南宁市浅层地温能赋存条件及资源量研究

在浅层地温能开发利用过程中,确定“热源体”的作用和资源量是地源热泵系统建设和设计的前提.文章通过分析南宁市浅层地温能赋存条件,进行室内测试获取各种岩土体热物性及物理性参数,并经过野外抽水、回灌及现场热响应等试验,获得了水文地质及各岩土层的热物性等相关参数,进而对南宁市浅层地温能可利用资源量和静态储量进行评估,为南宁市推广和利用地源热泵系统提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

江苏徐州城市规划区浅层地温能潜力评价及环境效益分析

浅层地温能属于清洁、安全、可再生的地热资源,是国家重点支持开发利用的能源方向.徐州城市规划区总面积3157km²,主城区面积641km².通过调查规划区水文地质-工程地质钻探、热物性试验、施工钻孔热响应试验等工作手段,大致查明了规划区浅层地温能赋存的地质背景、形成条件、分布规律及地温场特征,进行浅层地温能开发利用适宜性分区,进而进行浅层地温能资源潜力评价及环境效益分析.根据评价分析结果,若徐州市城市规划区的浅层地温能资源全部开发利用,节能减排效益十分可观.     

河南省主要城市浅层地温能特征及开发利用建议

河南省浅层地温能资源具有分布广泛、资源量丰富、开发利用方便等特点,发展前景广阔。通过对河南省主要城市的地质、水文地质条件和岩土体结构特征等浅层地温能赋存特征的分析,采用数理统计和对比分析等综合研究的方法,对比研究了不同地貌类型城市200m以浅的岩土体热物性特征、浅层地温场分布特征和岩土热响应特征等的异同及其分布与变化规律。结果显示:河南省主要城市浅层地温能的赋存层位主要为第四系及新近系上部的各类松散堆积物,这些松散的堆积物和储存于其孔隙内的地下水为浅层地温能的载体;岩土导热系数会随着孔隙率的增加而减小,随岩性颗粒变粗而增大;城市地层综合导热系数和换热能力与地下水径流条件呈正相关;位于盆地和山前地带水文地质条件优越的城市或地段,浅层地温能开发利用宜采用地下水换热方式,松散堆积物厚度较大且以细粒相沉积为主的城市或地段,宜采用竖直地埋管换热方式。     

南通主城区浅层地温能赋存特征

通过对地质、钻探、岩土体热物性参数测试等资料的研究,结合勘查技术方法和对已有资料的二次开发,基本查明了南通地区浅层地温能赋存条件和岩土体的热物理参数变化规律。借助多元统计分析软件SPSS和办公软件Excel,采用数理统计方法对岩土体热物性参数的变化进行分析。结果表明,区内第四系松散岩土体的热导率变化受岩性及物理性质影响大,与深度关系不大。研究成果可作为开展浅层地温能资源评价和开发利用适宜性分区的依据。     

浅层地温能和地热资源评价方法对比

浅层地温能作为地热学新的分支,其资源特征、评价方法与传统地热存在差异。本文从传统"地热能"与"浅层地温能"的科学内涵入手指出两者的相互关系,对比分析了资源分布规律、资源赋存条件评价方法、资源潜力评价方法。浅层地温能资源分布边界依据地质条件、地理分布和应用目的而相应变化,主要受浅层地温场控制;浅层地温能资源赋存条件评价与传统地热评价过程不完全一致,资源适宜区划分受到开发利用方式的限制,浅层地温能资源的计算实际是对地球浅表热量调蓄能力的评价。浅层地温能和地热资源评价的区别与联系,凸出了浅层地温能资源的特殊性,提高了热能资源勘查评价的科学性和合理性。     

江苏泰州城市规划区浅层地热能特征及其开发利用

泰州地处江苏中部的长江冲积平原,浅层地热能资源丰富。通过对该市城市规划区第四纪岩土体地质结构、水文地质条件、地温场背景等调查研究和6个岩土体现场热响应测试,获取了该区域不同岩土体的热物性参数,查明了浅层地热能的赋存条件、分布特点及规律,评价了浅层地热能的可采资源量,并提出了可行的开发利用方案及建议。     

重庆主城区浅层地温能资源量评价研究

基于重庆地区浅层地温能的调查和主城区浅层地温能适宜性分区评价结果,结合校正后的岩土热物性数值,进行了重庆主城区浅层地温能资源量评价,包括适宜区浅层地温能热容量和可利用资源量统计,并得到了重庆市主城九区浅层地温能的资源量分布情况,从而有效评价了重庆主城区地下浅部空间热能的调蓄能力,为开发与保护浅层地温能资源提供了可靠依据.     

徐州市主城区浅层地温能开发适宜性分区研究

浅层地温能以其分布广、储量大、高效无污染的特点,越来越多地被用于城市建筑供暖与制冷,但制约浅层地温能开发应用的因素很多,主要有地质、水文地质、岩土体热物理性质以及施工条件。目前徐州市浅层地温能处于无序开发状态,造成了极大的资源浪费和环境地质问题。该文重点进行了地埋管地源热泵开发利用适宜性分区研究,通过对徐州市主城区岩土样采集及现场热响应试验,认为在仅考虑热物性条件的前提下,可开展地埋管地源热泵的开发利用,并就其开发利用的钻探成本进行区域适宜性分区,划分为适宜区、较适宜区和不适宜区。     

天津地区浅层地热能赋存条件浅析及前景展望

通过对地质、钻探资料和物探测井、岩土体热物性参数测试等资料的研究,结合综合勘查技术方法和对已有资料的二次开发,查明了天津地区浅层地热能赋存条件,尤其是岩土体的热物理参数变化规律,并借助Excel办公软件,采用数理统计方法对岩土体热物性参数的变化进行了分析。结果表明区内岩土体的热导率为1.23～1.62 W/(m·℃),比热容为1898.52～2201.70 J/（kg·K）;粘土和粉质粘土含水量在19％左右时热导率最佳,粉土和粉砂含水量在17％左右时热导率最佳。该区浅层地热能赋存丰富,具有很广阔的开发前景。     

现场热响应试验测试数据对比及应用分析

勘查评价浅层地热能地质条件及换热能力是高效开发浅层地热能资源的关键基础,对高效、可持续利用浅层地热能起着举足轻重的作用。不同区域地质条件千差万别导致地下换热效果不同,目前现场热响应试验,是地埋管地源热泵系统区域调查评价和应用项目场地勘查中,采用的重要勘查手段。通过现场热响应试验获得地温场初始地温、岩土体的热物性参数,计算得出每个地埋孔的换热能力即换热功率,可为评价地埋管地源热泵系统适宜区域的浅层地热换热功率提供依据,指导地埋管地源热泵系统地下换热系统设计。本文主要对地层初始地温、不同测试功能测试所得数据,进行了对比及应用分析,对指导现场热响应试验的科学合理应用,具有重要的参考意义。     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Re-Os and Pd-Ag systematics in Group IIIAB irons and in pallasites

Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ¹⁸⁷Re = 1.66 × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show ¹⁰⁷Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live ¹⁰⁷Pd (t_1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.     

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle

Stabilities of amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic compositions have been considered in the model system CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+SiO₂+H₂O. From topological arguments two petrogenetic grids have been constructed. Although available experimental data in CMASH are compatible with the grid in which amphibole reacts out before chlorite in model ultramafic compositions for the pressure range 6 to 15 kbar, naturally observed mineral assemblages and some experimental data in more complex systems favour the other grid in which chlorite reacts out before amphibole at all pressures. This discrepancy between natural and model systems is due to differential movement of the dehydration equilibria of the two hydrates reflecting the variation of activity of H₂O or of components other than CMASH.     

Water-extractable and exchangeable phosphate in Martian and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and in planetary soil analogs

Aqueous extraction contributes to the formation and weathering of planetary materials and renders electrolytes such as phosphate available for biology. In this context, the solubility of phosphate is measured in planetary materials, represented by the Mars meteorites Nakhla, Dar al Gani 476 (DaG 476), Elephant Morraine 79001 (EETA 79001), and terrestrial analogs, and in the Murchison CM2 and Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrites. The Mars meteorites contain high levels of phosphate that is readily extracted by water, up to 15 mg kg⁻¹ in Nakhla and DaG 476 and 38 mg kg⁻¹ in EETA 79001, while the terrestrial analogs and the carbonaceous chondrites contain 0.5 to 6 mg kg⁻¹. Correspondingly, high phosphate concentrations of 4 to >28 mg L⁻¹ are obtained in extracts of the Mars meteorites at high solid/solution ratios, exceeding the concentrations of 0.4 to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ in the extracts of the terrestrial analogs. A wide range of planetary conditions, including N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres, solid/solution ratios of 0.01 to 1.0 kg L⁻¹, extraction times of 1 to 21 d, and temperatures of 20 to 121°C affect the amounts of extractable phosphate by factors of only 2 to 5 in most materials. Phosphate-fixing capacity and exchangeable phosphate are assessed by the isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) method, which quantifies the amount of P isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) and between 1 min and 3 months (E_1min-3m) and the amount of P that cannot be exchanged within 3 months (E_>3m). The IEK results show that the DaG 476 Mars meteorite and terrestrial analogs have low P-fixing capacities, while the carbonaceous chondrites have high P-fixing capacities. Aqueous processing under early planetary CO₂ atmospheres has large effects on the available phosphate. For example, the fraction of total P that is exchangeable in 3 months increases from 1.6 to 11%, 13 to 51.6%, and 43.9 to 90.4% in the DaG 476 Mars meteorite, Allende, and Murchison, respectively. The results show that solutions with high phosphate concentrations can form in the pores of planetary lava ash and basalts and in carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites. These solutions can help prebiotic synthesis and early microbial nutrition. The Martian and carbonaceous chondrite materials contain sufficient phosphate for space-based agriculture.     

Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance

As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).