一维大气边界层二阶闭合的有限元数值模式 I. 对流边界层模拟

利用有限元法用于二阶湍流闭合大气对流边界层模式,并模拟了Wangara试验33天的对流边界层的发展过程,计算结果表明,该模式能真实的模拟出对流边界层的发展过程,并且准确地反映对流边界层中湍流扩散和输送过程。     

一个非定常边界层模式的设计

对一般的非定常边界展模式,在铅直坐标的变换、时间差分方案的确定、湍流交换系数K的选取等方面,进行了一系列的试验和比较,得到一个优化方案。结果表明:该优化方案具有较大的、较广泛的实用性。但是,即使在其它方面被优化的模式,仍然存在着对不同K公式的协调性问题。     

试探大气边界层湍流运动的若干问题

对湍流运动的几个基本理论问题作了一定程度的探讨，并根据湍流动能方程分析了大气边界层湍流产生和发展的能量机制，以此为判据推导了滴运动的凡主范围和物理含意较为清楚的混合长表达式。     

山区夜间边界层的数值模拟

本文采用二维数值模式模拟了一个坡地上夜间边界层的发展过程.所得到的结果与1974-1976年在北京北部山区得到的观测资料做了比较.模拟出的夜间辐射逆温层的厚度和形状以及下坡风的廊线都与观测事实大致相符.模式进一步改进后似可做为解决中、小尺度复杂地形上夜间边界层演变的工具.     

夜间大气边界层的高阶矩数值模拟

本文建立了一个二阶矩模式,用此摸式对Wangara资料进行了实例模拟.结果表明,该模式能模拟出夜间边界层发展以及湍流结构的一些主要特征.计算发现在夜间边界层发展过程中存在一种突变现象.     

局地环流与大气边界层湍流相互作用的数值研究

本文建立了一个二维定常大气中尺度数值模式，并用该模式讨论了由下垫面粗糙分布非均匀（局地动力强迫）和温度分布非均匀（局地热力强迫）而产生的局地大气环流与大气边界层湍流的相互作用。结果指出：下垫面存在温度分布非均匀时运动方程中的湍流交换项与水平气压梯项一样可促使局地热力环境的形成，由粗糙度分布非均匀强迫产生的局地环流与由下垫面温度分布非均匀强迫产和的局地热力环流间的非线笥相互作用是通过湍流交换实现的。     

夜间城市边界层特征的数值模拟及其应用

用二维非线性的定常模式对城市效应(包括城市热岛之热力作用和城市地面粗糙度增大之动力作用)影响下夜间边界层结构的特征进行了数值模拟,并应用模拟结果计算了城市效应作用下高架源的扩散规律的改变。     

城市湍流边界层内汽车尾气扩散规律数值模拟研究

以纳维斯托克斯方程组、大气平流扩散方程、湍流动能及湍流动能耗散率方程组为基础．采用伪不定常方法,建立了一个数值模式．利用该模式列城市湍流边界层内流场结构及汽车排放污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明：街谷内会形成一个涡旋型流场．汽车排放污染物浓度在地面及建筑物背风面产生堆积,且其沿高度方向的梯度变化在背风面大．迎风而小。随着街谷两侧建筑物屋顶风速的增大,峡谷内形成的涡旋流场的强度增大,污染物扩散速率增大：当屋顶来流与街道之间的夹角逐渐增大时．涡旋中心位置由街道中心偏向于背风面及更高层且污染物扩散速度加快。     

On Modelling the One-Dimensional Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Several commonly used turbulence closure schemes forthe atmospheric boundarylayer (ABL) are applied to simulate neutral, nocturnal and diurnal cyclesituations in a one-dimensional ABL. Results obtained with the differentschemes, E-, E- and its modified versions, and twoversions ofthe q ² Level 2.5, are compared and discussed.     

Modelling the One-Dimensional Stable Boundary Layer with an E−ℓ Turbulence Closure Scheme

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model of Weng and Taylor with E−ℓ turbulence closure is applied to simulate the one-dimensional stably stratified ABL. The model has been run for nine hours from specified initial wind, potential temperature and turbulent kinetic energy profiles, and with a specified cooling rate applied at the surface. Different runs are conducted for different cooling rates, geostrophic winds and surface roughnesses. The results are discussed and compared with other models, large-eddy simulations and published field data.     

From Near-Neutral to Strongly Stratified: Adequately Modelling the Clear-Sky Nocturnal Boundary Layer at Cabauw

The performance of an atmospheric single-column model (SCM) is studied systematically for stably-stratified conditions. To this end, 11 years (2005–2015) of daily SCM simulations were compared to observations from the Cabauw observatory, The Netherlands. Each individual clear-sky night was classified in terms of the ambient geostrophic wind speed with a \(1\hbox { m} \hbox { s}^{-1}\) bin-width. Nights with overcast conditions were filtered out by selecting only those nights with an average net radiation of less than \(-\,30\hbox { W }\hbox {m}^{-2}\). A similar procedure was applied to the observational dataset. A comparison of observed and modelled ensemble-averaged profiles of wind speed and potential temperature and time series of turbulent fluxes showed that the model represents the dynamics of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) at Cabauw very well for a broad range of mechanical forcing conditions. No obvious difference in model performance was found between near-neutral and strongly-stratified conditions. Furthermore, observed NBL regime transitions are represented in a natural way. The reference model version performs much better than a model version that applies excessive vertical mixing as is done in several (global) operational models. Model sensitivity runs showed that for weak-wind conditions the inversion strength depends much more on details of the land-atmosphere coupling than on the turbulent mixing. The presented results indicate that in principle the physical parametrizations of large-scale atmospheric models are sufficiently equipped for modelling stably-stratified conditions for a wide range of forcing conditions.     

The Morning Transition of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Six years of observations from a surface instrument site have been analysed to determine timings and factors influencing developmental changes in the near-surface wind and turbulent heat fluxes during the morning heating of the atmospheric boundary layer. A simple relationship has been found between near-surface wind speed and screen temperature, together with a predictive equation for the morning transition air temperature. Profile measurements from a probe mounted on a tethered balloon have beenused to supplement the surface data and study the processes underlying these surface relationships. The results have confirmed earlier work and have shown that both before and immediately after morning transition, almost all heating in the surface layer is due to turbulent diffusion from above. In order to explain the mechanisms involved in the relationships, a simple finite difference model has been run and validated against the profile data. The model predictions are compared with observations during both the morning and evening and the differences related to the different temperature profiles. Numerical forecasting rules for the surface wind speed and transition temperature are derived from the results.     

Observations of Wind-Direction Variability in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Large sudden wind-direction shifts and submeso variability under nocturnal conditions are examined using a micrometeorological network of stations in north-western Victoria, Australia. The network was located in an area with mostly homogeneous and flat terrain. We have investigated the main characteristics of the horizontal propagation of events causing the wind-direction shift and not addressed in previous studies. The submeso motions at the study site exhibit behaviour typical of flat terrain, such as the lower relative mesovelocity scale and smaller cross-wind variances than that for complex terrain. The distribution of wind-direction shifts shows that there is a small but persistent preference for counter-clockwise rotation, occurring for 55% of the time. Large wind-direction shifts tend to be associated with a sharp decrease in air temperature (74% of the time), which is associated with rising motion of cold air, followed by an increase in turbulent mixing. The horizontal propagation of events was analyzed using the cross-correlation function method. There is no preferred mean wind direction associated with the events nor is there any relationship between the mean wind and propagation directions. The latter indicates that the events are most likely not local flow perturbations advected by the mean flow but are rather features of generally unknown origin. This needs to be taken into account when developing parametrizations of the stable boundary layer in numerical models.     

Modelling of the Evolving Stable Boundary Layer

A single-column model of the evolving stable boundary layer (SBL) is tested for self-similar properties of the flow and effects of ambient forcing. The turbulence closure of the model is diagnostic, based on the K-theory approach, with a semi-empirical form of the mixing length, and empirical stability functions of the Richardson number. The model results, expressed in terms of local similarity scales, are universal functions, satisfied in the entire SBL. Based on similarity expression, a realizability condition is derived for the minimum allowable turbulent heat flux in the SBL. Numerical experiments show that the development of “horse-shoe” shaped, fixed-elevation hodographs in the interior of the SBL around sunrise is controlled by effects imposed by surface thermal forcing.     

夜间城市大气边界层和气溶胶的相互作用

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式,结合地面热量平衡方程,研究了夜间城市边界层和气溶胶的相互作用问题。结果表明：气溶胶在夜间对大气低层起保温作用,对大气上层起冷却作用;使大气低层稳定度减小,上层稳定度增加;此外,气溶胶还能够削弱贴地逆温强度。在正常城市气溶胶污染情况下,气溶胶对城市热岛强度影响不大,但可使城市热岛环流稍有增加。夜间城市边界层对气溶胶的反馈作用使大气下层气溶胶浓度减小,上层气溶胶浓度增加。上述部分结论得到了在天津取得的城市热岛观测资料的直接验证。     

Interaction Between Waves and Turbulence Within the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Within the roughness sublayer (RSL) of dense urban canopies composed of uniformly distributed cuboids, the time and planar-averaged mean velocity profile exhibits an...     

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part II. The Development of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

The interaction between radiation and turbulence in the stable boundary layer over land is explored using an idealized model, with a focus on the surface layer after the evening transition. It is shown that finer vertical resolution is required in transitional boundary layers than in developed ones. In very light winds radiative cooling determines the temperature profile, even if similarity functions without a critical Richardson number are used; standard surface similarity theory applied over thick layers then yields poor forecasts of near-surface air temperatures. These points are illustrated with field data. Simulations of the developing nocturnal boundary layer are used to explore the wider role of radiation. Comparatively, radiation is less significant within the developed stable boundary layer than during the transition; although, as previous studies have found, it remains important towards the top of the stable layer and in the residual layer. Near the ground, reducing the surface emissivity below one is found to yield modest relative radiative warming rather than intense cooling, which reduces the potential importance of radiation in the developed surface layer. The profile of the radiative heating rate may be strongly dependent on other processes, leading to quite varied behaviour.