Atmospheric correction for China''s coastal water color remote sensing

INTRODUcrIONMeasurements from satellite have demonstrated that space sensor can be applied to measurethe sPectra of water-leaving radiance and proven that ocean color remote sensing is a powerfultcol for understanding oceanic, biological and physical processes. One sPecial ocean color satel-lite heaStar was successfully launched in August l997. It has brought to oceanOgraphers a wel-comed and improvd renewal of the ocean color of CZCS, VHRSR and arS. ffeaWiFS con-tributes much bette…     

Study on application potentiality of the first China''s ocean satellite HY-1A

INTRODUCTIONSincethe 1 970s,withtherapiddevelopmentofearthobservationbymeansofspacehightechnology ,themarineopticalremotesensingshowsmoreandmorelatentcapabilitydaybyday .TheUSAlaunchedthefirstoceancolorsatelliteNimbus - 7,withthepayloadofcoastzonecolorscanner (CZCS)in 1 978andoperateduntil 1 986 .TheexcellentimagesofCZCSwerefirstappliedtothefindingofthetemporalandspatialdistributionofoceancolor (chloro phyll,suspendedmaterialandyellowsubstance)oftheearthbyhumanity .Sincethen ,themari…     

高分三号卫星对海浪的首次定量遥感

高分三号(GF-3)是我国首颗C频段多极化高分辨率微波遥感卫星,于2016年8月10日在太原卫星发射中心成功发射。GF-3 SAR卫星入射角范围约为20°—50°,具备单极化、双极化和全极化等多极化工作能力,还是世界上成像模式最多的SAR卫星,具有12种成像模式。不仅涵盖了传统的条带、扫描成像模式,而且可在聚束、条带、扫描、波浪、全球观测、高低入射角等多种成像模式下实现自由切换,既可以探地,又可以观海,达到"一星多用"的效果。近日,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室利用首批GF-3合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感数据(图1)对夏威夷西北部附近太平洋海域的海浪进行了首次定量分析和反演研究(图2)。图1为GF-3 SAR的灰度图像,成像时间为2016年9月2日8:30(GMT),卫星此时飞行速度约为7.6km,极化方式为VV极化,飞行方向为降轨,空间分辨率为8m×8m,中心入射角为28.32°。由图1可以看出,SAR图像上存在明显的黑白相间的海浪条纹,说明海浪在图像上能够顺利成像。通过提取灰度图像上的调制信息,并作傅里叶变换分析,可得到包含海浪信息的图像谱。进一步,基于经典的Hasselmann SAR海浪成像模型的准线性形式,同时估计倾斜调制、水动力调制和聚束调制等三种海浪调制函数(MTF),可以利用图像谱反演得到海浪谱,此时的海浪谱主要为较长波长的涌浪信息,至于较短波长的海浪信息提取,由于受到方位向截断效应的影响,则需要引入初猜谱加以补偿实现。图2为图1反演的海面涌浪参数。从图2可以看出,该海域海浪由西北向东南传播(即由外海向近岸传播),平均波长约200m,有效波高从2.5m到4.0m不等,能够反映浪场的分布差异。由于没有同步的现场观测资料和其他卫星遥感资料,本文将这些结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim再分析数据进行了比对。初步反演与比对结果表明,两者有较好的一致性,但本文的反演结果反映了更多的细节,显示GF-3 SAR有能力对海面涌浪信息进行高分辨率的观测;同时,再次表明ERA-Interim再分析数据低估了有效波高,因此GF-3卫星的发射将有利于提高全球海浪的遥感观测水平。     

中国海洋卫星遥感技术进展

新中国成立70年来,中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域取得了丰硕成果。中国制定了长远的自主海洋卫星发展规划,构建了海洋水色、海洋动力环境和海洋监视监测三大系列的海洋卫星,逐步形成了以中国自主卫星为主导的海洋空间监测网,在中国海洋资源与环境监测、海洋防灾减灾、海洋安全管理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文回顾了中国在海洋水色、海洋微波(海洋动力环境)卫星遥感技术的发展历程,重点介绍了中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域所取得的新成果,并对中国海洋卫星遥感技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

我国第一颗海洋卫星HY-1A的应用潜力研究

继美国1997年发射专用的海洋水色卫星"海星"号(SeaStar)后,2002年5月15日我国成功地发射了专门海洋水色卫星HY-1A.首先概要地介绍了HY-1A卫星的性能和特点;其次运用辐射模拟仿真得到的综合信噪比这一概念从理论上评价了HY-1A卫星资料的利用率,同时利用接收到的HY-1A卫星资料,通过与美国海洋水色卫星资料的比较,评价了测量精度;最后从海洋水色、水温等海洋要素的反演结果讨论了HY-1A卫星资料的应用潜力.研究结果表明,我国的第一颗海洋卫星将在海洋环境监测、海洋资源的管理、保护和开发以及国家权益等方面将有很大的应用潜力,并提出了改进建议.     

The algorithms of chlorophyll-a concentration for CMODIS

The algorithms of extracting chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration have been established for Chinese moderate resolution imaging spectrometer(CMODIS) mounted on Shenzhou-3 spaceship launched on 25 March 2002.The CMODIS is an ocean color sensor with 30 visible channels and 4 infrared channels,much different from other ocean color satellites and needs new algorithms to process data.Three models of Chl-a concentration were established based on Chl-a data retrieved from sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor(SeaWiFS),with the average relative errors of 26.6%,24%.0% and 33.5%,respectively.This practical and economic approach can be used for developing the algorithms of Chinese ocean color and temperature sensor(COCTS) on the satellite Haiyang-1 to derive the Chl-a concentration concentration distribution.The applicability of the algorithms was analyzed using some in situ measurements.Suspended sediment is the main factor influencing the accuracy of the spectral ratio algorithms of Chl-a concentration.The algorithms are suitable to using in the regions where suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) are less than 5 g/m3 under the condition of relative error of Chl-a concentration retrieval within 35%.High concentration of suspended sediment leads to the overestimate remote sensing retrieval of concentration of Chl-a,while low-middle SSCs lead to the low Chl-a concentration values using the spectral ratio algorithms.Since the accuracy of Chl-a concentration by the spectral ratio algorithms is limited to waters of Case 2,it is necessary to develop semi-analytical models to improve the performance of satellite ocean color remote sensing in turbid coastal waters.     

中国海洋卫星遥感应用进展

我国海洋遥感应用自20世纪70年代起步以来,取得了长足发展,构建了覆盖海洋水色、海洋动力和海洋监视监测的三大系列海洋卫星,并初步形成了具有优势互补的卫星海洋遥感业务化应用体系。本文回顾了我国海洋卫星遥感应用取得的重要进展,重点介绍了卫星遥感在海洋环境与资源监测、海洋灾害监测、海洋权益维护、海洋环境预报与安全保障等方面所构建的典型应用示范系统,以及开展的典型业务化监测应用。最后,文章对我国海洋卫星遥感应用下一步发展进行了展望分析。     

卫星海洋水色遥感的辐射模式研究

海洋水体向上的辐射由水中多种成分的浓度所决定，同时辐射的强度十分微弱并随着时间和空间在变化。因此，海洋水色遥感需要从水体和大气辐射传递机理出发，研究到达卫星遥感器的辐射模式，以达到模拟仿真卫星水色遥感图像和卫星图像质量预测的目的。本研究通过叶绿素、悬浮泥沙和黄色物质等海洋水色的主要因子，分别从可见光波段和荧光波段对辐射的贡献出发，发展了海洋水体离水辐射率模式。在卫星水色遥感机理的基础上，同时运用Iqbal，Gordon和Sturm等的大气程辐射模式和太阳耀光模式，使卫星海洋水色遥感的辐射模式系统化，模拟仿真了我国1990年9月3日发射的FYIB卫星两个海洋水色通道的全轨道辐射图像，同时利用从德国柏林大学气象中心接收到的1990年9月23－25日卫星图像进行验证。结果认为，本文所发展的模式可应用于卫星图像质量的预测和水色信息的提取。     

Progress in the application of ocean color remote sensing in China

After many years＇ endeavor of research and application practice, the ocean color remote sensing in China has been growing into a new technique with valuable practicality from its initiate stage of trial research. With the aim of operational service, several kinds of ocean color remote sensing application systems have been developed and realized the long-term marine environmental monitoring utilizing the real-time or near real-time satellite and airborne remote sensing data. New progresses in the technology and application of ocean color remote sensing in China are described, including the research of key techniques and the development of various application systems. Meanwhile, according to the application status and demand, the prospective development of Chinese ocean color remote sensing is brought forward. With Chinese second ocean color satellite （ HY-1 B） orbiting on 11 April 2007 and the development of airborne ocean color remote sensing system for Chinese surveillance planes, great strides will take place in Chinese ocean color remote sensing application with the unique function in marine monitoring, resources management and national security, etc.     

On the consistency of the normalized radiances of the Caspian Sea from the ocean color scanners SeaWiFS and MODIS

The consistency of the data of the ocean color scanners SeaWiFS and MODIS is examined using the example of the Caspian Sea as a water basin influenced by external sources of optically-significant admixtures. It was established that the discrepancies of the normalized radiances computed from the scanners’ data depend on the sunlight’s wavelength, grow when passing from the mid-sea to the coastal regions and vary in sign and magnitude within one and the same area under conditions favorable for passive remote sensing from space. Under any conditions, the minimal discrepancy occurs in the green-yellow range. The use of the radiances of this range to derive the oceanological characteristics secures the minimal errors when assessing the long period variability of the aquatic environment based on merging of the SeaWiFS and MODIS data.     

The application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment investigation

Requirements for monitoring the coastal zone environment are first summarized. Then the application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment investigation is introduced, such as the classification of coast beaches and bottom matter, target recognition, mine detection, oil spill identification and ocean color remote sensing. Finally, what is needed to follow on in application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment is recommended.     

我国海区SeaWiFS资料大气校正

利用光谱辐射传输理论，结合海上同步实测资料，开发出我国海区SeaWiFS资料大气校正模型。经卫星资料处理结果比对，本模型在一类水体，基本消除了412nm和443nm波段离水辐射率小于0的现象；在二类水体，利用临近一类水体的大气条件进行了有效的大气校正；同时建立了670nm,765nm,865nm波段的大气校正模型，这三个面适用于高浓度悬浮泥沙的信息提取。本模型用于处理我国海区的SeaWiFS资料比美国NASA模型更适合我国海区特定的大气和海洋环境，为SeaWiFS资料海洋水色信息提取和我国海洋一号（HY－1）及风云一号（FY－1C）卫星资料的大气校正研究提供了技术基础。     

中国海洋水色遥感器瑞利散射定标研究

水色遥感是海洋环境监测的主要技术手段之一.对于任何海洋水色遥感器来说,监测其在轨期间的定标系数变化是非常重要的,否则无法得到精确的定量产品.以我国“HY-1B”卫星水色遥感器为研究对象,开展了基于大洋水体上空的瑞利散射定标方法研究,利用通过对SeaWiFS数据叶绿素、离水辐亮度和气溶胶产品进行分析,选择了符合条件的7个海区实施大气瑞利散射定标,根据2010年12月份选定的4个区域定标结果得到不同海区/不同时间获得的定标系数一致性较好,CH1至CH6的定标系数标准差分布在0.9％～2.1％的范围内,因此瑞利散射定标是有效的非现场定标方法,具有较高的定标精度,其总误差在4.09％.     

HY-1卫星CCD遥感器海岸带动态监测应用示范系统开发

2002年5月15日，中国成功地发射了第一颗海洋探测卫星——HY-1卫星。该卫星有效载荷中的CCD相机可以获得海陆相互作用区域的高分辨率图像，是我国海岸带地区进行遥感动态监测的一种有效而经济的手段。针对该遥感器建设的海岸带动态监测应用示范系统是国家卫星海洋应用中心HY-1卫星地面应用系统建设的一部分，现已初步投入业务运行。论述了该系统的设计与开发，并通过个例实验验证了该系统的可操作性和实用性，探索了HY-1卫星CCD遥感信息在海岸带监测中的应用潜力，也为类似系统开发起到了示范作用。     

A study on quality and availability of COCTS images of HY-1 satellite by simulation

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2003年春季长江口海域黑水现象研究

长江口海域处于东海大陆架,水深较浅,受长江、钱塘江入海径流及潮汐搅拌的影响,水体浑浊度高,属于典型的二类水体。在浑浊二类水体由于水体中悬浮颗粒的散射作用,离水辐亮度通常较大洋清洁水体的大。通过分析2003年春季黄海、东海二类水体光学试验数据和同时段SeaWiFS卫星遥感数据,发现在长江口东南海域有一个归一化离水辐亮度极小的黑水区域,它在412~670nm波长的归一化离水辐亮度均小于0.5mW/(cm2·μm·sr)。利用现场实测的水体固有光学特性参数(色素吸收系数、非色素颗粒吸收系数、黄色物质吸收系数、颗粒散射系数、颗粒后向散射系数等)和水色要素浓度数据,分析了长江口海域黑水现象的机制,结果表明,长江口外黑水现象主要是由于水体后向散射系数值极小引起的,而造成颗粒后向散射系数值极小的原因主要有两种,一是颗粒物含量低,二是颗粒后向散射率的值小。黑水区浮游植物色素吸收所占的比例较高,大粒径的有机颗粒(浮游植物)导致黑水区域的颗粒后向散射率的值偏小。长江口海域黑水是在特定的颗粒物低含量及颗粒后向散射率极小的条件下出现的光学现象。     

FY-3A/MERSI, ocean color algorithm, products and demonstrative applications

A medium resolution spectral imager (MERSI) on-board the first spacecraft of the second generation of China’s polar-orbit meteorological satellites FY-3A, is a MODIS-like sensor with 20 bands covering visible to thermal infrared spectral region. FY-3A/MERSI is capable of making continuous global observations, and ocean color application is one of its main targets. The objective is to provide information about the ocean color products of FY-3A/MERSI, including sensor calibration, ocean color algorithms, ocean color products validation and applications. Although there is a visible on-board calibration device, it cannot realize the on-board absolute radiometric calibration in the reflective solar bands. A multisite vicarious calibration method is developed, and used for monitoring the in-flight response change and providing post-launch calibration coefficients updating. FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products consist of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved from an atmospheric correction algorithm, a chlorophyll a concentration (CHL1) and a pigment concentration (PIG1) from global empirical models, the chlorophyll a concentration (CHL2), a total suspended mater concentration (TSM) and the absorption coefficient of CDOM and NAP (YS443) from China’s regional empirical models. The atmospheric correction algorithm based on lookup tables and ocean color components concentration estimation models are described. By comparison with in situ data, the FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products have been validated and preliminary results are presented. Some successful ocean color applications such as algae bloom monitoring and coastal suspended sediment variation have demonstrated the usefulness of FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products.     

离水辐射非朗伯特性的Monte Carlo模拟及分析

水体光场的非朗伯特性(二向性)是目前水色反演算法中的误差因素之一。随着新一代高精度水色遥感器的发射,原来的许多次要因素已变得不可忽略。为研究水体光场的非朗伯特性,首先建立了一个三维MonteCarlo海洋光学模型,并利用国际上提出的7个海洋光学标准问题中的4个对模型的正确性进行了检验;在此基础上,模拟了不同太阳天顶角、体成分等参数对离水辐射率的方向特性的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定的遥感器-太阳-像元几何条件下,同一水体的光场二向性带来的离水辐射率变化可能大于已有的业务化水色大气修正算法反演高水辐射率的误差。模拟结果对水色遥感中正确进行现场数据获取及遥感与地面数据比对有一定的意义。     

利用FY-4A气象卫星观测海洋内波

随着遥感技术的迅猛发展,可用于观测海洋内波的数据源越来越丰富.本文基于静止轨道气象卫星连续观测的优势,开展了FY-4A气象卫星海洋内波观测研究.首先计算得到了FY-4A遥感影像耀斑区位置,并基于遥感影像对结果进行了验证;然后,以此为依据选择了适用于内波观测的FY-4A数据,对比了FY-4A与MODIS遥感影像成像的差异...     

The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/(cm2·μm2·...