMSE为0.80 m。本研究提出的模型辅助法具有更好的地形适应性,在0°—40°的坡度范围内具备对坡地森林冠层高度反演的潜力。     

Improving Spectral–spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery Using Spectral Dimensionality Reduction Based on Weighted Genetic Algorithm

This paper aims to improve the accuracy and the efficiency of high resolution land cover mapping in urban area. To this end, an improved approach for classification of hyperspectral imagery is proposed and evaluated. This approach benefits from both inherent spectral and spatial information of an image. The weighted genetic (WG) algorithm is first used to obtain the subspace of hyperspectral data. The obtained features are then fed into the enhanced marker-based minimum spanning forest (EMSF) classification algorithm. In this algorithm, the markers are extracted from the classification maps obtained by both support vector machine and watershed segmentation algorithm classifiers. For this purpose, the class’s pixels with the largest population in the classification map are kept for each region of the segmentation map. Then, the most reliable classified pixels are chosen from among the exiting pixels as markers. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach, three hyperspectral data sets acquired by ROSIS-03, Hymap and Hyper-Cam LWIR are used. Experimental results showed that the proposed WG–EMSF approach achieves approximately 9, 8 and 6% better overall accuracy than the original MSF-based algorithm for these data sets respectively.