植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和体成分的影响

在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加不同量微生物植酸酶(0,500,1000,2000 U/kg),观察虾的存活率、增重率、饲料系数及虾体和虾壳成分,研究饲料中添加植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响。结果表明:饲养8周后,饲料中添加500~2000 U/kg植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾增重率、存活率和饲料利用无显著影响(P>0.05);植酸酶添加各组与对照组虾体的水分、粗蛋白、脂肪、灰分、总钙和总磷含量差异不显著;虾壳中粗灰分和钙含量在500和1000 U/kg组显著高于对照组和2000 U/kg组(P<0.05),虾壳磷含量在各饲料组间差异不显著。血清磷浓度在对照组和2000 U/kg组显著高于500 U/kg组(P<0.05),血清钙浓度在组间差异不显著,血清碱性磷酸酶活性以对照组最高,显著高于500和1000 U/kg组。结果说明,在特定试验条件下,饲料中添加植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的虾壳和血清成分有显著影响(P<0.05),对幼虾生长性能影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

外源酶制剂对黄颡鱼稚鱼消化酶活性、消化率及粪便氮磷含量的影响

在以鱼粉、豆粕、棉籽粕和双低菜籽粕为蛋白源的实用饲料中分别添加植酸酶1 000 IU/kg和复合酶制剂400 mg/kg,饲喂初始体质量为(1.02±0.01)g的黄颡鱼稚鱼56 d,探讨外源酶制剂对稚鱼消化酶活性、消化率及粪便氮、磷含量的影响。结果表明:与对照组比较,二实验组稚鱼胃蛋白酶活性均高于对照组(P0.05),植酸酶组稚鱼肠道蛋白酶、胃淀粉酶活性高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。植酸酶组稚鱼对饲料干物质、粗蛋白质、总能、灰分和磷表观消化率高于对照组,灰分和磷表观消化率也高于复合酶组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);复合酶组稚鱼对饲料粗脂肪、总能表观消化率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组稚鱼粪便氮含量与对照组均差异无统计学意义(P0.05);植酸酶组稚鱼粪便磷含量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在稚鱼实用饲料中添加植酸酶可提高消化道消化酶活性,提高其对饲料营养物质的表观消化率,减少粪便磷排放。     

地衣芽孢杆菌在异育银鲫日粮中的应用

在异育银鲫基础日粮中分别添加质量分数0.01%、0.02%、0.03%、0.04%的地衣芽孢杆菌,测定了鱼体的生长及食糜植酸酶活性等。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加量0.01%、0.02%、0.03%组的增重率分别显著提高了12.46%、18.59%、18.84%;添加量0.02%、0.03%组的磷表观消化率分别提高37.63%、35.03%(P<0.05);饵料系数降低了0.52、0.57(P<0.05),其他组差异不显著。与对照组相比,0.03%组食糜植酸酶活性提高50.79%、0.04%组肝体比降低20.91%(P<0.05),其他组差异不显著。因此在异育银鲫日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌提高了机体酶活性,促进了鱼体生长。     

植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和体成分的影响

在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加不同量微生物植酸酶（0，500，1000，2000U／k），观察虾的存活率、增重率、饲料系数及虾体和虾壳成分，研究饲料中添加植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响。结果表明：饲养8周后，饲料中添加500-2000U／kg植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾增重率、存活率和饲料利用元显著影响（P〉0．05）；植酸酶添加各组与对照组虾体的水分、粗蛋白、脂肪、灰分、总钙和总磷含量差异不显著；虾壳中粗灰分和钙含量在500和1000U／k组显著高于对照组和2000U／kg组（P〈0．05），虾壳磷含量在各饲料组间差异不显著。血清磷浓度在对照组和2000U／kg组显著高于500U／kg组（P〈0．05），血清钙浓度在组间差异不显著，血清碱性磷酸酶活性以对照组最高，显著高于500和1000U／kg组。结果说明，在特定试验条件下，饲料中添加植酸酶对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的虾壳和血清成分有显著影响（P〈0．05），对幼虾生长性能影响不显著（P〉0．05）。     

大规格凡纳滨对虾饲料中适宜钙磷添加水平

【目的】研究饲料不同钙、磷添加水平对大规格凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、体成分、部分血清生化指标和组织钙磷含量的影响,以确定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲料中钙、磷的适宜添加量。【方法】采用双因素设计,在钙添加水平为0%、0.5%、1%的条件下,分别添加质量分数0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的磷,配制15种不同钙磷水平的实验饲料,投喂初始体质量为(11.5±0.32)g的对虾8周。【结果】1)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料系数(FCR)(P0.01),显著影响对虾的存活率(SR)(P0.05)。饲料磷水平及钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响对虾的WGR、SGR、PER、FCR和SR(P0.01)。2)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾的全虾粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CL),肌肉CL和粗灰分(CA)的含量(P0.01);显著影响全虾CL的含量(P0.05)。饲料磷水平极显著影响全虾CP,肌肉CP、CL、CA的含量(P0.01);显著影响全虾CL、CA的含量(P0.05)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾及肌肉CP、CL、CA的含量(P0.01)。3)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酚氧化酶(PO)的活性及无机磷(IP)的含量(P0.01)。饲料磷水平极显著影响对虾的血清AKP、PO的活性(P0.01);显著影响对虾的血清总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、IP的含量(P0.05)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著地影响对虾血清AKP、PO的活性(P0.01);显著地影响对虾血清TG、Ca~(2+)的含量(P0.05)。4)饲料钙水平极显著影响全虾钙磷含量、肌肉钙含量、虾壳磷含量(P0.01);显著影响对虾肌肉磷含量、虾壳钙含量(P0.05)。饲料磷水平极显著影响对虾的全虾、肌肉、虾壳的钙磷含量(P0.01)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾钙磷含量,肌肉和虾壳的磷含量(P0.01);显著影响对虾的肌肉和虾壳的钙含量(P0.05)。【结论】以SGR为判断依据,大规格凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加质量分数0.5%的钙(总钙质量分数2.15%)和1.08%的磷(总磷质量分数2.56%)时,SGR最大。     

地衣芽孢杆菌在异育银鲫日粮中的应用

在异育银鲫基础日粮中分别添加质量分数0．01％、0．02％、0．03％、0．04％的地衣芽孢杆菌，测定了鱼体的生长及食糜植酸酶活性等。结果表明：与对照组相比，添加量0．01％、0．02％、0．03％组的增重率分别显著提高了12．46％、18．59％、18．84％：添加量0．02％、0．03％组的磷表观消化率分别提高37．63％、35．03％（P〈0．05）；饵料系数降低了0．52、0．57（P〈0．05），其他组差异不显著。与对照组相比，0．03％组食糜植酸酶活性提高50．79％、0．04％组肝体比降低20．91％（P〈0．05），其他组差异不显著。因此在异育银鲫日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌提高了机体酶活性，促进了鱼体生长。     

低磷饲料添加谷氨酸对松浦镜鲤幼鱼肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响

【目的】探讨低磷饲料中添加谷氨酸对松浦镜鲤肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响。【方法】将初始体质量(5.07±0.02)g的松浦镜鲤450尾随机分为5组,其中4个实验组在低磷(NaH_2PO_3质量分数1.5%)饲料中分别添加质量分数0%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的谷氨酸(Glu),分别为G0、G0.5、G1.0、G2.0组,同时以正常磷饲料(2.0%NaH2PO3)为对照(C组),实验周期为8周。【结果】G1组前肠和后肠的蛋白酶活性显著高于G0组,与C组差异不显著;G1前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于G0、G0.5和G2组,C和G1组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于G0组;C和G1组中肠淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P 0.05),各组间前肠和后肠淀粉酶活性差异不显著(P 0.05)。各添加组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠和后肠的皱襞高度显著高于G0组,且前肠的皱襞高度与C组相比差异不显著;C组后肠的皱襞高度显著高于其他各组(P 0.05)。G2组前肠的绒毛宽度与C组相比差异不显著(P0.05),其他各组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠的绒毛宽度显著低于C组(P0.05);中肠和后肠的绒毛宽度各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。各添加组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠的基层厚度与C组比没有显著差异(P 0.05)。中肠和后肠的基层厚度各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。肠体指数和肠长指数各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。添加Glu组的前肠绒毛高度及密度均显著增加,且排列整齐。【结论】低磷饲料中添加谷氨酸可以增加松浦镜鲤幼鱼肠道消化酶活性并改善肠道形态结构。     

文昌鱼对几种环境因子及污染物的耐受极限初步研究

<正>文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)隶属脊索动物门头索动物亚门,是全世界现存动物中与脊椎动物关系最近的一类非脊椎动物[1],被称为生物进化的“活化石”。它营养丰富,干品蛋白质含量约达70%左右,还含有较高的磷和碘,脂肪含量低,具有较高的     

土壤样品中铜锌的测定

土壤样品中铜、锌具有很多的相同特性,因此其测定常常放在一起讨论。它们的样品分解方法大体可分为两类,一类是碱熔法,碱熔法分解样品完全,因添加了大量的可溶性盐,在原子吸收分光光度计的燃烧器上有时会有盐结晶生成及火焰的分子吸收,致使结果偏高,可能引起污染的危险性也较大。另一类为酸溶法,有较多的实验表明：用含有氢氟酸的酸溶法分解样品,测定结果与碱熔法相近,但分解液中残留的氢氟酸可能会腐蚀AAS或ICP光谱仪。本实验室采用酸溶法。     

大豆酶解蛋白对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、血清生化指标、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响

【目的】研究大豆酶解蛋白对幼虾生长性能、血清生化指标、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。【方法】凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)基础饲料添加质量分数0(对照)、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%、3.5%和4.0%大豆酶解蛋白,配制8种等氮等脂饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾幼虾56 d。【结果】1.5%组的增重率和特定生长率最高,显著高于2.0%—4.0%添加组(P0.05);1.0%和1.5%组全虾粗蛋白质含量高于对照组(P0.05),对照、1.0%和1.5%组蛋白质沉积率高于其他各组(P0.05);饲料中添加1.5%~4.0%大豆酶解蛋白可显著提高肌肉磷含量(P0.05),3.0%组最大;1.0%、1.5%和2.0%组血清胆固醇含量低于对照组(P0.05);饲料中添加1.5%~4.0%大豆酶解蛋白可显著提高血清中溶菌酶活性(P0.05),添加1.0%~3.0%大豆酶解蛋白可显著提高血清中酚氧化物酶活性(P0.05),2.5%和3.0%组血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性与1.0%和1.5%组血清中酸性磷酸酶活性高于对照组(P0.05),添加大豆酶解蛋白可显著提高血清中碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.05),2.5%组最大;哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒7 d后,1.0%组累积死亡率最低。饲料中添加大豆酶解蛋白未提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,添加剂量高于3.5%可导致生长性能下降,添加质量分数1.0%大豆酶解蛋白可明显提高凡纳滨对虾的抗病力。【结论】饲料中添加大豆酶解蛋白不能提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,高于3.5%添加组的生长性能下降;添加质量分数1.0%大豆酶解蛋白可明显提高凡纳滨对虾的抗病力。     

鱼干曲霉菌分离株鉴定及产毒特性

【目的】探明湛江市售鱼干中曲霉菌(Aspergillus spp.)分离株产AFB₁的特性。【方法】采用马铃薯-葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)对鱼干中的曲霉菌进行分离纯化,根据菌落形态、显微形态观察和ITS序列分析对分离株进行鉴定,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法分析菌株的AFB₁合成量。【结果】鱼干中曲霉菌的分离率高达47.66%,经形态学鉴定发现以黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)A03、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)H32、杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)M23、欧式曲霉(Aspergillus europaeus)M11、棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)B21等为主,其中红笛鲷干(Lutjanus sanguinaus)中黄曲霉菌的含量高达1200 CFU/g。黄曲霉A03在红笛鲷干培养基中常温(27~30℃)培养21 d,产AFB₁能力达到3.8 ng/mL。【结论】鱼干中存在产AFB₁的黄曲霉菌,警示鱼干中存在AFB₁污染的风险。     

An Investigation on Tolerance and Accumulation of a Facultative Marine Fungus Aspergillus flavus to Pentavalent Arsenic

Tolerance of a facultative marine fungus Aspergillus flavus towards As (V) was tested.Luxuriant growth of the test isolate was observed in culture media with As (V) concentrations of 25 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1,indicating its tolerance to the metal.Accumulation rate of arsenic was always higher when exposed to As (V) at 50 mg L-1 than at 25 mg L-1.The study reveals Aspergillus flavus as a promising candidate for environmental bioremediation.Arsenic contents (mg g-1) in the fungus when exposed to 50 mg L-1 As (V) were measured as 11.1773,4.0983,and 8.0000 mg g-1 on day 3,6 and 9,respectively.The highest content was observed initially,i.e.on day 3,followed by a decline and a rise again.These results provide baseline information for further explorations regarding the exploitation of the fungus for arsenic removal.     

分离自桉树枯叶拮抗菌株的鉴定及拮抗性试验

从桉树枯叶中分离到的4株微生物菌株,对好食脉孢霉(Neurospora sitophila)具有拮抗作用。其中ED013、ED018和ED015抑菌圈之间差异不显著,与对照无菌水和多菌灵有极显著性的差异。ED014抑菌圈比前3个菌株效果差,但也与照无菌水和多菌灵有极显著性的差异。根据形态特点及生理生化测定结果鉴定4株菌株属于芽孢杆菌(Bacillusspp.)。     

Analysis of cultivable aerobic bacterial community composition and screening for facultative sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine corrosive steel

Anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative bacteria are all present in corrosive environments. However,as previous studies to address corrosion in the marine environment have largely focused on anaerobic bacteria, limited attention has been paid to the composition and function of aerobic and facultative bacteria in this process. For analysis in this study, ten samples were collected from rust layers on steel plates that had been immersed in seawater for dif ferent periods(i.e., six months and eight years) at Sanya and Xiamen,China. The cultivable aerobic bacterial community structure as well as the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) were analyzed in both cases, while the proportion of facultative SRB among the isolated aerobic bacteria in each sample was also evaluated using a novel approach. Bacterial abundance results show that the proportions are related to sea location and immersion time; abundances of culturable aerobic bacteria(CAB) and SRB from Sanya were greater in most corrosion samples than those from Xiamen,and abundances of both bacterial groups were greater in samples immersed for six months than for eight years. A total of 213 isolates were obtained from all samples in terms of CAB community composition,and a phylogenetic analysis revealed that the taxa comprised four phyla and 31 genera. Bacterial species composition is related to marine location; the results show that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla, accounting for 98.13% of the total, while Bacillus and Vibrio were the dominant genera,accounting for 53.06% of the total. An additional six facultative SRB strains were also screened from the isolates obtained and were found to encompass the genus Vibrio(four strains), Staphylococcus(one strain),and Photobacterium(one strain). It is noteworthy that mentions of Photobacterium species have so far been absent from the literature, both in terms of its membership of the SRB group and its relationship to corrosion.     

Distribution and diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida tropicalis</Emphasis> strains in different marine environments

1089 strains of yeasts were obtained from seawater,sea sediments,mud of sea saltems,guts of marine fishes,mangrove plants and marine algae.The results of routine identification and molecular analysis methods show that 44 strains among the marine yeasts obtained in this study belong to Candida tropicalis,which may indicate its wide distribution in different environment,especially in the tropical and subtropical marine environment.The wide distribution of C.tropicalis indicates that it may play an importam role in marine environment and the marine environment in turn is a good source for obtaining C.tropicalis.     

Genetic analysis of selected Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell (Sargassaceae,Phaeophyta) strains with RAPD and ISSR markers

Since the 1980s, Sargassum fusiforme has been cultivated in Zhejiang, South China, and nowadays it becomes one of the important commercial seaweeds in China. With traditions of eating habits in the East Asian countries, this brown alga is used as food, because it contained functional oligo/polysaccharides and chemical components, and was regarded playing roles in antioxidant activities and regulating immunology. Through over 15 years' selection, breeding and cultivation, we obtained three strains with good traits and testified their characters during the production, which included the cultivars with high yield and other two good characters, either all the selected strains were applied in the Sargassum production. To avoid confusion during the selection and nursery, it was preferred to establish one fingerprint for distinguishing the Sargassum cultivars from different strains. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) methods were adopted to analyze the genetic diversities of the selected S. fusiforme strains. With that, one fingerprint with RAPD markers was constructed, and one sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) marker to S.fusiforme was obtained. It is indicated that the applied fingerprint could be valid in S. fusiforme genetic and germplasm justification, and will be positive to molecular marker assistance in its selection and cultivation.     

Antifouling activities of marine bacteria associated with sponge (Sigmadocia sp.)

The present study aimed at assessing the antifouling activity of bacteria associated with marine sponges. A total of eight bacterial strains were isolated from the surface of sponge Sigmadocia sp., of them, SS02, SS05 and SS06 showed inhibitory activity against biofilm-forming bacteria. The extracts of these 3 strains considerably affected the extracellular polymeric substance producing ability and adhesion of biofilm-forming bacterial strains. In addition to disc diffusion assay, microalgal settlement assay was carried out with the extracts mixed with polyurethane wood polish and coated onto stainless steel coupons. The extract of strain SS05 showed strong microalgal settlement inhibitory activity. Strain SS05 was identified as Bacillus cereus based on its 16S rRNA gene. Metabolites of the bacterial strains associated with marine invertebrates promise to be developed into environment-friendly antifouling agents.     

Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for enhanced exopolysaccharide yield by marine Cyanothece sp. 113

Cyanothece sp. 113 is a unicellular, aerobic, diazotrophic and photosynthetic marine cyanobacterium. The optimal medium for exopolysaccharide yield by the strain was 70.0 g/L of NaCl, and 0.9 g/L of MgSO4 based on the modified F/2 medium for cultivation of marine algae. The optimal cultivation condition for exopolysaccharide yield by this cyanobacterial strain was 29°C, aeration, and continuous illumination at 86.0 μE/M2/S. Under the optimal conditions, over 18.4 g/L of exopolysaccharide was produced within 12 days. This was so far the highest exopolysaccharide yield produced with strains of Cyanothece sp. obtained.     

Diversity and bioactivity of actinomycetes from marine sediments of the Yellow Sea

Among the 116 actinomycetes collected from marine sediments of the Yellow Sea,56 grew slowly and appeared after 2?3 weeks of incubation.Among the 56 strains,only 3 required seawater(SW) for growth,and 21 grew well in the medium prepared with SW rather than distilled water(DW),while the remaining 32 grew well either with SW or with DW.Six representatives with different morphological characteristics,including 1 SW-requiring strain and 5 well-growing with SW strains,were selected for phy-logenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene.Two strains belong to Micrococcaceae and Nocardiopsaceae respectively.The other 4 strains belong to the family of Streptomycetaceae.In the analyzed 6 strains,one was related to Nocardiopsis spp.and the other three were related to Streptomyces spp.,representing new taxa.Bioactivity testing of fermentation products from 3 SW-requiring strains and 21 well-growing with SW strains revealed that 17 strains possessed remarkable activities against gram-positive pathogen or/and tumor cells,suggesting that they were prolific resources for natural drug discovery.