喜马拉雅地区沉积盖层底砾岩的新发现

多种地质证据表明,藏南喜马拉雅地区大地构造位置隶属于冈瓦纳超级古大陆和印度板块的北部边缘。有关喜马拉雅地区变质基底与沉积盖层之间的接触关系一直是国内外地质学界关注的焦点。由于受到后期藏南拆离系(STDS)的大规模改造,在喜马拉雅北坡东西方向约2000km范围内,基底与盖层之间的接触关系多为断层接触。长期以来,该接触关系由于没有取得足够的地质证据而众说纷纭。2000年以来,成都地质矿产研究所组织实施的1∶25万聂拉木县幅区域地质调查项目在野外地质调查过程中,在老定日南新发现了一套沉积盖层底砾岩残留地质体,底砾岩地质体顶、…     

西藏喜马拉雅山地区冰湖溃决的预测模型及其应用研究

以西藏喜马拉雅山地区的冰湖为研究对象,基于现有的冰湖溃决预测方法,提出了建立冰湖溃决预测方法的关键点,即选取的指标必须能够体现冰湖的动态变化特征.在定量分析的建模过程中应该采用不确定性的数学理论,对于冰湖溃决可能性的等级划分需要进行合理性及实用性验证.选取坝顶宽度、湖水面距坝顶高度与坝高之比、冰湖面积和补给冰川面积为预测指标,通过对西藏喜马拉雅山地区29个冰湖样本进行逻辑回归分析,建立了冰湖溃决的预测模型,并用所有样本进行了交叉验证.结果表明：该模型能够在分类应用中取得较好效果,根据溃决冰湖累积百分数随冰湖溃决可能性大小的变化曲线,将冰湖溃决的可能性划分为四个等级.以黄湖为例,把湖水面距坝顶高度与坝高之比作为冰湖溃决的诱变指标,分析了冰湖溃决可能性大小的变化规律.结合现有的冰湖溃决预测的定性方法,讨论了所建立的冰湖溃决预测模型的优点和缺点.     

西藏札达盆地形成演化与喜马拉雅山隆升

通过野外地质调查、实测地层剖面和室内综合研究,笔者将札达盆地上新世-早更新世形成演化划分为6个阶段:①盆地初始断陷阶段;②盆地加速断陷阶段;③盆地强烈断陷阶段;④盆地断陷止息阶段;⑤盆地二次初始断陷阶段;⑥盆地二次加速断陷阶段.并以札达盆地形成演化为基础将喜马拉雅山此阶段的隆升划分为5个阶段:①慢速隆升阶段(5.4~4.4Ma);②中速隆升阶段(4.4~3.5 Ma);③快速隆升阶段(3.5~3.2Ma);④停止隆升阶段(3.2~2.7 Ma);⑤快速隆升阶段(2.7Ma).研究表明,喜马拉雅山的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程.     

Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH)

This paper introduces 8 major discoveries and new understandings with regard to the deep structure and tectonics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau obtained in Project INDEPTH, They are mainly as follows. (1) The upper crust, lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the blocks of the plateau form a "sandwich" structure with a relatively rigid-brittle upper crust, a visco-plastic lower crust and a relatively rigid-ductile mantle lithosphere. This structure is completely different from that of monotonous, cold and more rigid oceanic plates. (2) In the process of north-directed collision-compression of the Indian subcontinent, the upper crust was attached to the foreland in the form of a gigantic foreland accretionary wedge. The interior of the accretionary wedge thickened in such tectonic manners as large-scale thrusting, backthrusting and folding, and magmatic masses and partially molten masses participated in the crustal thickening. Between the upper crust and lower crust lies a large detachment (e.g     

藏南喜马拉雅北坡色龙地区二叠系基性火山岩的发现及其构造意义

藏南喜马拉雅北坡二叠系基性火山岩位于聂拉木县色龙东山。岩石地球化学特征表明,无论是基龙组火山岩还是色龙群火山岩,都具有大陆拉伸-大陆裂谷环境火山岩系的主、微量元素地球化学特征。据此,判断两套基性火山岩的性质和喷发构造环境相同。该区二叠纪大陆拉伸-裂谷火山活动标志着冈瓦纳超级古大陆开始裂离、解体。     

Stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area,China)

The 1500-m-thick marine strata of the Tethys Himalaya of the Zhepure Mountain (Tingri, Tibet) comprise the Upper Albian to Eocene and represent the sedimentary development of the passive northern continental margin of the Indian plate. Investigations of foraminifera have led to a detailed biozonation which is compared with the west Tethyan record. Five stratigraphic units can be distinguished: The Gamba group (Upper Albian - Lower Santonian) represents the development from a basin and slope to an outer-shelf environment. In the following Zhepure Shanbei formation (Lower Santonian - Middle Maastrichtian), outer-shelf deposits continue. Pebbles in the top layers point to beginning redeposition on a continental slope. Intensified redeposition continues within the Zhepure Shanpo formation (Middle Maastrichtian - Lower Paleocene). The series is capped by sandstones of the Jidula formation (Danian) deposited from a seaward prograding delta plain. The overall succession of these units represents a sea-level high at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary followed, from the Turonian to Danian, by an overall shallowing-upward megasequence. This is followed by a final transgression — regression cycle during the Paleocene and Eocene, documented in the Zhepure Shan formation (?Upper Danian - Lutetian) and by Upper Eocene continental deposits. The section represents the narrowing and closure of the Tethys as a result of the convergence between northward-drifting India and Eurasia. The plate collision started in the Lower Maastrichtian and caused rapid changes in sedimentation patterns affected by tectonic subsidence and uplift. Stronger subsidence and deposition took place from the Middle Maastrichtian to the Lower Paleocene. The final closure of remnant Tethys in the Tingri area took place in the Lutetian.     

西藏松多古特提斯洋研究进展与存在问题

青藏高原古特提斯构造域的演化过程一直是国内外地学研究关注的前沿和热点,冈底斯中部松多地区因榴辉岩带的发现,使其成为近年来国内外研究者关注的焦点地区之一。为了更好认识青藏高原古特提斯洋的构造演化历史,本文在综述前人研究的基础上,系统地总结了近年来1∶5万区域地质调查中取得的最新研究进展,初步讨论了唐加-松多地区俯冲增生杂岩带的物质组成和时代。研究表明,西藏冈底斯中部唐加-松多地区保存了相对完整的与古特提斯洋演化以及洋陆转换密切相关的混杂岩,是恢复和反演古特提斯洋演化的理想靶区。松多古特提斯洋洋壳及其消亡的地质记录主要包括晚古生代唐加-松多蛇绿岩、中二叠世洋岛残片、高压变质带、晚三叠世—早侏罗世岩浆作用以及晚三叠世—早侏罗世磨拉石建造。在上述工作基础上,初步探讨了松多古特提斯洋的演化过程,这些地质记录对恢复和反演青藏高原古特提斯构造演化研究具有重要意义。     

西藏岗巴-东亚地区永珠组沉积时代及沉积环境

前人对冈底斯成矿带的研究主要集中在新生代岩浆岩及其矿产方面,而关于其晚古生代沉积地层鲜有报道.近年来的冈底斯成矿带西段1:5万区域地质调查工作显示其出露大量的晚古生代永珠组的沉积地层.从野外地质调查、岩石学、典型沉积构造、孢粉化石、粒度分析、沉积地球化学等方面对永珠组展开了研究,结果表明,永珠组形成于晚石炭世（C₂）Bashikirian-Moscovian期（中、晚巴什基-莫斯科期）,孢粉化石中裸子植物花粉占优势（80%）、蕨类植物孢子居从属地位（20%）.永珠组发育大量的水平层理、平行层理、粒序层理、浊积纹层、滑塌变形构造和鲍马序列等典型沉积构造.永珠组沉积岩表现出高Si（SiO₂为60.94%~76.24%）、Al（Al₂O₃为9.24%~13.20%）、K（K₂O为2.81%~5.47%）和低Mg（MgO为1.32%~2.82%）、Ca（CaO为1.19%~2.78%）、Na（Na₂O为0.2%~1.87%）的主量元素特征,且具有明显高的FeO含量（3.31%~6.67%）和明显低的Fe₂O₃含量（0.14%~0.65%）.稀土元素总量（174.24×10-6~278.39×10-6）较高,经北美页岩标准化的稀土元素配分模式不具Ce异常,Ce/Ce*=0.94~1.03.微量元素表现出Rb、Th、K等元素富集和Ba、U、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素亏损的特征.永珠组形成于大陆边缘环境的陆坡-深水盆地,为暖温气候、中盐度环境下的海退沉积产物,是古特提斯在冈底斯地区的沉积响应.      

Correlation between melting, deformation and fluid interaction in the continental crust of the High Himalayas, Langtang Valley, Nepal

Combined metamorphic, stable-isotope and structural studies from the High Himalayan Crystalline sequence in the Langtang Valley of north-central Nepal reveal a strong positive correlation between distance above the base of the section (the Main Central Thrust), the amount of melt material and evidence of prolonged fluid and deformation histories, thus suggesting that these processes are strongly interdependent. Kyanite-grade rocks at the base of the section are unmelted and have undergone little syn- or post-metamorphic internal deformation and little prograde or retrograde fluid-rock interaction. By contrast sillimanite-grade rocks higher in the section contain progressively larger volumes of melt, have suffered increasingly complex syn- and post-metamorphic deformation and show increasing evidence for the presence of fluids. Although the factors that initiated these processes remain problematic, it is suggested that fluid distributions within the Langtang section have been passively controlled by the movement of melts. These melts may have provided a primary control on deformation during both the magmatic stage and, subsequently, through the exsolution of exsolved aqueous fluids.     

喜马拉雅山北坡奥陶纪—古近纪构造古地磁新数据

在喜马拉雅山北坡奥陶系-古近系近乎连续的沉积地层中系统采集古地磁样品3791件,其中测试统计样品数为2920件,基本获取了统级年代古地磁数据,绘制出喜马拉雅地块奥陶纪-古近纪古地磁极移曲线和古纬度变化曲线.喜马拉雅地块在向北漂移过程中曾发生了多次旋转,最后一次约28°的顺时针旋转发生在始新世,可能与西喜马拉雅构造结形成有关;晚三叠世和晚侏罗世曾发生了纬度为2°和3.8°的向南回返,可能与雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋弧后扩张有关.根据古纬度数据推算中白垩世雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋盆的宽度至少为2200km;始新世以来的喜马拉雅陆-陆碰撞造山运动导致印度地块-喜马拉雅褶冲带-拉萨地块之间的地壳缩短量至少为1000km.     

藏南深反射测线附近地表地质观察研究成果

本文简要介绍了ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ项目地质组１９９４年和１９９５年间沿ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ—Ｉ路线进行的野外填图工作的初步研究成果。它们是：①在帕里西北确定了高喜马拉雅与特提斯喜马拉雅之间拆离带的存在；③在帕里北发现了一套特提斯沉积，从而提出帕里西北的拆离带有可能穿过南北方向的亚东－谷露裂谷，而没有大规模错开；③在特提斯喜马拉雅带中确定了两条具一定规模的逆冲断裂；④发现康马穹窿存在两期构造变形，早期为上盘向北运动，晚期为横弯造穹作用。最后，结合深反射资料进一步讨论了康马穹窿与藏南拆离带之间的关系。     

Flashfloods, earthquakes and uplift in the Pakistan Himalayas

Catastrophic flooding of parts of the frontal plains of the Pakistan Himalayas has occured throughout the historical past. The largest recorded flood (1841) originated from an earthquaketriggered landslip from the flanks of Nanga Parbat, which blocked the Indus river for six months. The earthquake probably occurred on the Liachar thrust, which has been responsible for uplifting the amphibolite facies Nanga Parbat gneisses to the Earth's surface in the last 10 million years. These movements raise serious problems for hydroelectric engineering project in this and other active mountain belts.     

High oxidation magmatic evolution in the Naruo porphyry Cu deposit,Tibet, China

The Naruo porphyry Cu deposit is the third largest deposit discovered in the Duolong metallogenic district. Previous research has focused mainly on the geochemistry of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry; the metallogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present work, on the basis of outcrops and drilling core geological mapping, phases of early mineralization diorite, two inter-mineralization granodiorite porphyries, and late-mineralization granodiorite porphyry have been distinguished. Furthermore, the alteration zones were outlined, and the vein sequence was identified. The diorite and three porphyry phases were subjected to Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (La–ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb dating and in situ Hf isotope analyses as well as bulk major element, trace element, and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses. Molybdenite Re–Os dating was also conducted.The zircon U–Pb dating results show that the diorite and porphyry intrusions were emplaced at about 120 Ma, and the molybdenite Re–Os isochron age is 118.8 ± 1.9 Ma; this indicates that the Naruo porphyry Cu deposit was formed during a continuous magmatic–hydrothermal process. All of the diorite and granodiorite porphyry samples showed arc magmatic characteristics. Moreover, the moderate (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios and low ε_Nd(t) and ε_Hf(t) values of the diorite and porphyry intrusions suggest the source region of the juvenile lower crust. The lower (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i ratios and higher ε_Nd(t) values and incompatible element concentrations than those in the granodiorite porphyry samples indicate a two-stage magmatic generation process for the intrusions. The early mineralization diorite has a high Cu concentration, implying that the source is enriched in Cu. However, the slightly lower Cu content of the late-mineralization granodiorite porphyry samples might imply Cu release from magmas and deposition within the metallogenic stage. The multiple stages of intrusions and subsequent volcanism within the Duolong metallogenic district, together with high Sr/Y features, indicate persistent magmatism during the metallogenic epoch, which is necessary for maintaining the activity of magmatic–hydrothermal and mineralization processes. Thus, the high Cu content in the source region, mantle-derived melt upwelling, and multiple stages of persistent magmatism were favorable for the formation of the Naruo porphyry Cu deposit.The high Fe₂O₃/FeO ratios of the diorite and granodiorite porphyry intrusions show very high oxidation features, which is coincident with estimated magmatic oxidation state calculated by the zircon trace element compositions. The high oxidation facilitates sulfur and chalcophile metals to be scavenged into the magmatic–hydrothermal systems, which is crucial for the metallogenesis of the Naruo porphyry Cu deposit.     

喜马拉雅山北坡奥陶纪—古近纪构造古地磁新数据

在喜马拉雅山北坡奥陶系—古近系近乎连续的沉积地层中系统采集古地磁样品3791件,其中测试统计样品数为2920件,基本获取了统级年代古地磁数据,绘制出喜马拉雅地块奥陶纪—古近纪古地磁极移曲线和古纬度变化曲线。喜马拉雅地块在向北漂移过程中曾发生了多次旋转,最后一次约28°的顺时针旋转发生在始新世,可能与西喜马拉雅构造结形成有关;晚三叠世和晚侏罗世曾发生了纬度为2°和3.8°的向南回返,可能与雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋弧后扩张有关。根据古纬度数据推算:中白垩世雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋盆的宽度至少为2200km;始新世以来的喜马拉雅陆-陆碰撞造山运动导致印度地块-喜马拉雅褶冲带-拉萨地块之间的地壳缩短量至少为1000km。     

青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响与机制研究进展

青藏高原地区特殊的大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、生物圈等多圈层相互作用过程及其变化,不仅对青藏高原及其周边地区的气候格局和变化有重要影响,而且对东亚、北半球乃至全球的环流形势和异常产生深远影响。为此,全球变化研究重大科学研究计划于2010年9月启动了"青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响与机制研究"项目,旨在开展青藏高原环境、地表过程、生态系统对全球变化的响应及其对周边地区人类生存环境影响的综合交叉研究,以揭示青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响机制,提出前瞻性的应对气候变化与异常的策略,减少其导致的区域自然灾害的损失。项目实施近3年来,开展了青藏高原首次"星—机—地"综合立体协同观测试验和大规模地气相互作用综合观测试验。在遥感结合地面观测估算青藏高原地表特征参数和能量通量方法,高原地区上对流层和下平流层结构,高原季风与东亚季风和南亚季风之间的内在联系,中国及青藏高原地区太阳辐射和风速的年代际变化趋势,青藏高原春季感热源减弱及其对亚洲夏季风和中国东部降水的影响,以及极高海拔地区土地覆被格局等方面取得了一些突出进展。     

西藏喜马拉雅带稀有金属矿勘查与研究进展

长期以来,西藏喜马拉雅带以发育较多金、金锑及铅锌多金属矿为显著特色,而稀有金属矿未曾列入主流找矿方向。近年来,该带由于铍、锂等稀有金属矿的重要找矿新发现而备受广大学者关注,其相应的成矿作用研究亦有较大进展。本文在喜马拉雅带已有地质找矿成果及科学研究资料的基础上,对该带新发现的稀有金属矿勘查与研究进展进行了总结。本文提出：喜马拉雅带主要发育有伟晶岩型锂-铍矿、锡石-硫化物型锡-铍矿、矽卡岩型铍-锡-钨矿、矽卡岩型铍-铌-钽矿、钠长石花岗岩型铍-铌-钽矿、热液脉型萤石-铍矿6种稀有金属矿化类型,其中伟晶岩型锂-铍矿及锡石-硫化物型锡-铍矿最具经济意义上的找矿价值。这些稀有金属成矿作用均与中新世淡色花岗岩浆活动密切相关,属于岩浆高度结晶分异的产物,是印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山成矿作用中的新成员,并构成了喜马拉雅带与淡色花岗岩相关的稀有金属矿成矿系列。为指导找矿勘查,今后喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿作用研究应加强如下几方面：(1)高分异淡色花岗岩-伟晶岩岩相分带与相应的稀有金属分带;(2)锂-铍-铌-钽-钨-锡共生分离机制;(3)喜马拉雅式稀有金属矿成矿模式与勘查模型;(4)稀有金属与铅锌-金锑成矿作用的关系。喜马拉雅带新发现的稀有金属成矿作用大部分靠近我国边境地区,通过进一步的勘查评价工作有望形成西藏地区具有战略意义的稀有金属成矿带。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the mandidarla volcanics,northwestern Himalayas

The Proterozoic Mandi-Darla Volcanics (MDV) occur as flows intercalated with the low-grade metasediments of the Sundarnagar Group of the Lesser Himalayas. These volcanics are aphyric and have quenched textures with plagioclase-clinopyroxene skeletal microphenocrysts. They are of tholeiitic composition, and are enriched in FeO^t, TiO₂, incompatible trace and rare earth elements. They have relatively high SiO₂ abundances for their MgO levels, which are attributed to high PH₂O pertaining during melt generation. Fractional crystallisation does not appear to have played any major role in the evolution of their bulk chemistry. Instead, they appear to have been generated by different extents of isobaric partial melting of a non-pyrolitic and heterogeneous source with enriched and variable Fe/Mg ratios. REE modelling suggests that the REE enriched source consisted of variable proportions of at least two end members differing in their MREE and HREE contents, but with similar LREE abundances. The enrichment of the source is attributed to mantle metasomatism by a melt-dominated phase penecontemporaneous with magma generation.     

喜马拉雅降水势能与剥蚀强度时空对应的定量研究

在活动造山带的研究中,剥蚀作用被认为与大气降水有着密切的关系,并且越来越 多的研究证据发现,气候因子在山脉的演化中承载了重要的影响力,降水被认为是活动造山 带剥蚀作用的动因。研究者用降水量和剥蚀强度的对应来阐释气候对山脉演化的制约。然而 也有学者提出反面例证来否定降水量与山脉剥蚀强度之间的耦合关系,进而否定气候因子在 活动造山带构造演化中的影响。由此而提出的科学问题是：降水究竟与剥蚀强度有没有关 联？降水怎样影响剥蚀强度,遵循怎样的机理？在详细分析活动造山带剥蚀作用过程和机理 的基础上,本文提出了降水势能的概念,在校验和整合TRMM 降水量数据与Etopo1 数字地貌 数据体之后,计算了喜马拉雅造山带的降水势能空间分布。同时,收集整理了喜马拉雅造山 带内已公开发表的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）年龄数据,以此为数据库获取了喜马拉雅剥蚀强度 时空分布格局。通过这两个数据体的定量分析,研究发现,喜马拉雅造山带内,剥蚀强度与 降水势能之间有很好的空间耦合性。这说明, 在喜马拉雅构造带, 现今的AFT 年龄空间分 布,是受气候作用主导的。进一步的研究发现,喜马拉雅带大约2.8 Ma 以来的AFT 年龄与现 今的降水势能秩相关性显著,且有局部最优的线性相关性,说明喜马拉雅带的剥蚀空间分布 受第四纪以来很年轻的地质历史时期的地表降水过程所控制。最新的气候样式决定了现今的 降水过程,控制了造山带剥蚀强度的空间分布。     

北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡对比研究

基于冰川物质平衡和平衡线高度数据,对北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山的冰川物质平衡变化和平衡线高度空间分布特征进行了对比分析,得出以下结论：（1）阿尔卑斯山冰川年均负物质平衡值最大,为-907 mm;斯瓦尔巴为-431 mm;高亚洲最小,为-264 mm。（2）高亚洲和斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡年振幅较小,年际变化较小;阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡年振幅较大,年际变化较大。斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡趋向正平衡,阿尔卑斯山和高亚洲冰川物质平衡趋向负平衡。（3）斯瓦尔巴内陆的冰川平衡线高度高于沿海地区,高亚洲冰川平衡线高度呈纬向地带性、经向地带性和区域地带性的分布规律,阿尔卑斯山的冰川平衡线高度主要受冰川所处海拔的影响。