区域数字地震台网近距离面波震级MS的测定

使用福建区域数字台网7个宽带台观测到的47个发生于台湾地区的浅源强震(M_S ≥ 5)的近距离面波记录,量算了水平向乐夫波的最大合成振幅及震中距离,测定了所有这些强震的近距离面波震级MS。并将结果与国家台网公布的远距离平均MS震级进行比较和统计分析。结果表明,近距离测定的面波震级比远距离测定的M_S 有较大偏差。震级越小、距离越近,差异越大。对于区域地震台网测定的M_S 震级,需要做必要的修正,才能使其测定结果尽可能接近于国家台网公布的平均M_S 震级。文中还讨论了近距离和远距离面波震级测定差异的原因,及其修正办法。可供区域数字宽带台网速报本区域发生的近距离强震面波震级时参考。     

Multi-offset phase analysis of surface wave data (MOPA)

Inaccuracy in the shear wave velocity profile inverted from surface wave data manifests from both modelling error and data uncertainty. An alternative method for dispersion curve evaluation by weighted linear regression of phase-offset data can be applied to both equispaced and non-equispaced data for objective identification of these often overlooked error sources.From field data, near-field effects are noted to at most half a wavelength and lateral discontinuities identified by marked changes in wavenumber with offset. Transition frequencies to dominant higher modes appear lower than when identified from standard plane-wave transform methods. Effects can be discriminated by their frequency, position or offset dependence.When a non-corrupt dispersion curve is extracted, the errors are up to 5% at low frequency. Through theoretical Gaussian error propagation analysis, the resulting shear wave velocity profile shows up to 18% uncertainty at depth.     

多地震叠加提取双台间面波频散信息

利用中国HIA台和哈撒克斯坦BRVK台的甚宽频地震仪记录的2011年日本MW9.0大地震及3次MW6——7强余震数据, 采用互相关法提取了双台间的瑞雷波群速度频散曲线．研究发现, 对于同一台记录的大地震和强余震激发的瑞雷波, 其主要能量的周期范围明显不同, MW9.0大地震面波主要能量周期长(70 s以上), 而强余震面波的主要能量周期相对较短（10——50 s）．单独利用大地震数据无法提取60 s以下的群速度频散, 而单独利用强余震数据无法提取100 s以上频散．将双台记录的特大地震、强余震数据进行互相关叠加, 可以提取出较为可靠的宽频带瑞雷波群速度频散曲线（10——200 s）．      

Studying surface structure in desert areas using multiple kinds of surface wave data

Shallow surface wave methods are mostly used for investigation of the surface velocity structure in environmental and engineering geophysics in non-desert areas. For the special geological features of the Takelamagan Desert area, we use the multi-channel analysis of surface wave （MASW） method to process multi-channel shallow surface wave records to determine the near surface velocity structure in the desert area. We also process, analyze, and compare the surface waves in many-trace records extracted from the oil exploration shot gathers in the area. We show that the MASW method can determine detailed shallow velocity structure in desert areas and the many-trace records can be used to get detailed deep geological structure. The combination of the two different datasets can obtain the exact velocity structure upper 60 m depth in the survey area.     

利用多种面波数据研究沙漠区表层结构

浅层面波法调查表层速度结构多用于非沙漠区的工程与环境领域。本文利用多道面波分析(MASW)技术针对塔克拉玛干沙漠地区特殊地质情况,对所采集的浅层多道面波资料进行处理分析得到沙漠区表层速度结构;同时对该地区所获得的地震大炮记录上的面波进行了处理、分析和对比,探讨了沙漠区利用大炮面波法调查表层结构的可行性。实践表明,多道面波资料可以得到很好的浅层速度结构,而大炮记录则可得到详尽的深层地质结构,将二者相结合便得到测区表层60m范围内的速度结构信息,也证明了在沙漠区利用大炮面波记录提取表层地下介质结构是可行的。     

基于改进海洋捕食者优化算法和瑞雷波频散曲线的近地表地层参数反演

面波勘探是获取近地表地质结构的重要手段,利用瑞雷波频散曲线可以反演得到地层横波速度和厚度或泊松比等参数.本文提出了一种新的优化策略来处理瑞雷波频散曲线的反演问题.改进海洋捕食者算法（ACMPA）是一种改进混沌初始化,引入自适应步长和精英竞赛机制优化的反演算法.采用混沌映射进行种群位置初始化,提高初始化种群位置的质量;加入自适应函数,增强全局搜索能力;引入精英等级制度,避免算法陷入局部极值点,从而从局部和全局寻优进行优化,提高反演的收敛速度.通过正演模拟和实测数据进行测试分析,证明了改进的海洋捕食者优化算法的有效性与稳定性.该方法可以利用瑞雷波频散曲线信息反演得到近地表地层的介质参数,其收敛精度和收敛范围明显优于其他优化算法,具有较强的应用前景.

     

Laterally constrained inversion of surface wave data at Najaf city (Iraq)

A case history is reported to outline a possible strategy for the construction of a pseudo-2D model of shear-wave velocity for seismic site response studies. Experimental data have been collected using the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave technique (MASW) at six sites in the city of Najaf (Southern Iraq). The sites are aligned along the route of a proposed subway. The dataset has been processed to extract the dispersion curves of each site and then it has been inverted by using a Laterally Constrained Inversion (LCI) algorithm. The initial model for the local search algorithm has been obtained with a preliminary Monte Carlo Inversion (MCI). A priori information from borehole logs and lateral constraints between neighbors 1D models are used to mitigate the non-uniqueness of the solution. The result is a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity model of the area which is in good agreement with sediment lithology and thicknesses obtained from borehole logs.     

基于IGA算法的电阻率神经网络反演成像研究

为满足地球物理资料反演解释的高精度、快速、稳定的要求,本文结合免疫遗传算法寻优速度快和BP神经网络反演不依赖初始模型等优点,设计了一种将BP神经网络和免疫遗传算法进行有机结合的全局优化反演策略,并将该策略成功地应用于二维高密度电法数据反演.利用免疫遗传算法（Immune Genetic Algorithm,简称IGA）对神经网络的反演参数进行同步优化,提高了电阻率反演的精度.仿真和实验结果验证设计的全局优化反演策略取得了较好的效果,通过与线性反演方法和BP法以及遗传神经网络法等反演方法进行比较,得出该方法具有反演精度更高,反演时间更短等显著优势的结论.     

3-D inversion of borehole-to-surface electrical data using a back-propagation neural network

The “fluid-flow tomography”, an advanced technique for geoelectrical survey based on the conventional mise-à-la-masse measurement, has been developed by Exploration Geophysics Laboratory at the Kyushu University. This technique is proposed to monitor fluid-flow behavior during water injection and production in a geothermal field. However data processing of this technique is very costly. In this light, this paper will discuss the solution to cost reduction by applying a neural network in the data processing. A case study in the Takigami geothermal field in Japan will be used to illustrate this. The achieved neural network in this case study is three-layered and feed-forward. The most successful learning algorithm in this network is the Resilient Propagation (RPROP). Consequently, the study advances the pragmatism of the “fluid-flow tomography” technique which can be widely used for geothermal fields. Accuracy of the solution is then verified by using root mean square (RMS) misfit error as an indicator.     

区域数字地震台网面波震级Ms测定与系统误差分析

以国家地震台网测定的面波震级为标准,利用福建区域数字地震台网测定的近距离面波震级Ms结果与国家地震台网测定的面波震级结果进行比较和统计分析。根据两者之间的相对差量,主要从数据采集器的最大动态放大倍数分贝数、FBS-3宽频带反馈式速度平坦型地震计的幅频特性和测定面波震级展开公式推导3方面进行分析。结果表明：震中距△、数据采集器的动态范围和地震计记录地面运动振动频率的有效频带宽度是影响面波震级测定的主要因素,进而提出适合于福建区域台网测定近距离面波震级Ms的台基校正值及标准偏差。     

基于小波谱能量曲线EWT的面波压制算法

面波提取和压制是地震资料处理的关键问题之一,对地震资料处理的准确性具有重要影响.针对传统地震面波压制算法面波分离精度低、有效波损伤大的问题,提出一种基于小波谱能量曲线(Wavelet Spectrum Energy Curve,WSEC)经验小波变换(Empirical Wavelet Transform,EWT)的面波压制算法,该算法利用连续小波变换(Continuous Wavelet Transform,CWT)精细化的时频分析能力得到地震信号的WSEC,从频率和能量两个维度对信号进行自适应分解,提高面波提取精度.首先对地震记录进行CWT,根据小波谱计算各频率点的能量得到WSEC;基于WSEC极大值点的频率及ε邻域法确定频谱分割边界进行改进EWT,得到依能量和频率分解的各固有模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF);根据各子频带的频率和能量确定面波IMF,最后对面波IMF进行带通滤波以保护其中的有效波.仿真实验表明,算法能根据地震信号的频率和能量自适应分解,实现面波的精准分离与提取;实际地震资料处理表明,算法能准确分离面波,能最大限度保护有效波,提高资料信噪比,是一种有效可靠的面波压制算法.     

Prediction of variations from Polar Cap indices using time-delay neural network

The hourly averaged Polar Cap (PC) index was used as the input parameter for the ring current index D_st variation forecasting. The PC index is known to describe well the principal features of the interplanetary magnetic field as well as the total energy input to the magnetosphere. This allowed us to design a neural network that was able to forecast the D_st variations 1 h ahead. 1995 PC and D_st data sets were used for training and testing and 1997 data sets were used for validation. From 15 moderate and strong geomagnetic storms observed during 1997, 10 were successfully forecasted. In 3 cases the observed minimum D_st value was less than the predicted value, and only in 3 cases the neural network was not able to reproduce the features of the geomagnetic storm.     

Experimental study of identification and control of structures using neural network. Part 2: control

Experimental verifications of a recently developed active structural control method using neural networks are presented in this paper. The experiments were performed on the earthquake simulator at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. The test specimen was a 1/4 scale model of a three-storey building. The control system consisted of a tendon/pulley system controlled by a single hydraulic actuator at the base. The control mechanism was implemented through four active pre-tensioned tendons connected to the hydraulic actuator at the first floor. The structure modelling and system identification has been presented in a companion paper. (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn. 28 , 995–1018 (1999)). This paper presents the controller design and implementation. Three controllers were developed and designed: two neurocontrollers, one with a single sensor feedback and the other with three sensor feedback, and one optimal controller with acceleration feedback. The experimental design of the neurocontrollers is accomplished in three steps: system identification, multiple emulator neural networks training and finally the neurocontrollers training with the aid of multiple emulator neural networks. The effectiveness of both neurocontrollers are demonstrated from experimental results. The robustness and the relative stability are presented and discussed. The experimental results of the optimal controller performance is presented and assessed. Comparison between the optimal controller and neurocontrollers is presented and discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shear velocity structure of crust and uppermost mantle in China from surface wave tomography using ambient noise and earthquake data

We present a 3D model of shear velocity of crust and upper mantle in China and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.We combine dispersion measurements from ambient noise correlation and traditional earthquake data.The stations include the China National Seismic Network,global networks,and all the available PASSCAL stations in the region over the years.The combined data sets provide excellent data coverage of the region for surface wave measurements from 8 to 120 s,which are used to invert for 3D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to about150 km.We also derive new models of the study region for crustal thickness and averaged S velocities for upper,mid,and lower crust and the uppermost mantle.The models provide a fundamental data set for understanding continental dynamics and evolution.The tomography results reveal significant features of crust and upper mantle structure,including major basins,Moho depth variation,mantle velocity contrast between eastern and western North China Craton,widespread low-velocity zone in midcrust in much of the Tibetan Plateau,and clear velocity contrasts of the mantle lithosphere between north and southern Tibet with significant E–W variations.The low velocity structure in the upper mantle under north and eastern TP correlates with surface geological boundaries.A patch of high velocity anomaly is found under the eastern part of the TP,which may indicate intact mantle lithosphere.Mantle lithosphere shows striking systematic change from the western to eastern North China Craton.The Tanlu Fault appears to be a major lithosphere boundary.     

Evaluation of coalbed methane reservoirs from geophysical log data using an improved fuzzy comprehensive decision method and a homologous neural network

The evaluation of coalbed methane reservoirs using log data is an important approach in the exploration and development of coalbed methane reservoirs. Most commonly, regression techniques, fuzzy recognition and neural networks have been used to evaluate coalbed methane reservoirs. It is known that a coalbed is an unusual reservoir. There are many difficulties in using regression methods and empirical qualitative recognition to evaluate a coalbed, but fuzzy recognition, such as the fuzzy comprehensive decision method, and neural networks, such as the back-propagation (BP) network, are widely used. However, there are no effective methods for computing weights for the fuzzy comprehensive decision method, and the BP algorithm is a local optimization algorithm, easily trapped in local minima, which significantly affect the results. In this paper, the recognition method for coal formations is developed; the improved fuzzy comprehensive decision method, which uses an optimization approach for computing weighted coefficients, is developed for the qualitative recognition of coalbed methane reservoirs. The homologous neural network, using a homologous learning algorithm, which is a global search optimization, is presented for the quantitative analysis of parameters for coalbed methane reservoirs. The applied procedures for these methods and some problems related to their application are also discussed. Verification of the above methods is made using log data from the coalbed methane testing area in North China. The effectiveness of the methods is demonstrated by the analysis of results for real log data.     

Prediction of geomagnetic storms from solar wind data with the use of a neural network

An artificial feed-forward neural network with one hidden layer and error back-propagation learning is used to predict the geomagnetic activity index (D_st) one hour in advance. The B_z-component and _Bz, the density, and the velocity of the solar wind are used as input to the network. The network is trained on data covering a total of 8700 h, extracted from the 25-year period from 1963 to 1987, taken from the NSSDC data base. The performance of the network is examined with test data, not included in the training set, which covers 386 h and includes four different storms. Whilst the network predicts the initial and main phase well, the recovery phase is not modelled correctly, implying that a single hidden layer error back-propagation network is not enough, if the measured D_st is not available instantaneously. The performance of the network is independent of whether the raw parameters are used, or the electric field and square root of the dynamical pressure.     

利用深反射地震数据构建的多阶面波频散曲线反演近地表横波速度结构——以跨班公湖—怒江缝合带深反射地震资料为例

深反射地震剖面法为了获取深部结构特征常常采取大的偏移距采集数据.目前公开发表的相关资料中,鲜有利用深反射地震炮集数据获取近地表的结构特征.为此,本文通过正演测试了相关数据处理流程,即利用有限差分正演了起伏地表模型的大偏移距地震单炮弹性波场特征,通过共检波点域面波信号F-K频谱叠加构建新方法,从深反射地震数据集中提取了高品质的多阶面波频散曲线,再利用多阶面波联合反演获得了近地表的结构特征.在前述正演流程基础上,利用跨越班公湖—怒江缝合带的SinoProbe深反射地震剖面中的实际炮集数据,求取了基阶和一阶瑞利波频散曲线,联合反演后得到近地表横波速度结构.该结果与初至波走时反演获取的纵波速度结构具有较好的一致性,且在近地表的浅层分辨率较纵波速度结构特征更高,而更与已有地质认识相吻合.本文提供的相关数据处理流程表明利用深反射地震炮集数据,也能够获取近地表浅层的横波速度结构.     

利用深反射地震数据构建的多阶面波频散曲线反演近地表横波速度结构——以跨班公湖—怒江缝合带深反射地震资料为例

深反射地震剖面法为了获取深部结构特征常常采取大的偏移距采集数据.目前公开发表的相关资料中,鲜有利用深反射地震炮集数据获取近地表的结构特征.为此,本文通过正演测试了相关数据处理流程,即利用有限差分正演了起伏地表模型的大偏移距地震单炮弹性波场特征,通过共检波点域面波信号F-K频谱叠加构建新方法,从深反射地震数据集中提取了高品质的多阶面波频散曲线,再利用多阶面波联合反演获得了近地表的结构特征.在前述正演流程基础上,利用跨越班公湖—怒江缝合带的SinoProbe深反射地震剖面中的实际炮集数据,求取了基阶和一阶瑞利波频散曲线,联合反演后得到近地表横波速度结构.该结果与初至波走时反演获取的纵波速度结构具有较好的一致性,且在近地表的浅层分辨率较纵波速度结构特征更高,而更与已有地质认识相吻合.本文提供的相关数据处理流程表明利用深反射地震炮集数据,也能够获取近地表浅层的横波速度结构.

     

Site effects in Mexico City: Constraints from surface wave inversion of shallow refraction data

In order to understand and simulate site effects on strong ground motion records of recent earthquakes in Mexico City, it is fundamental to determine the in situ elastic and anelastic properties of the shallow stratigraphy of the basin. The main properties of interest are the shear wave velocities and Q-quality factors and their correlation with similar parameters in zones of the city. Despite population density and paved surfaces, it is feasible to gather shallow refraction data to obtain laterally homogeneous subsoil structures at some locations. We focused our analysis in the Texcoco Lake region of the northeastern Mexico City basin. This area consists of unconsolidated clay sediments, similar to those of the lake bed zone in Mexico City, where ground motion amplification and long duration disturbances are commonly observed. We recorded Rayleigh and Love waves using explosive and sledgehammer sources and 4.5 Hz vertical and horizontal geophones, respectively. Additionally, for the explosive source, we recorded three-component seismograms using 1 Hz seismometers. We obtained phase velocity dispersion curves from ray parameter-frequency domain analyses and inverted them for vertical distribution of S wave velocity. The initial model was obtained from a standard first-break refraction analysis. We also obtained an estimation of the Q_S shear wave quality factor for the uppermost stratigraphy. Results compare well with tilt and cone penetrometer resistance measurements at the same test site, emphasizing the importance of these studies for engineering purposes.