Synthetic aperture radar imaging of ocean waves during the marineland experiment

X- andL-band simultaneously obtained synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of ocean gravity waves collected during the Marineland Experiment were analyzed using wave contrast measurements. The Marineland data collected in 1975 represents a unique historical data set for testing still-evolving theoretical models of the SAR ocean wave imaging process. The wave contrast measurements referred to are direct measurements of the backscatter variation between wave crests and troughs. These modulation depth measurements, which are indicators of wave detectability, were made as a function of: a) the settings used in processing the SAR signal histories to partially account for wave motion; b) wave propagation direction with respect to radar look direction for bothX- andL-band SAR data; c) SAR resolution; and d) number of coherent looks. The contrast measurements indicated that ocean waves imaged by a SAR are most discernible whenX-band frequency is used (as compared toL-band), and when the ocean waves are traveling in the range direction. Ocean waves can be detected by bothX- andL-band SAR, provided that the radar surface resolution is small compared to the ocean wavelength (at least 1/4 of the ocean wavelength is indicated by this work). Finally, wave detection withL-band SAR can be improved by adjusting the focal distance and rotation of the cylindrical telescope in the SAR optical processor to account for wave motion. The latter adjustments are found to be proportional to a value that is near the wave phase velocity.     

The delineation of dyanmical characteristics of circulations and their changes in the surface,subsurface, mid-depth and deep layers of the westernmost part of the North Pacific

Configurational structure of ocean circulation in the westernmost part of the North Pacific and its time-vayring processes are revealted through the combination of various means of measurements, that is, the measurements of cross-channel voltage, velocity profile, deep-water velocity, water characteristics together with hydrographic observations. The layered structure of circulation and current bursts of 10 to 20 days are clearly shown as well as the departure of the Kuroshio velocity-field from geostrophy. As a major process which modify the density structure of circulation, an intensified generation of internal tides over the Izu Ridge is also treated.Special lecture presented by the recipient of the prize of the Ocenographic Society of Japan for 7 April 1995.     

A determination of the seismic velocity structure of sediments using both sources and receiver near the ocean floor

A trial experiment proves the power and practicality of using both sources and receivers near the ocean floor to make precise measurements of deep (∼6000 m) ocean sediment velocity structure. A digitally recording ocean bottom hydrophone receiver operating at a sampling rate of 1800 Hz recorded clear arrivals with bubble pulse frequencies of ∼500 Hz from 41b. explosive charges detonated at depths of 5500m along a 4 km long wide angle reflection profile. It is shown that corrections for changes in source depth may be computed without approximation and without prior knowledge of the velocity structure. The experiment was located at longitude 56° W in the trough of the Kane Fracture Zone. The velocity structure of the 1 km thick sedimentary section reveals a 310 m thickness of 3 km s⁻¹ material overlying igneous basement.     

基于客观方法的海洋三维涡旋核心线提取

涡旋核心线是海洋中尺度涡旋结构的重要组成要素,涡旋核心线提取和可视化对于切入中尺度涡三维结构研究、开展海洋物质能量垂直运输分析具有重要意义。本文基于客观参考框架和准则,提出了使用客观化的流场参数得到区域,并提取其山谷线作为涡旋核心线的方法,实现了对海洋三维结构中尺度涡旋核心线的提取和可视化。首先,引入了最优局部参考系,使速度、速度梯度等测度转换为在运动的参考系下保持不变的客观量,提升了在海洋科学实践中的可靠性和实用性。其次,针对含有垂向速度的海洋三维流场数据,计算其空间雅可比矩阵,展示了涡旋核心区域的三维结构,实现了海洋涡旋研究从二维到三维的提升。最后,分别在多个半径大小播撒流线种子点,分析不同旋转方向的涡旋,对已提取的涡旋核心线实验结果进行验证,证明了客观海洋三维涡旋核心线提取方法的有效性及可行性。     

Radial velocity of ocean surface current estimated from SAR Doppler frequency measurements—a case study of Kuroshio in the East China Sea

Ocean currents are a key element in ocean processes and in meteorology, affecting material transport and modulating climate change patterns. The Doppler frequency shift information of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) echo signal can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the sea surface, and has become an essential sea surface dynamic remote sensing parameter. Studies have verified that the instantaneous Doppler frequency shift can realize the SAR detection of the sea surface current. However, the validation of SAR-derived ocean current data and a thorough analysis of the errors associated with them remain lacking. In this study, we derive high spatial resolution flow measurements for the Kuroshio in the East China Sea from SAR data using a theoretical model of shifts in Doppler frequency driven by ocean surface current. Global ocean multi observation (MOB) products and global surface Lagrangian drifter (GLD) data are used to validate the Kuroshio flow retrieved from the SAR data. Results show that the central flow velocity for the Kuroshio derived from the SAR is 0.4–1.5 m/s. The error distribution between SAR ocean currents and MOB products is an approximate standard normal distribution, with the 90％ confidence interval concentrated between –0.1 m/s and 0.1 m/s. Comparative analysis of SAR ocean current and GLD products, the correlation coefficient is 0.803, which shows to be significant at a confidence level of 99％. The cross-validation of different ocean current dataset illustrate that the SAR radial current captures the positions and dynamics of the Kuroshio central flow and the Kuroshio Counter Current, and has the capability to monitor current velocity over a wide range of values.     

Partially standing wave measurement in the presence of steady current by use of coincident velocity and/or pressure data

In recent years, instrumentation for field flow measurements has become more and more sophisticated. In particular, local pressure and velocity are measured at frequency rates up to at least 2 Hz, which gives information on wave energy. The present work describes the methods for partially standing wave measurement in the presence of current by use of coincident measurements of both horizontal velocity and pressure, or vertical velocity. Reflection calculated from either coincident horizontal and vertical velocities or three-gauge methods are compared. They are based on existing experiments carried out in an ocean wave basin for both regular and irregular waves in the presence of current. Applications to field measurements, out of and in the breaking zones are then presented. In the nearshore, coincident horizontal and vertical velocities far from the bottom, and coincident horizontal velocity and pressure close to the bottom give relevant information concerning partially standing waves.     

大气-海洋-海浪耦合同化模式在台风过程模拟中的应用

基于MCT耦合器,利用中尺度大气模型WRF、海洋模型FVCOM和第三代海浪模型SWAN,实现大气、海洋和海浪的三者实时耦合计算,同时采用卫星微波辐射资料AMSU-A,通过WRF大气模式的资料同化模块WRFDA,实现对风场模拟的连续同化,从而建立起大气-海洋-海浪耦合与卫星数据同化的W-F-S-A耦合同化模式。将该模型应用于2014年台风“威马逊”的数值模拟,并与其他模型进行比较。结果表明,W-F-S-A耦合同化模式对于台风路径和风速的模拟结果优于单独耦合和单独同化结果,并且可以较好地模拟上层海洋对台风的响应特征。     

On transformation of the near-surface atmospheric boundary layer in the ocean temperature front area

A two-dimensional, quasi-analytical model for the formation of the internal atmospheric boundary layer in the ocean temperature front area is described, developed on the basis of integral relations for motion and thermal conductivity equations. The computed data are matched with wind speed observations, as well as with direct and indirect dynamic velocity measurements in the air, obtained across the Gulf Stream frontal zone.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

Relationship between latent heat of sea spray and uncertainty of a meteorological field

A surf zone with large breaking waves produces more spray than do offshore regions. Latent heat of spray evaporation causes change in the surrounding temperature and wind velocity, resulting in further alterations in temperature, wind velocity and heat flux. Spray in a surf zone with large breaking waves may have unignorable effect on determination of a local meteorological field because of this interconnected relationship as well as its higher population than in the open ocean. In this study, the effects of the spray latent heat on a meteorological field were investigated. The authors propose a method for estimating latent heat of spray vaporization over the ocean. The method was applied to a meso-scale meteorological model to perform numerical experiments with consideration of heat flux by spray. Although the contribution of heat flux on the ocean was as small as 2.5%, fluctuations of air temperature and wind velocity increased over time due to the effects of spray. The fluctuations are thought to cause uncertainty in weather prediction. Numerical experiments with spray provided predictions of air temperature and wind velocity near a coast line that were consistent with observational data, especially when the population of spray droplets increased by two orders of magnitude as is often observed in a coastal area.     

Meter-Scale Seafloor Geodetic Measurements Obtained from Repeated Multibeam Sidescan Surveys

Abstract

We calibrate a technique to use repeated multibeam sidescan surveys in the deep ocean to recover seafloor displacements greater than a few meters. Displacement measurements from seafloor patches (3?km by 20?km) on the port and starboard side of the ship are used to estimate vertical and across-track displacement. We present displacement measurements from a survey of the Ayu Trough southwest of the Marianas Trench using a 12?kHz multibeam. Vertical and across-track displacement errors for the 12?kHz multibeam sonar are typically 0–2?m with RMS uncertainties of 0.25–0.67 m in the across-track and 0.37–0.75 m in the vertical as determined by 3-way closure tests. The uncertainty of the range-averaged sound velocity is a major error source. We estimate that variations in the sound velocity profile, as quantified using expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) during data collection, contribute up to 0.3?m RMS uncertainty in the across-track direction and 1.6?m RMS uncertainty in the vertical direction.     

Mesoscale surface circulation and variability of Southern Indian Ocean derived by combining satellite altimetry and drifter observations

High resoultion Eulerian mean velocity field has been derived by combining the satellite tracked surface drifter data with satellite altimetry and ocean surface winds. The drifter data used in this study includes Argos and surface drifter data from Global Drifter Program. Maps of Sea Level Anomaly(MSLA) weekly files with a resolution of(1/3)° in both Latitude and Longitude for the period 1993–2012 have been used. The Ekman current is computed using ocean surface mean wind fields from scatterometers onboard ERS 1/2,Quikscat and ASCAT. The derived mean velocity field exhibits the broad flow of Antarctic Circumpolar Current with speeds up to 0.6 m/s.Anomalous field is quite significant in the western part between 20° and 40°E and in the eastern part between 80°E and 100°E with velocity anomaly up to 0.3 m/s. The estimated mean flow pattern well agrees with the dynamic topography derived from in-situ observations. Also,the derived velocity field is consistent with the in-situ ADCP current measurements. Eddy kinetic energy illustrates an increasing trend during 1993–2008 and is in phase coherence with the Southern Annular Mode by three month lag. Periodic modulations are found in the eddy kinetic energy due the low frequency Antarctic Circumpolar Wave propagation.     

Efficient sensor placement for ocean measurements using low-dimensional concepts

Using simulation results from three different regional ocean models (HOPS, ROMS and FVCOM) we show that only a few spatio-temporal POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) modes are sufficient to describe the most energetic ocean dynamics. In particular, we demonstrate that the simulated ocean dynamics in New Jersey coast, Massachusetts Bay and Gulf of Maine is energetically equivalent to the wake dynamics behind a cylinder at low Reynolds number. Moreover, the extrema of the POD spatial modes are very good locations for sensor placement and accurate field reconstruction. We employ a modified POD theory to incorporate a limited number of measurements in reconstructing the velocity and temperature fields, and we study systematically the corresponding reconstruction errors as a function of the sensor location, number of sensors, and number of POD modes. This new approach is quite accurate in short-term simulation, and hence it has the potential of accelerating the use of real-time adaptive sampling in data assimilation for ocean forecasting.     

Assimilation of hydrological observation data for calculating currents in seas and oceans

This paper considers the main steps in improving the methods for calculating the ocean (sea) dynamics on the basis of observational data on sea-water temperature and salinity. The results of diagnostic and adaptation calculations for the near-equatorial area of the West Atlantic in the area of the Lomonosov countercurrent formation are presented. We consider the problem of the complex use of measurements of temperature, salinity, and current velocity in the POLYMODE polygons with their assimilation into the model using a Kalman filter. The results of calculations of the coordinated fields with the mechanism of geostrophic adaptation and using asynchronous measurements obtained by the Razrezy program are given. We discuss further modifications of the assimilation algorithms for hydrological observation data in models of sea dynamics and the principles of adaptation of hydrophysical fields that made it possible to reconstruct the climate fields of the Black Sea and to reproduce the basin dynamics for 23 years.     

抗差Vondrak滤波方法在内孤立波提取中的应用研究

声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)是对海洋内波监测的有效手段,但受到仪器本身和复杂的海洋环境噪声等影响,走航式ADCP记录的海流数据存在大量噪声,且混有流速异常值。为了进一步提高海洋内孤立波的提取精度与准确性,本文针对走航式ADCP海流数据特点引入IGG3方法的权函数因子,设计了一种抗差Vondrak滤波器,并与快速傅里叶变换、小波分析和滑动平均3种传统滤波方法进行对比,以验证抗差Vondrak滤波方法的有效性与优越性。研究结果表明,抗差Vondrak滤波方法不仅可以有效地滤除流速噪声,还可以自适应剔除海流观测数据中的异常值,由其提取出的内孤立波准确且各层水平流速清晰。因此,与传统滤波方法相比,抗差Vondrak滤波方法在内孤立波提取方面具有一定的优越性。     

Development and deployment of a precision underwater positioning system for in situ laser Raman spectroscopy in the deep ocean

The field of ocean geochemistry has recently been expanded to include in situ laser Raman spectroscopic measurements in the deep ocean. While this technique has proved to be successful for transparent targets, such as fluids and gases, difficulty exists in using deep submergence vehicle manipulators to position and control the very small laser spot with respect to opaque samples of interest, such as many rocks, minerals, bacterial mats, and seafloor gas hydrates. We have developed, tested, and successfully deployed by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) a precision underwater positioner (PUP) which provides the stability and precision movement required to perform spectroscopic measurements using the Deep Ocean Raman In situ Spectrometer (DORISS) instrument on opaque targets in the deep ocean for geochemical research. The positioner is also adaptable to other sensors, such as electrodes, which require precise control and positioning on the seafloor. PUP is capable of translating the DORISS optical head with a precision of 0.1 mm in three dimensions over a range of at least 15 cm, at depths up to 4000 m, and under the normal range of oceanic conditions (T, P, current velocity). The positioner is controlled, and spectra are obtained, in real time via Ethernet by scientists aboard the surface vessel. This capability has allowed us to acquire high quality Raman spectra of targets such as rocks, shells, and gas hydrates on the seafloor, including the ability to scan the laser spot across a rock surface in sub-millimeter increments to identify the constituent mineral grains. These developments have greatly enhanced the ability to obtain in situ Raman spectra on the seafloor from an enormous range of specimens.     

High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc,Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects

Vertical carbon fluxes between the surface and 2500 m depth were estimated from in situ profiles of particle size distributions and abundances me/asured off Cape Blanc (Mauritania) related to deep ocean sediment traps. Vertical mass fluxes off Cape Blanc were significantly higher than recent global estimates in the open ocean. The aggregates off Cape Blanc contained high amounts of ballast material due to the presence of coccoliths and fine-grained dust from the Sahara desert, leading to a dominance of small and fast-settling aggregates. The largest changes in vertical fluxes were observed in the surface waters (<250 m), and, thus, showing this site to be the most important zone for aggregate formation and degradation. The degradation length scale (L), i.e. the fractional degradation of aggregates per meter settled, was estimated from vertical fluxes derived from the particle size distribution through the water column. This was compared with fractional remineralization rate of aggregates per meter settled derived from direct ship-board measurements of sinking velocity and small-scale O₂ fluxes to aggregates measured by micro-sensors. Microbial respiration by attached bacteria alone could not explain the degradation of organic matter in the upper ocean. Instead, flux feeding from zooplankton organisms was indicated as the dominant degradation process of aggregated carbon in the surface ocean. Below the surface ocean, microbes became more important for the degradation as zooplankton was rare at these depths.     

An experimental study of velocities under pressure for ancient oceanic rocks

Abstract

Seismic velocities of Indus suture rock types from Dras‐Sanko‐Kargil, Kashmir Himalaya, as a function of pressure up to 10 kbar were studied. The high‐pressure measurements on the rocks reflect the depthwise increase in velocity, and in general they help in better understanding and better interpretation of the regional rocks in terms of their geological observations. An attempt has been made at correlation with ocean‐dredged samples, and it was found that the ultramafics, gabbros, and dykes are compatible with oceanic rocks and other ophiolite sequences, whereas metavolcanics are incompatible, suggesting the dismembered nature of Indus ophioli‐tes.     

海洋岛附近海域春季海洋水文测量结果分析

利用2006年4月在海洋岛附近海域的CTD测量资料,系统分析了该海域温度、盐度、密度和声速的平面分布和垂直分布特征,并探讨了其形成机理。分析指出:4月份是海洋岛附近海域季节性跃层的生成期,海区会产生正跃层、逆跃层、冷中间层、暖中间层等复杂的垂直结构;中间层和底层水文要素受海流的影响较大,而表层水文要素主要受海面风场和气温的影响。     

The evolution of deep ocean pressure measurements in the UK

This paper is a brief review of the work carried out by the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) in measuring tides and sub-surface pressure variations in the deep water of the ocean basins using Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPRs). It deals particularly with the work of David Cartwright which he began in the early 1970s and carried out until he left POL in 1986 but is continued by his co-workers of that time.The paper mentions the early work in the north Atlantic when instrument deployments were limited to one month duration and describes what was achieved from the measurements. It concentrates mainly on measurements that were made since the early 1980s when it became possible, because of developments in instrument technology, to achieve individual measurements lasting for one year or more. The results obtained from these measurements are described and some interesting features of the spectrum of the pelagic sub-surface pressure are discussed.As instrument technology further improved, it became possible to study low frequency variations in sub-surface pressure. The contributions made by POL to studies of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the contribution to ocean circulation studies during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are discussed. This led to the development of an instrument capable of operating continuously at ocean depths for five years. The preliminary results from a four year deployment of this instrument which was completed in November 1996 are included.     

Integrated navigation systems for precise positioning in the deep ocean

For navigation in deep ocean the most important navaids are self contained dead reckoning systems (DRS) such as classical DRS with log and compass or Doppler‐DRS or inertial navigation system (INS) and the external radio navaids LORAN, Omega and Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS). These navaids cannot satisfy the requirements for precise surveying if they are used in the conventional manner. Accuracy can be increased by integration of the DRS with the external navaids by a computer which estimates best values of position, velocity, etc. from all available data. The DRS is used as reference system and the external navaids are used for control measurements. The measurements are compared with the same quantities computed from the positions, which are indicated of the DRS. The differences between the measured and the computed values are described by error models of the integrated navaids and processed by a filter to estimate best values of the errors of the DRS and to make corresponding corrections. The principles of least square filtering are described in detail for integrated Inertial/LORAN‐C and Inertial/Omega navigation.