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1.
The antiparallel merging hypothesis states that reconnection takes place on the dayside magnetopause where the solar and geomagnetic fields are oppositely directed. With this criterion, we have mapped the predicted merging regions to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko 96 magnetic field model, distinguishing between regions of sub-Alfvénic and super-Alfvénic magnetosheath flow, and identifying the day-night terminator. We present the resulting shape, width and latitude of the ionospheric dayside merging regions in both hemispheres, showing their dependence on the Earths dipole tilt. The resulting seasonal variation of the longitudinal width is consistent with the conjugate electric fields in the northern and southern cusps, as measured by the SuperDARN HF radars, for example. We also find a seasonal shift in latitude similar to that observed in satellite cusp data. 相似文献
2.
Observations are presented of the response of the dayside cusp/cleft aurora to changes in both the clock and elevation angles of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) vector, as monitored by the WIND spacecraft. The auroral observations are made in 630 nm light at the winter solstice near magnetic noon, using an all-sky camera and a meridian-scanning photometer on the island of Spitsbergen. The dominant change was the response to a northward turning of the IMF which caused a poleward retreat of the dayside aurora. A second, higher-latitude band of aurora was seen to form following the northward turning, which is interpreted as the effect of lobe reconnection which reconfigures open flux. We suggest that this was made possible in the winter hemisphere, despite the effect of the Earth’s dipole tilt, by a relatively large negative X component of the IMF. A series of five events then formed in the poleward band and these propagated in a southwestward direction and faded at the equatorward edge of the lower-latitude band as it migrated poleward. It is shown that the auroral observations are consistent with overdraped lobe flux being generated by lobe reconnection in the winter hemisphere and subsequently being re-closed by lobe reconnection in the summer hemisphere. We propose that the balance between the reconnection rates at these two sites is modulated by the IMF elevation angle, such that when the IMF points more directly northward, the summer lobe reconnection site dominates, re-closing all overdraped lobe flux and eventually becoming disconnected from the Northern Hemisphere. 相似文献
3.
The dipole tilt angle has been found to affect Earth’s bow shock. This work presents a quantitative relationship between the dipole tilt angle and the bow shock location and flaring angle. We collected a large data set of bow shock crossings from four different satellites (IMP 8, Geotail, Magion 4, and Cluster), including some recent crossings obtained during 2012–2013. The results from a statistical analysis demonstrate that: (1) the subsolar standoff distance increases but the flaring angle decreases with increasing dipole tilt angle; (2) when the dipole tilt angle changes sign from negative to positive, the dayside bow shock moves toward Earth and the shift can be as much as 2.29 R E, during which the flaring angle increases; and (3) the shape of bow shock in the northern and southern hemispheres differs. For the northern hemisphere bow shock, with increasing positive/negative dipole tilt angle, the flaring angle increases/decreases. While for the southern hemisphere, the trend is the opposite; with increasing positive/negative dipole tilt angle, the flaring angle decreases/increases. These results are helpful for future bow shock modeling that needs to include the effects of dipole tilt angle. 相似文献
4.
根据2001~2007年期间在菲律宾境内测量的74个点的地磁场数据,利用球冠谐和、泰勒多项式两种方法建立了2005.0菲律宾及周边地区地磁基本场模型,得到了菲律宾地区X、Y、Z、D、I、H、F七个分量的分布.两种模型反映的同一地区的地磁场分布形态基本类似,只在拐点的舒缓度、等值线平滑度等方面存在区别.在8°N左右,X、H、F出现系统的拐点,同纬度的X、H、F东低西高.D、Y零线分布于8°N左右呈东西展布,北侧为负,南侧为正,等值线沿经度分布的同时,在纬度上有不同程度的小起伏.Z、I空间分布呈现更加规则均匀的东西向分布特征.零线分布在7.5°N左右,零线北部是正值区域,南部是负值区域.两种模型与IGRF的差值的分布形态有很大的不同,球冠谐模型与IGRF模型差值的正负异常区域呈现正负异常相间的分布特征,且各分量的正负异常最大值分布在低纬度地区.而泰勒多项式与IGRF差值的正负异常分布却相对完整. 相似文献
5.
本文采用国际地磁参考场(1980 IGRF,n=8)低纬磁力线经验公式和模式电离层,结合海南岛三亚(18.24°N,109.5°E;磁纬7.04°N)观测到的哨声资料,对磁纬10°N以下哨声的路径纬度和临界截止纬度进行了分析和讨论. 相似文献
6.
本文采用国际地磁参考场(1980 IGRF,n=8)低纬磁力线经验公式和模式电离层,结合海南岛三亚(18.24°N,109.5°E;磁纬7.04°N)观测到的哨声资料,对磁纬10°N以下哨声的路径纬度和临界截止纬度进行了分析和讨论. 相似文献
7.
使用FAST/TEAMS仪器在第23太阳活动周下降相的数据,从地磁活动水平的角度,分别分析在磁静日(Kp≤2+)和磁扰日(Kp≥3+)时南(SH)、北半球(NH)高纬(>50°)电离层H+的上行强度,计算其上行率和净上行积分能通量,以期得到H+上行的长期水平并分析地磁扰动期间南、北半球离子上行强度的异同.研究结果表明,磁扰期间上行强度显著加强,平静期南、北半球的平均上行率分别是~15%和~20%,而磁扰期的平均上行率分别增强了1.45倍和1.04倍,磁扰期间南半球上行强度的增长更显著;平静期南半球的上行强度小于北半球,但磁扰期两个半球的上行强度相当;磁午夜和黎明区间受地磁扰动的影响最显著,其磁扰期与平静期上行率的比值(S/Q)最大,同时南半球在各个地方时区间的S/Q值均大于北半球;另外,我们发现磁扰期间的上行率在极光椭圆带下边界附近增幅最明显,而积分通量在上边界附近增加显著.上行源区以平静期的源区为中心从日侧极尖区扩展到磁午夜、且向低磁纬延伸,同时,极尖区上行源区在磁扰期有向晨侧偏移的趋势. 相似文献
8.
We document the detailed dynamics of the dayside aurora in the ≈1200–1600 MLT sector in response to a sharp southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) under negative IMF By conditions. Features not documented in previous work are elucidated by using two meridan scanning photometers (separated by 2 h) and an all-sky auroral imager in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (75.5^MLAT) in combination with magnetograms from stations on Svalbard, covering the latitude range 71^–75^MLAT. The initial auroral response may be divided into three phases consisting of: (1) intensification of both the red (630.0 nm) and green (557.7 nm) line emissions in the cusp aurora near 1200 MLT and ≈100 km equatorward shift of its equatorward boundary, at ≈75^MLAT, (2) eastward and poleward expansions of the cusp aurora, reaching the 1430 MLT meridian after 5–6 min, and (3) east-west expansion of the higher-latitude aurora (at ≈77^–78^MLAT) in the postnoon sector. The associated magnetic disturbance is characterized by an initial positive deflection of the X-component at stations located 100–400 km south of the aurora, corresponding to enhanced Sunward return flow associated with the merging convection cell in the post-noon sector. The sequence of partly overlapping poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) during the first 15 min, accompanied by corresponding pulsations in the convection current, was followed by a strong westward contraction of the cusp aurora when the ground magnetograms indicated a temporary return to the pre-onset level. These observations are discussed in relation to the Cowley-Lockwood model of ionospheric response to pulsed magnetopause reconnection. 相似文献
9.
文章使用搭载在DEMETER卫星上的电场探测仪器(Instrument Champ Electrique,ICE)在太阳活动低年(2007年2月4日到2008年2月3日)所探测的数据,研究频率从10 kHz到3.33 MHz宽频段的高频(HF)电场波功率谱的空间分布特征.地磁宁静期间,从2.08 MHz到3.33 MHz的高频段,电场HF波功率谱密度随频率升高而升高,且电场HF波功率谱密度的全球分布比较均匀,基本上不随地球的经度和纬度变化.向阳面时,不同经纬度间HF波功率谱密度的差异小于背阳面的.电场HF波功率谱的季节变化主要表现为:向阳面1.25 MHz和1.66 MHz频段,在低纬度出现峰.地磁平静时期电场HF波功率谱密度的区域分布变化比较大的是0.42 MHz和1.66 MHz两个频段,尤其是在背阳面的北半球高纬度区域.地磁活动引起电场HF波功率谱扰动的非均匀性增强,主要表现在电场HF波的低频段(3.25~416 kHz),扰动响应区域发生在高纬度区.在赤道和低纬附近(纬度:~±40°之间),地磁活动的响应很小.在背阳面的磁尾方向,电场HF波功率谱表现出明显的磁暴增强.磁暴(DstAE>200 nT)和高纬磁扰动(Kp >3)期间,功率谱的最大增幅比地磁平静时期大一个数量级.考虑到亚暴和高纬磁扰期间,来自空间的扰动影响主要是高纬度区域,电场HF波功率谱的增强主要受空间物理过程的影响.鉴于本文使用的是在太阳活动低年的数据,观测到的磁暴基本上都是弱磁暴,最大的也只是中等磁暴;可以推测强磁暴、烈磁暴甚至巨磁暴发生时,电场HF波功率谱的增强应该更加显著.如果在地磁平静时期尤其是没有磁暴期间,地球的局部区域出现电场HF波功率谱(尤其是1.66 MHz以上的)异常增大,那么就要着重考虑是否为地球内部的异常现象(如地震)所导致的电离层响应. 相似文献
10.
通过对北极斯瓦尔巴特( Svalbard )岛Longyearbyen台站的 极光扫描光度计和地磁 观测数据在地磁亚暴膨胀相期间的对比分析,发现扫描光度计记录中的极光边缘的快速极向 运动和地磁数据x分量的陡峭负弯之间有着良好的对应关系,地磁数据可用来研究两极 高纬 地区极光亚暴的地磁共轭特征. 对南极中山站、挪威Troms Svalbard台链和东格陵兰岛 地 区共15个地磁台站在7个典型极光亚暴事件中的地磁数据进行对比分析后发现, 中山站的地 磁共轭点位置存在明显的漂移特征,漂移的范围在斯瓦尔巴特岛与东格陵兰岛之间,纬度值 与CGM模型值近似. 相似文献
11.
Conjugate observations of the day-side reconnection electric field: A GEM boundary layer campaign 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data from HF-radars are used to make the first simultaneous conjugate measurements of the day-side reconnection electric field. A period of 4 h around local magnetic noon are studied during a geospace environment modeling (GEM) boundary layer campaign. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was southward whilst the eastward component (By) was variable. The flow patterns derived from the radar data show the expected conjugate asymmetries associated with IMF |By| ≥ 0. High-time resolution data (50 and 100 s) enable the flow of plasma across the open/closed field line boundary (the separatrix) to be studied in greater detail than in previous work. The latitude of the separatrix follows the same general trend in both hemispheres but shows a hemispherical difference of 4°, with the summer cusp at higher latitude, as expected from dipole tilt considerations. However, the short-time scale motion of the separatrix cannot be satisfactorily resolved within the best resolution (300 m s−1) of the experiment. The orientation of the separatrix with respect to magnetic latitude is found to follow the same trend in both hemispheres and qualitatively fits that predicted by a model auroral oval. It shows no correlation with IMF By. However, the degree of tilt in the Northern (summer) Hemisphere is found to be significantly greater than that given by the model oval. The convection pattern data show that the meridian at which throat flow occurs is different in the two hemispheres and is controlled by IMF By, in agreement with empirically derived convection patterns and theoretical models. The day-side reconnection electric field values are largest when the radar’s meridian is in the throat flow or early afternoon flow regions. In the morning or afternoon convection cells, the reconnection electric field tends to zero away from the throat flow region. The reconnection electric field observed in the throat flow region is bursty in nature. 相似文献
12.
利用2005年1月至2010年11月DEMETER卫星记录的NWC发射站的VLF电场功率谱数据,采用指数拟合的方法,分析了VLF电磁波在卫星高度激发的电场空间分布和衰减特征.研究结果表明: (1) VLF电场在发射站上空及其磁共轭区有着很强的对应关系,存在南、北2个强电场中心涡; (2) 相对于发射站的位置,VLF电场中心点具有经度和纬度偏移,日侧地磁经度偏移均值大于夜侧,而地磁纬度偏移均值则小于夜侧; (3) 日侧VLF电场强度呈现出周期性的年变化; (4) 在VLF电场中心10°范围内,电场强度随距离快速衰减,衰减常数b在长达6年的时间内保持稳定.在以上研究结果基础上初步构建的卫星高度人工源电磁波空间分布特征,将为研究地表-电离层电磁波传播机理提供基础技术支撑. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》1999,61(15):1157-1168
The USU time-dependent ionospheric model (TDIM) simulated the northern (winter) and southern (summer) ionospheres as they responded to the changing solar wind and geomagnetic activity on 14 January 1988. This period began with moderately disturbed conditions, but as the IMF turned northward, the geomagnetic activity decreased. By 1400 UT, the IMF By component became strongly negative with Bz near zero; and eventually Bz turned southward. This began a period of intense activity as a magnetic storm developed. The magnetospheric electric field and auroral electron precipitation drivers for these simulations were obtained from the Naval Research Laboratories (NRL) Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) magnetospheric simulation for this event.The F-region ionospheric simulations contrast the summer–winter hemispheres. Then, the difference in how the two hemispheres respond to the geomagnetic storm is related to the differences in magnetospheric energy deposition in the two hemispheres. This also emphasizes the role played by the E-region in the magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) coupling and subsequent lack of conjugacy in the two hemispheres. The F-region’s response to the changing geomagnetic conditions also demonstrates a striking lack of conjugacy. This manifests itself in a well-defined ionospheric morphology in the summer hemisphere and a highly irregular morphology in the winter hemisphere. These differences are found to be associated with the differences in the magnetospheric electric field input. 相似文献
14.
基于CHAMP卫星资料,分析了2002—2008年267个磁暴期间400 km高度大气密度变化对季节、地方时与区域的依赖以及时延的统计学特征,得到暴时大气密度变化的一些新特点,主要结论如下: 1)两半球大气密度绝对变化(δρa)结果在不同强度磁暴、不同地方时不同.受较强的焦耳加热和背景中性风共同作用,在北半球夏季,中等磁暴过程中夜侧和大磁暴中,夏半球的δρa强于冬半球;由于夏季半球盛行风环流造成的扰动传播速度快,北半球夏季日侧30°附近大气,北(夏)半球到达峰值的时间早于南(冬)半球.而可能受半球不对称背景磁场强度所导致的热层能量输送率影响,北半球夏季强磁暴和中磁暴个例的日侧,南半球δρa强于北半球;春秋季个例中日侧30°附近大气,北半球先于南半球1~2 h达到峰值. 2)受叠加在背景环流上的暴时经向环流影响,春秋季暴时赤道大气密度达到峰值的时间最短,日/夜侧大气分别在Dstmin后1 h和2 h达到峰值.至点附近夜侧赤道大气达到峰值时间一致,为Dstmin后3 h;不同季节日侧结果不同,在北半球冬季时赤道地区经过更长的时间达到峰值. 3)日侧赤道峰值时间距离高纬度峰值时间不受季节影响,为3 h左右.在春秋季和北半球冬季夜侧,赤道大气密度先于高纬度达到峰值,且不同纬度大气密度的峰值几乎无差别,表明此时低纬度存在其他加热源起着重要作用. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(17):2184-2195
This paper examines the night of 23 May 2002 as observed by a large number of Australian ionosondes (19) as well as others situated in New Guinea, Indonesia and China. The arrival of a solar Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and subsequent negative Bz turnings in the solar wind resulted in a magnetic storm with two bursts of energy inputs into the auroral zones. The energy depositions produced two successive rise and falls in ionospheric height over a 300 km height range within the period 12.30–21.00 UT. The two events were seen in the night-side hemisphere by all ionosondes at Southeast Asian longitudes in the southern hemisphere, as well as in the northern hemisphere. In this paper, the simultaneity and spatial variability of these events is investigated. The first event, after an initial expansion towards the equator, ended with a retreat in the area of height rise back towards the auroral zone. The second event was of greater complexity and did not show such a steady variation in rise and fall times with latitude. Such events are often described as large-scale travelling atmospheric/ionospheric disturbances (LTADs or LTIDs). In the southern hemisphere, the front of the initial height rise was found to move at a speed up to 1300 m/s as was also measured by Tsugawa et al. [2006. Geomagnetic conjugate observations of large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances using GPS networks in Japan and Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, A02302] from small changes in GPS TEC. The front was uniform across the widest longitudinal range of observation (52° or 5360 km).The relationship between the subsequent fall in ionospheric height and an associated temporary increase in foF2 was found to be consistent with previous observations. Ionospheric drivers that move ionization up and down magnetic field lines are suggested as the common cause of the relationship between foF2 and height. 相似文献
16.
关于暴时电离层电流分布的南北半球不对称性 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
采用国际上广泛认可的高层大气和电离层经验模式提供的各种参数, 通过电离层电流连续方程, 计算出强磁暴条件下6月至日和12月至日内, 磁纬±72°和磁地方时00:00~24:00之间电离层电场、电流等的分布. 计算中考虑了地磁和地理坐标间的偏离; 除中性风场感生的发电机效应外, 还包含了磁层耦合(极盖区边界的晨昏电场和二区场向电流)的驱动外源. 结果表明, 6月至日时, 磁层扰动自极光区向中低纬的穿透情况在南、北半球内基本接近, 北半球内略强; 但12月至日时, 呈现明显的不对称性, 南半球的电流穿透远强于北半球, 而电场的穿透则是在北半球更强. 无论南北半球, 在中高纬地区, 午夜至黎明时段出现较强的东向电场分量, 其[WTHX]E×B[WTBZ]的向上漂移效应, 正是解释我们以往不少研究现象中所期盼的物理机制. 相似文献
17.
Qian Wang Jimin Liang Ze-Jun Hu Hai-Hong Hu Heng Zhao Hong-Qiao Hu Xinbo Gao Huigen Yang 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(5-6):498-508
A spatial texture based representation method including features of intensity, shape and texture, was utilized to characterize all-sky auroral images. The combination of the local binary pattern (LBP) operator and a delicately designed block partition scheme achieved both global shapes and local textures capabilities. The representation method was used in automatic recognition of four primary categories of discrete dayside aurora using observations between years 2003–2009 at the Yellow River Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The supervised classification results on labeled data in 2003 were in accordance with the labeling by scientists considering both spectral and morphological information. The occurrence distributions of the four categories were obtained through automatic classification of data between 2004–2009, which confirm the multiple-wavelength intensity distribution of dayside aurora, and further provide morphological interpretation of auroral types. 相似文献
18.
根据GUFM1和IGRF11模型,计算1590—2010年主磁场总强度F、水平分量H和磁倾角I三个要素的水平梯度和垂直梯度,分析了它们的空间分布和长期变化特点.结果表明:F和H的垂直梯度与其磁场的空间分布类似,水平方向的梯度以及磁倾角I在3个方向的梯度都与其磁场分布有明显差异.H的3个方向的梯度分布清楚地指示出南磁极的位置.梯度的长期变化表明,北半球磁场梯度漂移缓慢,南半球磁场梯度变化较快.磁倾角的垂直梯度显示,中太平洋负异常周围的正异常在围绕该负异常旋转.近赤道的梯度异常带在60°W附近的转折是由印度洋异常向非洲方向移动所致. 相似文献
19.
根据解析求解引导中心近似的动力学方程得到的离子分布函数 ,研究了不同Kp指数条件下起源于不同电离层区域的上行O+离子通量密度沿不同经度处的磁力线的定态分布 ,并研究了上行O+离子向不同磁层区域传输的特性 .主要结果为 :( 1 )起源于向阳面极光带外侧及更低纬区的电离层离子基本上传输到向阳面磁层区 ;起源于背阳面极光带及更低纬区的电离层离子基本上传输到背阳面磁尾等离子体片区和闭合磁力线区 ;起源于极盖区及向阳面极光带内侧的电离层离子基本上传输到等离子体幔区和磁瓣区 .( 2 )上行离子主要分布在近地空间 ,其通量密度相对于地心距离呈负梯度 .( 3)地磁活动指数Kp 增高时上行离子进入磁层的概率增大 ,因而上行离子起动力学作用的地球空间范围增大 .所得结果可解释有关地顶的观测特征 ,理论估算的上行离子在磁尾的通量密度与观测结果相符合. 相似文献
20.
根据解析求解引导中心近似的动力学方程得到的离子分布函数 ,研究了不同Kp指数条件下起源于不同电离层区域的上行O+离子通量密度沿不同经度处的磁力线的定态分布 ,并研究了上行O+离子向不同磁层区域传输的特性 .主要结果为 :( 1 )起源于向阳面极光带外侧及更低纬区的电离层离子基本上传输到向阳面磁层区 ;起源于背阳面极光带及更低纬区的电离层离子基本上传输到背阳面磁尾等离子体片区和闭合磁力线区 ;起源于极盖区及向阳面极光带内侧的电离层离子基本上传输到等离子体幔区和磁瓣区 .( 2 )上行离子主要分布在近地空间 ,其通量密度相对于地心距离呈负梯度 .( 3)地磁活动指数Kp 增高时上行离子进入磁层的概率增大 ,因而上行离子起动力学作用的地球空间范围增大 .所得结果可解释有关地顶的观测特征 ,理论估算的上行离子在磁尾的通量密度与观测结果相符合. 相似文献