中国北方地区植被覆盖度遥感估算及其变化分析

为了分析中国北方地区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其变化,利用MODIS光谱反射率数据计算归一化植被指数,采用像元二分模型对中国北方地区2000—2012年植被覆盖度进行定量估算,分析研究区13 a间植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:植被覆盖度年内变化特征体现在最大植被覆盖度一般出现在7和8月份,与中国北方地区植被的生长季相一致;整个中国北方地区年最大植被覆盖度呈现缓慢增长的趋势,其增长速率为每年0.2%;年最大植被覆盖度变化的空间分布具有较大差异,其中东北、华北和黄土高原等三北防护林工程建设区的年最大植被覆盖度有较明显的增长。     

利用高光谱混合像元分解估测喀斯特地区植被覆盖度

以Hyperion高光谱影像为数据源,以植被、裸土、裸岩作为喀斯特地区典型地物,利用纯净像元指数方法从影像中提取这3类地物的端元,然后利用匹配滤波(MF)和混合调谐匹配滤波(MTMF)混合像元分解的方法对喀斯特地区的植被覆盖度进行了估测。结果表明:MTMF方法反演得到的喀斯特地区植被丰度与实测植被覆盖度之间的最大偏差为0.15,确定系数R2为0.78,均方根误差RMSE为9.18,MTMF植被覆盖度提取的结果明显优于MF,故MTMF方法反演得到的喀斯特地区植被丰度准确地代表了地表真实植被覆盖情况。研究表明,MTMF方法对喀斯特地区植被覆盖度的估测具有更高的精度及可靠性,具有广阔的应用前景。     

胜利矿区植被覆盖度时序变化的空间异质性监测

通过对胜利矿区的地理位置、气候条件等背景的分析,本文为实现获取时序性植被覆盖度的空间异质性的目的,使用ENVI、GIS、Matlab等软件,基于胜利矿区1985—2017年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感数据计算NDVI,利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,得到研究区植被覆盖度均值的时序变化情况。采用转移矩阵法和Sen+Mann-Kendall法对研究区域内不同等级的植被覆盖转移情况及变化趋势情况进行分析。研究表明:胜利矿区植被覆盖度均值波动较大,呈轻微下降趋势。在监测时段内68.36%的高植被覆盖区域植被发生了退化,只有3.2%左右的极低植被覆盖区域得到了良好的改善。此外,研究区植被覆盖度受到结构性因子和随机性因子的影响,空间异质性明显,灌溉区由于人为干涉,植被生长良好,极低植被覆盖面积维持在3%以下,植被覆盖显著下降区域主要集中在露天采坑、排土场等矿业景观区。     

阜新地区植被覆盖度变化提取及分析

植被覆盖度是反应地区生态环境的重要指标,利用1995,2007年的两期TM遥感数据,以归一化植被指数(NDVI)像元二分法为植被覆盖度估算模型,计算阜新地区不同时期的植被覆盖度并得出阜新地区植被覆盖度等级图以及阜新地区植被覆盖度变化等级图。得出如下结论:1995年到2007年阜新地区植被覆盖度退化面积为64.817%,好转面积为6.547%,基本无变化区域为28.636%,阜新地区植被覆盖度退化严重。     

叶面积指数遥感尺度效应与尺度纠正

由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感反演模型的非线性必然会导致不同分辨率观测的遥感结果不一致,从而产生遥感产品尺度效应。本文研究了遥感产品尺度效应概念、模拟方法和定量计算模型,并利用锡林浩特草原研究区的实测数据,对尺度效应模型和方法进行了定量计算与验证分析。首先,基于不同升尺度方法与多尺度遥感成像机理之间的机理联系,通过“先反演再平均”与“先平均再反演”之间的差异,可计算“高”分辨率与“低”分辨率之间的遥感产品尺度差异。其次,分别以红光、近红外两波段反射率和归一化植被指数(NDVI)为自变量,对叶面积指数(LAI)非线性遥感模型进行泰勒展开,研究了模型非线性、遥感数据空间异质性对LAI遥感产品尺度差异的影响,发现高阶项可忽略,利用二阶导数项和遥感数据方差项可定量计算遥感产品尺度差异,经过二阶导数项纠正后的尺度差异相对偏差从5.6%分别降低到0.78%和1.45%。最后,分析了LAI遥感产品尺度效应的特征规律,得出以下结论:随着植被覆盖的增大,同等遥感空间异质性的LAI遥感产品尺度差异越大,且红光波段比近红外波段的尺度差异敏感性高近2个数量级;对于绝大部分陆地植被区域,存在“低分辨率低估”尺度效应,且遥感产品尺度差异的主导要素为LAI模型非线性,NDVI变量自身非线性对尺度效应贡献占23.5%;对于湿地类植被与水体混合情形,NDVI变量非线性的贡献为主导贡献,出现“低分辨率高估”尺度效应,必须利用红光、近红外两波段的二阶导数项非线性尺度差异,才能解释这一类型的LAI遥感产品尺度效应。本文建立了具有一定普适意义的遥感产品尺度效应定量模拟与尺度纠正方法,对推动定量遥感的尺度问题研究有一定参考价值。     

近20年鄂西地区植被覆盖度时空变化特征分析

基于2000—2020年的MOD13Q1 NDVI遥感数据,使用像元二分模型计算湖北省西部山体区域的植被覆盖度,并利用斜率模型、马尔可夫转移矩阵模型和赫斯特指数综合分析了植被覆盖度的时空变化规律。结果表明,研究区的植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,平均植被覆盖度增加了0.025,轻微增长区域面积为44 359.26 km²,显著性增长面积为3 069.375 km²,不显著性变化的面积为39 862 km2。2000—2020年期间,时序植被覆盖度的赫斯特指数为0.63,表明研究区内植被覆盖度的增长趋势在未来是可持续的。本研究成果不仅可为城市生态环境评价提供科学依据,而且可为城市的生态建设和可持续发展提供决策支持。     

雅安市植被覆盖度时空变化与驱动力分析

以2005—2020年遥感影像为数据源,采用像元二分法计算得到雅安市植被覆盖度,并结合DEM和气象数据,通过趋势分析、地理探测器和变异指数分析了不同海拔带、坡度带、坡向、降水和气温下植被覆盖度的时空变化特征和波动程度,探讨了影响植被覆盖度的主要因子。结果表明：(1)雅安市2005—2020年植被覆盖度一直呈上升趋势,且植被覆盖度较高;(2)植被覆盖度波动小,受外界环境影响小,植被生态环境稳定;(3)植被覆盖度整体得到改善的面积比例远大于退化;(4)海拔对植被覆盖度变化的解释力最强,交互作用以非线性增强为主,其中海拔和坡度的叠加作用最大。     

影像不同空间尺度对鲁甸植被分析的影响

针对植被指数和植被覆盖度与遥感影像空间尺度的关系对高分辨率影像在植被分析中的运用具有重要影响的问题,该文提出一种确定最佳分辨率的方法。以云南鲁甸县茨院乡为研究区,先对原始影像(Worldview-2)进行重采样处理,生成一系列低分辨率影像;计算13组数据的NDVI并利用像元二分模型反演出植被覆盖度;运用信息熵理论和按照局部方差的思路等两种方法,定量分析该区植被分析的最佳分辨率。实验结果表明,随着空间分辨率的降低,NDVI值域区间呈现收敛趋势;植被覆盖度分级图斑斑块数量急剧减少,而所占面积比则保持相对平稳;信息熵中的信息量也随之减少。分析结果认为,该区进行基于Worldview-2影像植被分析的最佳空间分辨率为12m。     

智能手机农作物叶面积指数测量算法改进

叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)是表征植被冠层结构特征的一个重要参数，已经成为多个对地观测系统的陆表参数标准产品，也是定量遥感模型的重要输入参数。快速、准确地获取植被LAI对于开展遥感产品验证、促进遥感模型的发展具有极为重要的意义。随着传感器性能与应用软件功能扩展，智能手机已经成为植被LAI测量的新选择。然而，由于手机成像传感器窄视场角的限制，现有算法依赖于叶倾角分布函数为球型分布的假设，即G函数(单位叶面积在垂直于观测天顶角的平面上的投影)恒等于0.5。因而，传统算法无法解决植被叶倾角分布未知的情况。本文提出了一种基于形状匹配的G函数估算方法，基于有限长度方法和多幅影像间隙率，计算样方内的植被冠层聚集指数，利用泊松分布模型分别得到了植被冠层有效叶面积指数(LAI_eff)和真实叶面积指数(LAI_tru)，并用黑龙江海伦农场两种农作物类型(玉米和大豆)的破坏性测量得到的时间序列真实LAI数据(LAI_des)对算法进行了验证。结果表明，算法改进之前的均方根误差(RMSE)分别是0.84(垂直拍摄)和1.33...     

利用Landsat ETM+分析城市热岛与下垫面的空间分布关系

采用数理统计与空间统计相结合的方法,利用Landsat ETM 数据对北京、上海、沈阳和武汉等4个大城市的夏季城市热岛相对强度与城市下垫面的空间分布关系进行对比研究。用混合像元线性光谱分解方法提取的城市植被覆盖度与不透水面表征城市下垫面;用城市地表亮温与水体亮温差值表征城市热岛相对强度。结果显示,4个城市的植被覆盖、不透水面与热岛强度的分布呈较强的空间正自相关,并且存在较为一致的自相关范围,该范围相当于城市街道与建筑组合特征尺度;自相关引起的结构性是导致3者空间分布异质性的主要因素。植被覆盖对城市热岛的缓解效果与不透水面对城市热岛的增强作用均呈分段线性特征,但区域差异较为明显;交叉相关系数曲线则显示出相关性的空间异质性与多尺度现象,同时存在一个约550 m的空间作用特征尺度。该研究结果有助于在城市规划实践中合理配置建筑与植被的间隔和比例,以缓解城市热岛效应。     

半椭球形树冠对冠层间隙率与聚集度指数的影响研究

作为森林冠层结构的重要组成部分,树冠形状对冠层间隙率与聚集度指数的计算有重要影响。之前的研究通常将树冠假设为圆锥形、圆柱形、圆锥+圆柱形等形状计算了冠层间隙率与聚集度指数。然而,树冠生长受外部环境以及内部顶端优势等因素的影响,相较于上述理想化的树冠形状,半椭球形更符合树冠自然生长规律。事实上,半椭球形是一种十分常见的树冠形状。本文以树冠在空间呈泊松分布为前提,推导出半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率与聚集度指数计算公式,并进一步扩展到双半椭球形树冠。同时,以半椭球形树冠为计算基准,对比分析了半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状冠层间隙率与聚集度指数的相对差异。模拟计算中主要输入参数包括树冠密度、树冠高度、树冠半径以及叶面积指数等。最后通过虚拟场景对结果进行验证。结果表明：（1）半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状的冠层间隙率有较大差异。随着观测天顶角增加,不同树冠形状与半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率的相对差异也逐渐增大。当观测天顶角为70°时,圆锥形树冠与半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率相对差异已接近100%。（2）树冠形状对聚集度指数同样有较明显影响。极端情况下,圆锥形树冠与半椭球形树冠的聚集度指数相对差异达到30%。（3）半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状的半球空间聚集度指数期望值的差异不容忽视。     

连续植被的热辐射方向性

正确认识非同温混合像元热辐射方向性规律是利用多角度遥感数据反演像元组分温度的前提。论文基于局地热平衡条件和组分有效发射率概念探讨了连续植被的热辐射方向性模型。模型表明同温下的热辐射方向性只决定于连续植被体系总有效发射率的方向性，它是各组分有效发射率的和，决定于植被叶面和土壤表面的发射率、冠层结构参数。在非同温状况下，组分温度通过组分有效发射率调节体系的辐射亮度方向变化。模型解释了热辐射中孔穴效应问题。并通过蒙特卡罗逆向模拟从微观探讨了热辐射方向性与植被叶面和土壤表面的发射率、冠层结构参数的关系，并对孔穴效应引起体系发射率的增量和辐射亮度的增量进行了模拟分析。结果表明，对于球面型连续植被，叶面和土壤表面发射率值分别取0.98和0.94时，垂直方向上孔穴效应使体系的总有效发射率有0.01-0.025幅度的增值。当连续植被处于20℃同温状况时，孔穴效应引起的辐射亮度增量基本上都在0.8℃以上，最高可达到1.3℃。     

A physically based approach to model LAI from MODIS 250 m data in a tropical region

A time series of leaf area index (LAI) has been developed based on 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 250 m resolution (MOD250_LAI). The MOD250_LAI product uses a physical radiative transfer model which establishes a relationship between LAI, fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and given patterns of surface reflectance, view-illumination conditions and optical properties of vegetation. In situ measurements of LAI and FVC made at 166 plots using hemispherical photography served for calibration of model parameters and validation of modelling results. Optical properties of vegetation cover, summarized by the light extinction coefficient, were computed at the local (pixel) level based on empirical models between ground-measured tree crown architecture at 85 sampling plots and spectral values in Landsat ETM+ bands. Influence of view-illumination conditions on optical properties of canopy was simulated by a view angle geometry model incorporating the solar zenith angle and the sensor viewing angle. The results revealed high compatibility of the produced MOD250_LAI data set with ground truth information and the 30 m resolution Landsat ETM+ LAI estimated using the similar algorithm. The produced MOD250_LAI was also compared with the global MODIS 1000-m LAI product (MOD15A2 LAI). Results show good consistency of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics between the two LAI products. However, the results also showed that the annual LAI amplitude by the MOD15A2 product is significantly higher than by the MOD250_LAI. This higher amplitude is caused by a considerable underestimation of the tropical rainforest LAI by the MOD15A2 during the seasonal phases of low leaf production.     

Inter- and intra-annual variations of clumping index derived from the MODIS BRDF product

Clumping index quantifies the level of foliage aggregation, relative to a random distribution, and is a key structural parameter of plant canopies and is widely used in ecological and meteorological models. In this study, the inter- and intra-annual variations in clumping index values, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) BRDF product, are investigated at six forest sites, including conifer forests, a mixed deciduous forest and an oak-savanna system. We find that the clumping index displays large seasonal variation, particularly for the deciduous sites, with the magnitude in clumping index values at each site comparable on an intra-annual basis, and the seasonality of clumping index well captured after noise removal. For broadleaved and mixed forest sites, minimum clumping index values are usually found during the season when leaf area index is at its maximum. The magnitude of MODIS clumping index is validated by ground data collected from 17 sites. Validation shows that the MODIS clumping index can explain 75% of variance in measured values (bias = 0.03 and rmse = 0.08), although with a narrower amplitude in variation. This study suggests that the MODIS BRDF product has the potential to produce good seasonal trajectories of clumping index values, but with an improved estimation of background reflectance.     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover from leaf area index and clumping index based on the gap probability theory

Gap probability theory provides a theoretical equation to calculate fractional vegetation cover (FVC). However, the main algorithms used in present FVC products generation are still the linear mixture model and machine learning methods. The reason to limit the gap probability theory applied in the product algorithm is the availability and accuracy of leaf area index (LAI) and clumping index (CI) products. With the improvement of the LAI and CI products, it is necessary to assess whether the algorithm based on gap probability theory using the present products can improve the accuracy of FVC products. In this study, we generated the FVC estimates based on the gap probability theory (FVCgap) with a resolution of 500 m every 8 days for Europe. FVCgap estimates were validated with field FVC measurements of ImagineS from 2013 to 2015 for crop types. Two existing FVC products, Geoland2 Version1 (GEOV1) and Multisource data Synergized Quantitative remote sensing production system (MuSyQ), were used to inter-compare with the FVCgap estimates. FVCgap estimates showed a better agreement with field FVC measurements, with lowest root mean square error (RMSE) (0.1211) and bias (0.0224), than GEOV1 and MuSyQ FVC products. The inter-annual and seasonal variations of FVCgap estimates were also showed the most consistent with field measurements.     

采用PPI算法改进的一种数学形态学端元提取方法

自动形态学端元提取(automated morphological endmember extraction,AMEE)算法将结构元素内最纯像元与混合度最大的像元之间的光谱角距离定义为形态学离心率指数(morphological eccentricity index,MEI)来定量化地表示像元的纯净度。然而作为参考标准的混合度最大的像元在不同的结构元素内也是不同的,尤其是当结构元素内的纯净像元占大多数时,像元的均值光谱将更接近纯像元,此时像元的MEI越高,纯度反而越低。针对这一问题,本文提出一种像元纯度指数(pure pixel index,PPI)算法与AMEE算法相结合的端元提取算法PPI-AMEE。在结构元素内,利用PPI指数代替AMEE算法中的MEI指数来寻找最纯像元。变换结构元素时,只有最纯净的像元始终能够投影到随机生成的直线的两端,其PPI值会不断累计增大,而其他像元的PPI值则无法持续增大。累计记录每个像元的PPI值,直至满足迭代终止条件,最终形成一幅PPI图像,端元将在PPI值较大的像元中选取。PPI-AMEE算法只在相对较小的结构元素内运行PPI算法,然后再结合数学形态学中的膨胀操作对整幅图像进行处理,其同时兼顾了图像的光谱信息和空间信息。最后,采用模拟数据及美国内华达州Cuprite地区的机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪(airborne visible infrared imaging spectrometer,AVIRIS)高光谱数据对提出的PPI-AMEE算法进行试验验证。试验结果表明,PPI-AMEE算法的端元提取精度总体上优于AMEE算法和PPI算法。     

POV-ray应用于冠层可视光照和阴影组分比例变化分析

利用POV-ray快速计算三维冠层的四分量比例及孔隙率,在与计算机模拟模型对比结果、验证其可靠性的基础上,针对植被真实结构模型的主要参数对冠层四分量比例和孔隙率的敏感性进行分析。敏感性分析结果表明:当冠层为垄行结构时,相对于其他因素,行结构对四分量比例和孔隙率的影响占主导,因此当植被冠层为垄行结构时,四分量比例和孔隙率的变化较连续冠层更加复杂;集聚指数可以有效的控制叶片的空间分布模式,进而影响到视场中植被与土壤的相对面积比例,对于四分量比例和孔隙率结果有较大影响;叶倾角分布类型对四分量比例和孔隙率结果的各向异性特征影响明显;同时,通过对垄行作物3个典型生长期的四分量比例和孔隙率结果分析得出,在作物生长初期土壤对结果影响更大,在作物生长后期植被对结果的影响占主导,亮叶分量比例各向异性特征较为明显。研究表明,POV-ray是进行植被定量遥感研究的有利工具,具有较好的应用前景。     

Estimating fractional green vegetation cover of Mongolian grasslands using digital camera images and MODIS satellite vegetation indices

ABSTRACT

Fractional green vegetation cover (FVC) is a useful indicator for monitoring grassland status. Satellite imagery with coarse spatial but high temporal resolutions has been preferred to monitor seasonal and inter-annual FVC dynamics in wide geographic area such as Mongolian steppe. However, the coarse spatial resolution can cause a certain uncertainty in the satellite-based FVC estimation, which calls attention to develop a robust statistical test for the relationship between field FVC and satellite-derived vegetation indices. In the arid and semi-arid Mongolian steppe, nadir pointing digital camera images (DCI) were collected and used to produce a FVC dataset to support the evaluation of satellite-based FVC retrievals. An optimal DCI processing method was determined with respect to three color spaces (RGB, HIS, L*a*b*) and six green pixel classification algorithms, from which a country-wide dataset of DCI-FVC was produced and used for evaluating the accuracy of satellite-based FVC estimates from MODIS vegetation indices. We applied three empirical and three semi-empirical MODIS-FVC retrieval models. DCI data were collected from 96 sites across the Mongolian steppe from 2012 to 2014. The histogram algorithm using the hue (H) value of the HIS color space was the optimal DCI method (r² = 0.94, percent root-mean-square-error (RMSE) = 7.1%). For MODIS-FVC retrievals, semi-empirical Baret model was the best-performing model with the highest r² (0.69) and the lowest RMSE (49.7%), while the lowest MB (+1.1%) was found for the regression model with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The high RMSE (>50% or so) is an issue requiring further enhancement of satellite-based FVC retrievals accounting for key plant and soil parameters relevant to the Mongolian steppe and for scale mismatch between sampling and MODIS data.     

Fractional vegetation cover estimation in heterogeneous areas by combining a radiative transfer model and a dynamic vegetation model

ABSTRACT

A fractional vegetation cover (FVC) estimation method incorporating a vegetation growth model and a radiative transfer model was previously developed, which was suitable for FVC estimation in homogeneous areas because the finer-resolution pixels corresponding to one coarse-resolution FVC pixel were all assumed to have the same vegetation growth model. However, this assumption does not hold over heterogeneous areas, meaning that the method cannot be applied to large regions. Therefore, this study proposes a finer spatial resolution FVC estimation method applicable to heterogeneous areas using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager reflectance data and Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) FVC product. The FVC product was first decomposed according to the normalized difference vegetation index from the Landsat 8 OLI data. Then, independent dynamic vegetation models were built for each finer-resolution pixel. Finally, the dynamic vegetation model and a radiative transfer model were combined to estimate FVC at the Landsat 8 scale. Validation results indicated that the proposed method (R²?=?0.7757, RMSE?=?0.0881) performed better than either the previous method (R²?=?0.7038, RMSE?=?0.1125) or a commonly used method involving look-up table inversions of the PROSAIL model (R²?=?0.7457, RMSE?=?0.1249).