鄂尔多斯盆地七里村油田长6油层储层物性影响因素

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地七里村油田长6油层储层物性的影响因素,利用物性测试、岩性分析、高压压汞、核磁共振和电子显微镜以及扫描电镜等技术,分析了研究区长6油层的岩石类型、孔隙类型、孔喉结构特征等。结果表明:研究区长6储层岩石类型以细粒长石砂岩为主,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶蚀孔为主,平均孔隙度为7.30%,平均渗透率为0.21 mD。通过储层微观结构特征将研究区孔喉分成Ⅲ类,Ⅰ类孔喉半径一般大于3μm,主要分布在中-细砂岩中,Ⅱ类孔喉半径一般处于0.1～3μm之间,主要分布在细砂岩中,Ⅲ类孔喉半径一般小于0.1μm,研究区以Ⅱ类孔喉代表的储层为主。石英含量与储层物性具有正相关趋势,长石和岩屑的含量与储层的物性有负相关趋势,孔喉大小和连通性与储层物性相关性较好,孔喉越大、连通性越好,储层物性越好,孔喉的分选性对储层物性具有两面性,较差的分选性有利于后期溶蚀作用的发生。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层微观孔隙结构及控制因素

基于铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、恒速压汞等测试数据,对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层及微观孔隙结构特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区储层主要以长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主,孔隙类型多样,主要为粒间孔和长石溶孔。恒速压汞测试结果表明:平均喉道半径、有效喉道体积、平均孔隙半径、有效孔隙体积、孔喉比等恒速压汞相关特征参数与样品孔隙度、渗透率之间存在一定的相关性。样品的渗透率越大,其平均喉道半径、主流喉道半径就越大,而孔喉比值越低。储层喉道是控制渗透率的根本因素。储层孔隙发育主要受沉积相带和成岩作用控制,沉积相带的不同导致成分成熟度和结构成熟度的不同,从而影响储层孔隙的不同;压实作用和碳酸盐胶结使孔隙减少,而溶蚀作用则起到一定的增孔作用。     

致密砂砾岩储层孔隙结构对比及差异机制研究

致密储层孔隙结构研究对于致密油气的勘探和开发具有重要意义，也是当前致密储层研究的热点。本文以准噶尔盆地三叠系百口泉组致密砾岩和鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组致密砂岩为研究对象，重点开展二维大面积背散射扫描电镜成像技术（Maps）、高压压汞、微米CT和聚焦离子束扫描电镜技术（FIB- SEM）等分析测试，采用定性和定量相结合的方法对致密砾岩和致密砂岩孔隙结构特征进行表征和对比，并进一步揭示了两者的成因机制差异。研究结果表明：百口泉组致密砾岩较延长组致密砂岩储层物性好，前者孔隙度和渗透率平均为9. 29%和1. 65×10-3 μm2，后者孔隙度和渗透率平均为8. 85%和0. 39×10-3 μm2；百口泉组致密砾岩较延长组致密砂岩孔喉尺寸偏大、孔隙连通性较差及孔隙结构更为复杂，前者孔喉半径主要分布在0~200 nm和2~10 μm范围内，平均连通率60. 63%，平均孔喉配位数3. 0446，后者孔喉半径主要分布于0~4 μm范围内，平均连通率73. 60%，平均孔喉配位数2. 7832；差异化沉积作用和成岩作用是导致百口泉组致密砾岩和延长组致密砂岩孔隙结构特征差异的根本原因。     

鄂尔多斯盆地集义地区山西组砂岩储层孔隙结构特征及其与物性的关系

为科学评价鄂尔多斯盆地集义地区山西组砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征及其对物性的影响,对定量表征储层孔隙结构的主要参数进行了分析,并探讨其与物性的关系。研究表明:研究区山西组主要发育石英砂岩,次为岩屑石英砂岩,平均孔隙度为6.79%,平均渗透率为0.71 m D,总体上物性较差。储层孔隙类型有残余粒间孔、粒间溶蚀孔、格架颗粒内溶孔、微孔隙、微裂缝等。根据砂岩毛细管压力曲线形态和参数特征,将其划分为低排驱压力—粗喉型、较低排驱压力—较粗喉道型、中排驱压力—中喉道型、高排驱压力—细喉道型等4种类型。砂岩孔隙度、渗透率均与排驱压力呈负相关关系,与孔喉半径均值呈正相关关系,与孔喉的分选系数呈正相关关系。低渗、特低渗储层中以偏细喉道为主,发育的较粗喉道能有效提高孔隙度和渗透率。     

运用扫描电镜和压汞法研究江汉盆地古新统—白垩系砂岩储层孔喉结构及定量参数特征

通过储集层的孔喉结构来评价储层已广泛运用于油气开发,但目前尚未运用于钾盐储层的评价。本文利用扫描电镜和压汞法获得的大量储层孔隙、孔喉实验数据,研究了江汉盆地古新统—白垩系富钾卤水砂岩储层的孔喉类型和结构、毛细管压力曲线,以及孔喉定量特征参数。研究表明,古新统沙市组砂岩储层以Ⅱ类孔隙结构为主,排驱压力平均值为2.72 MPa,孔隙度平均值为6.32%。而白垩系红花套组砂岩储层以Ⅰ、Ⅱ类孔隙结构为主,Ⅰ类排驱压力平均值为0.28 MPa,孔隙度平均值为16.99%,渗透率为87.79×10~(-3)μm~2;Ⅱ类排驱压力平均值为1.103 MPa,孔隙度平均值为10.02%,渗透率为18.83×10~(-3)μm~2。通过综合分析孔喉定量特征参数(如最大汞饱和度、最大孔喉半径、中值半径、退汞效率等)来评价储层质量,认为古新统沙市组砂岩类型以粉砂岩为主,储层质量较差,属于特低孔低渗储层;白垩系红花套组砂岩类型以细砂岩为主,储层质量较好,属于低孔低渗储层。本研究为该区富钾卤水储层评价以及进一步勘探开发提供了可靠的地质依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾油田下组合储层特征分析

由于以往延长油田的油气勘探重点在上组合油层组,缺乏对下组合油层组的关注。在对鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾油田的沉积相研究基础上,开展对下组合油层的研究,通过薄片鉴定、压汞曲线数据、扫描电镜资料、矿物成分鉴定等手段,分析研究储层孔隙特征,成岩作用以及物性特征等,研究得出下组合各层段砂岩主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩;岩石孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内溶孔,主要的孔喉组合为细小孔微细喉型。下组合储层物性整体较差,孔隙度主要分布范围5%~10%之间,渗透率分布在0.1~0.2 m D之间,属于特低孔、超低渗储层。     

东营凹陷增压减压条件下砂岩储层物性参数的变化规律实验研究

为了研究砂岩储层孔隙度、渗透率、压缩系数与压力的关系以及压缩系数与孔隙度的关系,选取东营凹陷6个砂岩样品进行了增压减压实验,结果表明:砂岩孔隙度和渗透率随压力的升高而降低,随压力的降低而升高,但不会恢复到原始孔隙度和渗透率水平。低渗透储层比中高渗透储层具有更好的应力敏感性,但是降压后其渗透率恢复能力却不如中高渗透储层。砂岩的孔隙体积压缩系数随着压力的增大而降低,孔隙体积回弹系数随着压力的降低而增大,并且压缩系数随着孔隙度的增大而增大,随孔隙度的降低而降低,岩石压缩系数与孔隙度之间的关系呈二次多项式,该公式对东营凹陷油藏工程研究具有一定的指导意义。     

川西坳陷东坡窄河道致密砂岩气藏储层孔喉特征

以川西坳陷东斜坡中江气田沙溪庙组窄河道砂岩气藏为研究对象,选取具有代表性的小岩心开展恒速压汞测试实验,获得了孔隙半径、喉道半径、孔喉比、主流喉道半径、孔隙喉道进汞饱和度等系列反映岩石微观结构的参数,采用相关分析和分类统计方法对气藏的孔喉分布变化特征、毛细管压力曲线特征进行了分析。利用孔喉结构特征参数并结合核磁共振分析束缚流体饱和度建立了储层分类标准,不同类型储层与气藏实测产能吻合度高。研究结果表明:窄河道致密砂岩储层孔喉特征差异主要体现在喉道上;孔喉半径比分布范围宽,随渗透率增加呈明显增大趋势,气藏从上到下随着储层条件变好,孔喉比呈降低趋势;渗透率对储层总进汞饱和度起到主控作用,渗透率越高,储层有效孔喉越发育;恒速压汞技术可以更精确定量评价储层孔隙、喉道发育特征及其对储层渗流能力及产能的控制作用,对气藏下步分河道开展评价及部署具有很好指导意义。     

致密砂岩储层物性测试合理平衡时间探讨

正致密砂岩是指低孔低渗(岩石孔隙度小于或等于10%,基质覆压渗透率小于或等于0.1 mD)(1m D=1×10~(-3)μm~2)的砂岩。致密砂岩储层与常规储层相比,其沉积背景和沉积环境、成岩演化、孔隙类型、孔喉结构、孔隙连通性、储集性等方面均有较大差异,从而造成低孔低渗、小孔喉,渗流阻力大,流体进入比较缓慢。所以储层物性测试结果往往误差会比较大(2010,蔡希源;2009,谷江锐)。     

应用恒速压汞技术定量评价低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉特征:以石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段为例

砂砾岩储层中的低渗—特低渗砂岩对储层整体油气运聚、成藏起到了重要影响。利用恒速压汞技术探讨石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段扇三角洲砂砾岩储层中不同渗透率级别的低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉分布特征及不同尺度孔喉的物性贡献。研究表明:(1)低渗—特低渗砂岩和常规砂岩相比具有孔隙大小中等,喉道半径偏小,孔喉比异常大的特点。渗透率受孔喉半径变化影响更明显,大半径喉道数量和分布是影响储层渗流能力的关键因素;(2)低渗—特低渗砂岩孔隙主控进汞区是控制流体流动最有效最主要的空间,渗透率越高,孔隙主控区的喉道半径范围越大。孔喉过渡进汞区进汞贡献主要来自孔隙和喉道联合进汞,随着喉道半径减小,细喉道逐渐成为流体储集和流动的主要空间;喉道主控区渗透率贡献也很低,微细喉道及微喉道是进汞主体空间,孔隙贡献基本为0,该阶段流体流动能力受喉道半径变化影响较大。随着渗透率增加,低渗—特低渗砂岩渗流能力的决定性喉道半径值从1~2μm增大到3~4μm。基于恒速压汞技术的低渗—特低渗砂岩微观孔喉定量表征填补了渤海海域相关研究的空白,从而有助于实现该类储层全面准确的储层评价。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861