空心包体孔壁应变计及某些层状岩体中应力分布特征

现场岩体应力测量和岩体工程应力分析一直是岩石力学研究非常活跃的领域之一,而软弱岩体的现场应力测量与分析又是其中一个亟待解决的难题。针对软弱、破碎岩体现场应力测量技术上的困难,从1983年至1984年,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所白世伟、方昭茹等人研制出空心包体式孔壁应变计。空心包体式孔壁应变计是现场地应力测量的一种新式传感器,它利用套孔应力解除法原理通过电阻式应变片测量应变来实现地应力测量,能够在一个钻孔中进行空间应力状态的测量。该传感器利用软塑料空心筒和水下低温粘贴固化剂技术,因此比其它传感器更适合软、碎岩体。该传感器采用均布圆筒表面的出浆孔和完整的安装定向系统,保证了粘贴的方便,也保证了测试的准确可靠,经系统验证,该方法测量地应力的综合误差小于18％。     

裂隙岩体宏观力学参数的二维数值模拟

岩体通常含许多不同尺度的裂隙,因而力学性质非常复杂。由于现场测试及常规实验室试验常受各种条件的限制,因而其不能准确反映岩体的宏观物理力学性质。本文基于有限元分析软件对二维情况下的完整岩体和含不同倾角的软弱夹层的岩体在单轴和双轴压缩下进行了数值模拟,得到岩体变形的应力-应变曲线。该类曲线能反映裂隙对岩体力学参数的影响,对于指导工程实践有一定的意义,并且为获取岩体力学参数提供了新的途径。     

X射线法测量石英方解石的轴面异性及其在岩体应力测量中的应用

矿物晶体的力学性质一般为各向异性。在岩体现今应力测量和残余应力测量中,国际上使用的X射线法。由于测量方法的困难,在原理上仍以岩体力学性质为各向同性的假设为前题,在技术上也以岩体各向同性弹性理论为基础,形成各国都在使用的sin~2ψ法。本文对石英和方解石晶体力学性质方向性的进一步研究。使得岩体力学性质由各向同性假设步入正交异性的新水平,成为用X射线法在正交异性岩体中进行应力测量的基本依据,使应力测量从原理到技术都建立在正交异性弹性理论的基础上,这较为符合岩体的实际情况,并提高了测量的准确性。     

基于承压板试验的岩体蠕变参数反演统一解析公式法

由于岩体性状的复杂性和多样性,现场试验是进行岩石力学研究的重要手段。以往的现场承压板试验,由于试验条件的限制,试验荷载的设定将使岩体蠕变呈衰减蠕变形态,却难以反映岩体的等速蠕变和加速蠕变。坝基软弱岩体的力学特性是影响大坝及地下结构长期稳定性的重要因素。通过对坝基软弱岩体现场承压板试验曲线中表现出的衰减蠕变和等速蠕变两阶段特性,辨识了蠕变模型。并推导了刚、柔性承压板深部岩体的黏弹性一般解,给出了Maxwell模型、广义Kelvin模型、Burgers模型的黏弹性位移的统一表达式。结合试验数据,以理论解析反演法得到相关的蠕变参数,为以后的坝基长期稳定性计算奠定基础。     

软弱夹层工程地质特征研究进展

软弱夹层是控制岩体稳定性的重要薄层,研究软弱夹层的工程地质特征具有重要的科学意义和实际工程意义。在收集整理国内外相关资料的基础上,首先从定义和分类、形成机制和影响因素、分布特征和规律、工程地质特性和力学特性5个方面对国内软弱夹层和泥化夹层的研究进行总结和概述,然后分析当前研究存在的不足之处,讨论软弱夹层与泥化夹层的区别与联系。研究表明,与原生软弱夹层相比,泥化夹层更薄,工程地质性质更差。最后提出下一步重点研究方向:软弱夹层的泥化演化过程及泥化夹层的演化趋势;软弱夹层的三维空间分布及可视化;软弱夹层的剪切蠕变理论模型,细观损伤破坏动态演变规律,应力松弛特性和动力学特性;软弱夹层与围岩间的接触面及组合岩体的力学特性。     

黄河某高拱坝岩体力学参数的选取

在对比国内外各种选取岩体力学参数方法的基础上,对黄河某高拱坝坝址区主要岩层中生代二长岩和三叠系变质砂岩采用现场原位试验和数据统计方法获取岩体力学参数。用刚性圆形承压板法进行岩体变形试验,建立了岩体纵波波速与变形模量的拟合关系,用最小二乘回归法处理变形数据。用平推法直剪试验进行岩体抗剪断强度试验,用 - 点群中心法处理直剪试验数据。软弱带取样后进行室内断层泥物理力学性质试验,运用岩土工程勘察规范中参数统计经验公式来获得各软弱带的抗剪参数。点群法求得的各抗剪指标总体上与原位试验得到的结果相一致,证明该法可用于岩体力学参数选取。     

岩体工程中流变问题的有限元分析

在岩体工程的稳定分析中时间常常是一项不可忽视的因素.但是目前进行的许多非线性分析工作一般说来仅考虑了岩体、节理等应力一应变关系的力学非线性性质和强度特性,对于时间因素很少顾及.特别是根据实测的节理面、软弱夹层等的流变性质进行相应的分析的例子还很少.     

碎裂岩体等效工程特性试验研究

碎裂岩体作为一种结构复杂、强度较弱的岩体类型,在工程中通常作为弱带而被处理。为了探究碎裂岩体的工程特性,从碎裂岩体的物理力学特性入手,利用自行研发的原位取样新技术,对不同电站碎裂岩体原位状态下的粒度成分、密度、孔隙比等物理指标进行深入分析,以公伯峡水电站碎裂岩体为研究对象,开展了室内等效压密试验,通过与国内外沉积物压密试验成果及现场原位物理参数测量结果进行对比,成功验证了室内等效压密试验能够获得与原位应力状态下相同的物理力学指标。     

软弱岩体钻孔变形测试研究

介绍了在软弱岩体中静荷载测试中钻孔弹模计法的原理和方法,并将该法运用到现场,得到了软弱岩体的压力变形的两种特殊形式。现场结果表明,该方法是对软弱岩体测试的一种比较好的方法。     

考虑软弱夹层厚度的岩体力学响应及破坏特征研究

作为一种典型的地质结构,软弱夹层与硬脆性岩体共同形成了围岩层状复合结构,进而显著影响着隧洞围岩的稳定。以往对含软弱夹层的复合岩石的研究多集中于单轴、双轴或常规三轴,对隧洞临空面处真三轴应力路径下的复合围岩力学性质和破坏特征缺乏分析讨论。通过制作的含不同厚度的软弱夹层复合岩样,探讨了软弱夹层厚度对隧洞临空面围岩力学响应和破坏特征的影响。研究表明：软弱夹层厚度显著影响着复合岩样峰值应力和应变,随着厚度的增大,软弱夹层上方岩块向临空面方向的滑移变形逐渐增大,软弱夹层压缩变形逐渐减小;复合岩样靠近临空面的岩石单元破坏模式随着软弱夹层厚度的增大逐渐由拉剪混合破坏转变为张拉破坏,且宏观裂隙数量和破坏范围均逐渐减小,而远离临空面的岩石单元则由剪切破坏逐渐转变为基本无损伤断裂;不同厚度的隧洞侧帮复合围岩的破坏区域均集中在软弱夹层及其上方围岩处,软弱夹层下方围岩则基本保持稳定;在应力分布方面,软弱夹层厚度越大,最大压应力越向深部软弱夹层处转移,而拉应力区分布范围越小,但拉应力区深度越大。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.