用动力测量值确定基础—地基系统的频变参数

提出了基础－地基系统具有频变参数的质－弹－阻模型，在这个模型中，系统的刚度Ｋ＝Ｋ０－Ｋ１ω＾２和阻尼系数Ｃ＝Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ω随系统振动频率而变化。文章以竖向振动为例，给出了用稳态激振下的动力反应测量值确定系统参数Ｋ０，Ｋ１，Ｃ０，Ｃ１的方法；讨论了基础频变刚度系统与附加质量系统的等效范围和差别。     

用动力测量值确定基础－地基系统的频变参数

提出了基础－地基系统具有频变参数的质－弹－阻模型，在这个模型中，系统的刚度Ｋ＝Ｋ０－Ｋ１ω２和阻尼系数Ｃ＝Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ω随系统振动频率而变化。文章以竖向振动为例，给出了用稳态激振下的动力反应测量值确定系统参数Ｋ０、Ｋ１，Ｃ０，Ｃ１的方法；讨论了基础频变刚度系统与附加质量系统的等效范围和差别。     

用算法复杂性分析地震活动演化特征

以非线性动力学理论为依据，用非线性动力学中分析时间序列的算法复杂性研究地震活动规律和构成地震活动复杂现象的动力学特征。提出了按震级计算的地震算法复杂性ＡＣ值和按发震时间计算的地震算法复杂性ＴＡＣ值。选取１９７０年以来中国东部ＭＳ≥６．０地震，西部ＭＳ≥６．５的强震，对ＡＣ值和ＴＡＣ值进行回顾性分析；利用１９７０￣１９８０年大华北地区展望性空区识别结果，对ＡＣ值和ＴＡＣ值进行展望性检验分析，并进行了     

用时空转换系数判断震后趋势

本文定义地震的时空距ＤＳＴ格时空转换系数Ｃ为：Ｄ＾２ＳＴ＝ｄ＾２＋Ｃ＾２（△ｔ）＾２，ｄ为序列中连续发生的两次地震的空间距，△ｔ为时间间隔。采用６０年代来发生在我国５级以上有详细目录的地震序列２３个，分别计算了主震后１天，２－３天，４－７天内Ｃ的值Ｃ１，Ｃ３，Ｃ７，计算中取ＤＳＴ为相应时间段内地震空间距的最大值。结果表明：（１）若Ｃ１＞Ｃ３＞Ｃ７，则无强余震发生；（２）若Ｃ１≌Ｃ３，或Ｃ１＜Ｃ３＜     

陕西地区单台Z／H地磁测深研究

应用陕西地磁台网Ｓｑ资料和单台Ｚ／Ｈ地磁测深法对陕西地区地下电导率分布进行了研究，结果表明，理想代换导体视探ｈ约为５００ＫＭ，电导率σ为０．０７ｓ／ｍ（周期为１２小时），且存在２５０ＫＭ和７００ＫＭ深度附近的高导层，感应比例尺度实部Ｃ＾１ｒｅａｌ和Ｃ＾２ｒｅａｌ及内外场之比│Ｑ＾１│和│Ｑ＾２│似有１１年周期变化。各台测定的结果相当接近，和其他方法测定的范围结果基本一致。用冬夏季静日均值结果较春秋     

利用数字化地震记录进行震源参数和介质衰减特性的联合反演

利用区域台网的数字化地震记录资料，发展了一种体波谱的反演方法，以消除用波谱分析求解震源参数和介质衰减特性过程中的不确定因素的影响．经过数值实验和对实际资料的应用，初步证明了该方法的实用性。利用滦县地区流动台网中的五个台站接收的３５次地震记录的Ｐ波频谱资料，反演了滦县地区的震源动力学参数，得到了５个台站的Ｐ波表现Ｑ值和震源频谱的高频衰减率γ。Ｑ值分布在４０８－８４７之间，均值为５２０。γ值分布在１．５４－３．２２之间，均值为２．４１。利用唐山仪器台阵中的７个台站接收的９次地震记录的Ｓ波频谱资料，反演了唐山滦县地区的震源动力学参数，并得到了７个台站所在的小区域内平均的Ｓ波表观Ｑ值和震源频谱的高频衰减率γ。Ｑ值的均值为５８３。γ值均值为２．５８。     

地震前兆群体空间非均匀性指标Cv值研究

本文描述了排除地台站空间分布不均匀、台站观测项目数量不同等非地震成因因素影响后的前兆群体空间非均匀性研究思路及其指标Ｃｖ值,确定了Ｃｖ值反映的前兆群体空间分布图象的类型及其判定方法。利用Ｃｖ值对华北地区１９９５年以来的水氡短临前兆异常群体空间非均匀性及其与地震的关系进行了分析,结果表明,华北地区１９９５年１月１日至１９９８年２月１日发生的５次５级以上中强地震前,前兆群体空间分布出现５次非均匀性增强     

一个新的中矩期地震预报指标

通过对强震前数年一定震级档次内的地震活动进行分析,提出一个刻划地震孕育过程进入中短期阶段的指标－Ｃｒ值。它可以反映岩石本构关系曲线峰值点附近的状态。在对７次７级左右强震进行震例研究表明,震前Ｃｒ值出现明显高值异常。Ｃｒ值达最高值的时间超前地震发生１￣３ａ,多数是在１ａ左右,这对中短期地震预报有意义。     

CJ6水平强度磁力仪的观测与讨论

ＣＪ６水平强度磁力仪的观测与讨论叶富华（中国四川１６１１７３０成都地震台）１引言ＣＪ６水平强度磁力仪（以下简称Ｃ仪）存在着系统误差大、仪器重新调整前后测值重复性差的缺点，所以，实际投人到台站观测使用的并不多。成都台自１９８２年使用该仪器观测以来，除１...     

水化学预报方法及效能评价

用四川地区不化学建台以来１１个水氡点的水氡观测资料和５个水化观测点１９个水化测项的观测资料,绘制了水化日测值,五日均值和月均值图。以月均值曲线图为基础,用形态法分析提取水化中短期趋势异常。以２个以上水化台项出现形态异常,作为预报未来１年内异常点周围２００千米范围内发生５级以上地震、３００千米范围内发生６级以上地震的水化前兆指标。以多水点水氡日测值资料为基础,用层次跟踪方法提取水化异常,提出多点水氡     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.