坚持“四个面向”的地图学创新思考

地图学是一门与时俱进的学科。新时代科技创新坚持“四个面向”,这给地图学发展指出了新方向,提出了新要求。思考地图学如何响应“四个面向”的要求,回顾了“地图学兰州共识”,指出地图学未来发展在理论、技术、应用等方面的创新需求,从地图学的国际性、经济性、民族性和社会性4个视角,探讨地图学前沿方向,列举了一些地图学亟须研究、探索和解决的问题,期待拓宽学术视野和学科版图。     

国家基础地理信息数据库在西部地区县(市)挂图项目中的应用及技术分析

西部地区县 (市 )挂图工程是以国家测绘局现有的基础地理信息数据库、高分辨率卫星影像数据及其他多种测绘资料为基础 ,采用基于地理信息系统的全数字计算机桌面制图新工艺 ,设计制作科学性强、艺术性高、制作精良的高技术地图产品 ,充分展现地图学理论、制作技术与我国经济发展的水平。本文以分析西部地区县 (市 )挂图项目中的国家基础地理信息数据库的应用范围及数据适宜性评价为基础 ,提出了数据库应用于地图制图的方案 ,总结了若干技术问题及方法。     

现代地图的信息表达和美学思维

地图信息的科学表达并辅以美学思维的艺术处理是编制现代地图作品的关键。现代地图的美与审美需要与地图的科学性、实用性和艺术性结合起来认识与实践。实际工作中,应将地图的科学性、实用性和艺术性有机地结合起来,编制和生产越来越多的优秀现代地图产品。     

关于信息时代地图学的再思考

最近一些年来,测绘界相继开展了信息化测绘体系的讨论,信息化地图学是信息化测绘体系的重要组成部分,是学术界讨论的主题之一。一个普通的观点是"目前,计算机数字地图制图已经取代了传统的手工模拟地图制图,并正向信息化地图制图发展"。到底如何认识和理解信息化地图学?数字化地图学与信息化地图学是什么关系?信息化地图学是怎样发展演变的?本文认为,20世纪50年代末60年代初兴起,随着"三大理论(系统论、信息论、控制论)"相继问世、计算机和遥感技术的发展与应用,传统地图学就进入了信息时代。分析了推动传统地图学进入信息时代的因素,并且按照矛盾论和实践论观点,从分析半个世纪以来信息时代地图学的发展演变的实际出发,从技术层面上提出了信息时代地图学发展的具有显著标志性特点的3个阶段,即数字地图制图学、网络地图制图学和智能地图制图学。数字地图制图学是信息时代地图学的初级阶段,是基础;网络地图制图学是网络环境下连接数字地图制图学与智能地图制图学的桥梁;智能地图制图学是信息时代地图学的高级阶段,是数字地图制图学和网络地图制图学的提升。     

论游戏地图的特点

信息通信技术(information and communications technology,ICT)等的发展使现代地图面临着机遇和挑战:地图趋向数字虚拟空间方向发展,地图学的研究方法、主题与传统地图学大相径庭,地图虚拟空间的理论还有很大的发展空间,同时互联网技术(internet technology,IT)领域的学科跨界迫使地图逐渐发展成为互联网产品的附属物,内忧外患的双重夹击使得地图学亟待完善和更新理论。地图学发展的难题促使学者向其他领域进行探索。计算机游戏通常具有明显的地理意义,"数字+文化"的发展将游戏推向高新技术的前列,游戏地图则是现代ICT技术和地图的合体。以游戏地图的结构为研究对象,以游戏地图的维度、交互性、叙事探索性和文化传播性来探究虚拟空间的特点、本质及对现实物理世界的启示,发掘其对地图理论的扩展,从而完善ICT时代地图学的知识和理论,促进地图学的发展。     

论地图学的属性和地图的价值

地图学和地图对测绘学和地理学来说都是十分重要的。不同历史时期的专家学者们对地图学的属性和地图的价值有不同的认识。本文从科学、技术、工程3个方面讨论了地图学的基本属性,总结了地图的科学价值、社会价值、法理价值和军事价值,对深刻理解地图学的基本属性和地图的价值,推动地图学和地图的健康、持续发展具有参考意义。     

现代地图学理论对地图学的影响

现代地图学理论的研究,不仅使我们对地图及地图学的内涵有了更深入的认识,而且使地图学基础理论及地图学体系得到完善和充实。现代地图学理论的提出,对进一步阐述地图学的研究对象和理论建设,认识地图学与地理学、测绘学、计算机科学、遥感、地理信息系统的统一关系,理解现代地图制作与应用的特点,揭示现代地图学发展的规律和趋势都具有指导作用。现代地图学理论促进了地图学的发展,尤其是促进了计算机地图制图的发展,使建立在计算机地图制图基础上的地理信息系统日益完善和快速发展。现代地图学理论对地图学的影响意义深刻而久远。     

廖克研究员的《地图学的研究与实践》一书出版

该书于2003年3月由测绘出版社出版发行(印刷1000册)。该书是作者从其从事地图学理论与方法研究所发表的100多篇论文中精选的38篇论文汇编而成。这不仅是作者研究成果与实践经验的总结,而且在一定程度上反映了我国地图学近十年的发展历程与所取得的成就;反映了我国地图学在理论、方法与技术方面不断研究探索与开拓创新所取得的新进展。本书包括现代地图学的发展、专题地图学、综合制图原理与方法、地图方法与地图应用、计算机制图与多媒体电子地图集、地学信息图谱与地球信息科学共六部分。该书定价68元。(本刊讯)廖克研究员的《地图学的研究…     

三维地貌表示方法的演进

在地图上表现地貌的三维形态．是地图学研究的难点和热点。地貌表示法的发展,体现了人类对自然环境认知水平的提高和科学技术的进步．也代表了地图学的进步。回顾地貌表示方法的演进,有助于把握地图学发展的历史脉搏．加深对地图学未来发展的认识。表文按年代顺序,来描述地貌表示法的三种主要类型一写景符号法、水平投影法和地景仿真法的发展演变及其文化与技术背景和关键人物.     

我国地图学的过去、现在与未来

作者从事地图学教育与科研40余年,本文对我国地图学作了回顾和若干思考,简要地阐述了地图学的历史发展和主要特点以及现代地图学的成就,最后提出地图学未来发展的几个重要问题。     

广州市影像地图集的设计与研制

影像地图集的制作,既完整地保留了影像信息,又叠加了和地图集主体相对应的人文信息,比传统的地图集更加形象直观。从图集的选题、科学性、艺术性等角度探讨了《广州影像地图集》的设计与研制,着重介绍了图集的影像数据处理和图面整饰方面的内容。     

Tactile Mapping: Yesterday,Today and Tomorrow

Abstract

The paper presents an overview the development of techniques in and uses of tactile mapping² through the last fifty or so years. It provides both a background for the other papers in this issue,³ and an account of the current state of the art. It notes that cartography has almost as much to learn from tactile cartography as vice versa, and suggests possible routes and areas for future developments in tactile mapping and the education and care of blind and visually impaired people.     

Addressing the value of art in cartographic communication

Contemporary methods for depicting the earth and its cultural and natural attributes use graphic and non-graphic formats, maps and map-related artefacts, for visualizing geography and building virtual landscapes and environments. The discipline area of cartography, traditionally, has applied art (design), science and technology to map making to design and realise these products. Prior to the mid-1950s, cartographic artefacts were built under the theoretical and practical ‘umbrella’ of this partnership of art, science and technology. However, since then, the theory and methodology associated with visualizing geography has focused on Science and Technology, and away from Art. This ‘move’ away from art was accelerated by: (1) computing, computers and complete automated systems; and (2) the ‘quest’ to gain ‘scientific legitimacy’ by using scientific visualization as a lodestone for gauging the ‘quality’ of theories and applications.Science and Technology has been embraced by cartography as a means to ensure that what is presented is scientifically ‘correct’ — products are considered to ‘work’ if they are scientifically ‘elegant’, ‘technologically’ ‘buildable’ and ‘deliverable’ using contemporary communication systems. But, it is argued, science or technology, need not always take on primary roles, and there now is a need to address the role that design should take to facilitate the further development of contemporary cartography, especially in the areas where new media has been applied to facilitate the building of geographical visualization tools.This paper will address how, by incorporating art elements into the design criteria of geographical visualization artefacts, ‘different’ visualization tools might be provided using all three elements of cartography: art, science and technology.     

网络环境下纸制地图的制作与数据更新维护

阐述如何将GPS技术和卫星影像及艺术设计应用到专题地图生产中,为地图的准确性、实用性、艺术性发挥重要作用。     

测绘工程专业《地图学》课程教学改革的探讨

基于测绘工程专业人才培养的需要，介绍测绘工程专业地图学课程的教学目标和特点以及当前教学中存在的问题，对教学改革的内容和方法进行探讨。     

多媒体电子地图设计的艺术应用

地图产品本身就是科学和艺术的结合体,作为地图产品的一种新的表现形式,多媒体电子地图对艺术性的要求更高。本文介绍了艺术应用在多媒体电子地图设计中的重要性,从地图界面的构图、音乐和交互技术等方面探讨艺术应用的问题,并提出了艺术应用的原则。     

Cartography in the Context of Sciences: Theoretical and Technological Considerations

Abstract

In an introductory theoretical way, the authors attempt to place cartography into the general context of sciences. Based on the traditional definition describing cartography as a science, technique and art, its defined scientific role in the development of geographic thinking is analysed. This approach corresponds to the procedural method in epistemology. Cartography is, according to a general model in science, classified considering the fact whether its sources of origin of the concepts, its principles and postulates are genuine or derivatives from other disciplines. After comparative statements between Cartography and Geography, an analysis of all environmental sciences with reference to the use of technologies is carried out.     

地图学的恒常性和易变性

在历次科技革命的推动下,地图由曾经的无所不能的珍稀品逐渐演变成无所不在的生活必需品,服务于不断增加的移动人口,而地图学依然是制作和使用地图的科学、艺术和技术。本文重访地图学4个恒常的核心议题:何为地图,地图何用,如何制图,谁在制图,笔者回顾了自20世纪70年代计算机引入地图学以来地图品种、地图功能价值、制图流程以及制图者角色的发展过程,举例说明贯穿其中的恒常性和易变性,并指出在云计算平台支持下,一个可持续的制图生态环境正在形成。     

基于CorelDraw及其VBA的点状专题要素表达——以《福州市中心城区楼盘分布图》为例

以反映福州市中心城区主要楼盘和中国民生银行网点设备分布为主旨,以图形、文字及矢量线划编辑功能强大的CorelDraw为辅助软件,《福州市中心城区楼盘分布图》充分地展示了现代制图工艺较强的可读性与艺术性。文章从多图层控制、多物件选择及属性修改和点状专题要素表达三方面出发,基于CorelDraw VBA平台,引用CorelDraw 14.0 Type Library控件进行二次开发,实现了多个图层可见与可编辑状态的自动切换、特定物件组的选择与属性修改、点要素符号与注记的专题表达等,为银行网点等点状专题要素表达提供了参考与借鉴。     

Teaching Mapping for Digital Natives: New Pedagogical Ideas for Undergraduate Cartography Education

The current generation of US students engaging with cartography has always had some form of access to computing technologies. Further, this generation has always known a world with networked computer capabilities – the Internet and World Wide Web. Their experience of cartography is largely through fleeting representations shown on a variety of display screens, thereby encountering information differently than most of their instructors. Teaching cartography to these “digital natives” consequently challenges teachers to engage increasing levels of experience and knowledge of technology while assuring fundamental understanding of cartographic concepts and analysis techniques.

Although GIS is used in a vast range of fields, we believe many students are discouraged from programs and courses oriented towards educating cartographic specialists. However, general interest in mapping has never been as significant a part of American culture as it is today. In spite of accessible modes of digital mapping now widely available, introducing cartographic fundamentals retains great significance for undergraduate cartography education. In this paper we present a new pedagogical model for undergraduate cartography education that introduces students finding curiousity in mapping, but lacking desire to become cartographic specialists, to mapping. This model enables undergraduate students to learn fundamentals and begin to reflect critically on the concepts and techniques of modern cartography. Our example stems from a class that systematically addresses barriers to learning and mapping through active-learning based approaches in an interactive classroom. The active-learning approach involves significant engagements with the potentials and challenges of modern cartography in the information age by embracing inquiry-based pedagogical methods and learning with and about mapping.